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Name ________________________________________________________________________________________Test Date_______________________ UNIT X – VIRUSES & CLASSIFICATION I. VIRUSES Living or non-living? o Lack a ____________________________________ o Do not contain ________________________________ for ______________________________________ o Lack _________________________________ for protein synthesis o DO contain __________________________________________________ o ___________________________________, although they require a __________________ cell Typically referred to as a ________________________ or _____________________. A. Structure of Viruses The following structures are found in all viruses: Genetic Material – The genome of a virus may be either _____________ or _________________, but never both. It can be __________________stranded or _________________ stranded, _______________________ or _____________________. Protein Coat – The DNA or RNA is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. The proteins making up the capsid are known as ________________________ and play an important role in the _____________________________ of the virus. In addition, the capsid has __________________________ ID tags known as _______________________________ which can ______________________ to enable the virus to escape detection by a host cell’s immune system. The following additional structures may be present: Viral Envelope – Many viruses have an outer membrane known as an envelope. A viral particle “steals” the components for its envelope from the host cell membrane, so a viral envelope is primarily composed of

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Page 1: Name€¦  