Welcome to Academic Integrity: Using Source Material Responsibly NDSU Center for Writers

Welcome to Welcome to

Academic Integrity:Academic Integrity:Using Source Material Using Source Material

ResponsiblyResponsibly

NDSU Center for Writers

RealityReality

Academic writing is hard work

that demands timeconcentrationprecisionacademic integrity

What is academic integrity?What is academic integrity?

Dr. Lars R. Jones:

“The idea of academic integrity embodies nothing less than a set of ethical principles to which all members of academia bind themselves.” *

*Source: Lars R. Jones. Academic Integrity & Academic Dishonesty: A Handbook About Cheating & Plagiarism. Rev. ed. 2011. http://www.fit.edu/current/documents/plagiarism.pdf

http://www.fit.edu/current/documents/plagiarism.pdf

What is academic integrity?What is academic integrity?Dr. Lars R. Jones:

“Individuals have a duty to follow the rules and norms of academia as well as a duty to insure their peers also follow such rules and norms.”*



What is academic integrity?What is academic integrity?Dr. Lars R. Jones:“[A]cademic culture in the United States is rooted in many of the core values of a free and open society:

• freedom of speech and other forms of personal expression,

• freedom of conscience, • an atmosphere of mutual trust, transparency,

honesty, originality, fairness, and equity.”*



What is academic integrity?What is academic integrity?

Dr. Lars R. Jones:

“As a capitalist society, we also value intellectual and real property rights.”*



3 Principles of Academic Integrity3 Principles of Academic Integrity

Dr. Charles Lipson:

1.“When you say you did the work yourself, you actually did it.”*

*Source: Lipson, Charles. Doing Honest Work in College. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004, p.3.


Dr. Charles Lipson:

2.“When you rely on someone else’s work, you cite it. When you use their words, you quote them openly and accurately, and you cite them, too.” *



Dr. Charles Lipson:

3.“When you present research materials, you present them fairly and truthfully. That’s true whether the research involves data, documents, or the writings of other scholars.”*


NDSU Code of Academic Responsibility and Conduct

“The academic community is operated on the basis of honesty, integrity, and fair play. This trust is violated when students engage in academic misconduct, either inadvertently or deliberately.” *

*Source: NDSU Policy Manual, Section 335, Code of Academic Responsibility and Conduct, http://www.ndsu.edu/fileadmin/policy/335.pdf

http://www.ndsu.edu/fileadmin/policy/335.pdf

NDSU Code of Academic Responsibility and Conduct

“Academic misconduct (intentional or otherwise) includes but is not limited to the following:•Plagiarizing, i.e., submitting work that is, in part or in whole, not entirely one’s own, without attributing such portions to their correct sources.”*



NDSU PenaltiesNDSU Penalties

“Penalties may include, but are not limited to, failure for a particular assignment, test, or course. . . . [and] [i]n cases of particularly egregious academic misconduct . . . suspension or expulsion.”*



NDSU PenaltiesNDSU Penalties

“If an instructional staff member imposes a penalty, the student may not drop the course in question without the permission of the instructional staff member.”



Career PenaltiesCareer Penalties

German Education Minister Annette Schavan in 2013 http://blogs.wsj.com/eurocrisis/2013/02/11/another-german-minister-felled-by-plagiarism-claims/

U.S. Senator Rand Paul in 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/31/us/politics/senator-rand-paul-is-accused-of-plagiarizing-his-lines-from-wikipedia.html?ref=politics

(Then) U.S. Senator Barack Obama in 2008 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/19/us/politics/19campaign.html?_r=1&

(Then) U.S. Senator Joseph R. Biden Jr. in 1988 http://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/18/us/biden-admits-plagiarism-in-school-but-says-it-was-not-malevolent.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm

Novelist Jacob Epstein in 1980 http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/01/home/amis-epstein.html

http://blogs.wsj.com/eurocrisis/2013/02/11/another-german-minister-felled-by-plagiarism-claims/

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/31/us/politics/senator-rand-paul-is-accused-of-plagiarizing-his-lines-from-wikipedia.html?ref=politics

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/31/us/politics/senator-rand-paul-is-accused-of-plagiarizing-his-lines-from-wikipedia.html?ref=politics

Two Types of PlagiarismTwo Types of Plagiarism1. Intentional = deliberate deception

hiring someone to write your paper for you buying a paper off the Internet copying and pasting an entire source choosing to patchwrite = copying and

pasting portions of many sources to pass off as authentic contributions

Two Types of PlagiarismTwo Types of Plagiarism2. Unintentional = accidental failure

forgetting to acknowledge the author/source with in-text citations

forgetting to include quotation marks when copying exact words

failing to paraphrase or summarize completely (e.g., using exact words and/or sentence structure from the source)

patchwriting resulting from inexperience

PatchwritingPatchwritingSimilar to patchwork quilting—sewing large fabric blocks together to make a blanket.

Joining large blocks of text together in a composition without any contribution from the writer of the paper = almost all of the document comes from sources.(e.g., literature reviews without discussion and transitions)

Responsible Use of SourcesResponsible Use of Sources

Writers must integrate source material carefully to •create their own organizational structure with clear claims, transitions, and explanations•introduce authors’ names in the text•paraphrase others’ ideas completely•mark exact words with quotation marks

Alternative MetaphorAlternative Metaphor

Envision an academic paper as a chocolate chip cookie.

Alternative MetaphorAlternative Metaphor

• The “dough” contains the writer’s own ideas— thesis, sub-points, explanations, discussion, transitions.

• The “chocolate chips” are small pieces of source material within the dough—clearly delineated quotations, summaries, and paraphrases

Avoiding Plagiarism

Strategies to incorporate source information responsibly:

1. Begin your writing process early to allow ample time for revision(Haste makes mistakes!)

Avoiding Plagiarism

2. Take careful notes from sources record all publication material

immediately(author, date, title, publisher, page, DOI or URL)

identify exact words with quotation marks immediately

summarize and paraphrase carefully

Avoiding Plagiarism

3. Avoid patchwriting by stating your own ideas first and using sources to support or illustrate your points

Avoiding Plagiarism

4. Identify exactly where source material starts and stops

Smith (2005) found that . . .

According to Smith (2005), . . .

One study suggests that . . . (Smith 2005).

Avoiding Plagiarism5. Explain your point before the source

material:In his controversial book, The Naked Ape, Morris (1967, p. 211) concludes that the survival of the human species depends on an increasing awareness of our biological heritage: “We must somehow . . .” *

*Source: McMillan, Victoria E. 2006. Writing papers in the biological sciences. 4th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, Boston, p. 29.

Avoiding Plagiarism6. Use direct quotations sparingly

(not at all in some fields)

7. Follow the style guide in your field (MLA, APA, etc.):

Smith (1981, p. 255) defines schizophrenia as “a mental disease . . .” *

Avoiding Plagiarism

8. Seek help from the Center for Writers http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters/

Quoting• Put quotation marks around the text

when you take notes and create your first draft

• Indicate added or altered phrases in brackets [ ] and indicate omitted text with ellipses:

One participant stated that she “felt uncomfortable . . . answering because it [question 5] brought back terrible memories.”

Paraphrasing & Summarizing

1. Read and re-read a source until you understand the main point

2. Close the source 3. Write from memory what you have

learned 4. Verify what you wrote for accuracy


Totally rephrase the information:– Create new sentence structure with different

subject and verb

– Do NOT simply insert a few synonyms in the same sentence

– Realize that English language fluency is required (extensive vocabulary, knowledge of subtle connotations and usage), so consult a native speaker when unsure (make an appointment at the Center for Writers)


1. Use transitional words and phrases 2. State your own point 3. Integrate the source by identifying the

author and presenting the data in your own words:

However, subsequent studies contradict the initial findings. For example, Smith and Jones (2000) determined that mice were more susceptible than humans to the new strain. Their study examined…

PracticeParaphrase this original excerpt from Komoto et al., 1976, p. 141*:

A very virulent isolate of Aleternatrai mali, the incitant of apple blotch, was found to produce two major host-specific toxins (HSTs) and five minor ones in liquid culture. The minor toxins were less active than the major ones, but were still specifically toxic to the plants which are susceptible to the pathogen.


Unacceptable ParaphraseFailure to paraphrase accurately:

Komoto et al. (1976, p. 141) found that a very virulent isolate of Aleternatrai mali, the incitant of apple blotch disease, produced two main host-specific toxins (HSTs), as well as five minor ones in liquid culture. Although the minor toxins were less active than the major ones, they were still specifically toxic to the susceptible plants.*


Responsible ParaphraseAn accurate paraphrase totally restructures the sentence and emphasizes the important details:

In their investigation of apple blotch, Kohmoto et al. (1976, p. 141) found that seven equally deadly host-specific toxins (HSTs) of varying activity levels were created by Aleternatrai mali.*


RememberBefore you write:start researching immediately to avoid rushing (haste leads to sloppy errors)record all author/source information in your notes include quotation marks or completely paraphrase/summarize the material in your notes

Remember

As you write:integrate ALL sources accurately and

completely according to the norms and style manual in your field

include in-text citations immediately and double-check them

create a reference page as you write

Writing Support

NDSU Center for WritersRoom 6 on the lower level of the NDSU Library

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

NEW scheduling process:

graduates must now make appointments

online at http://www.ndsu.edu/cfwriters/

Questions?Questions?

Documents

Welcome to Academic Integrity: Using Source Material Responsibly NDSU Center for Writers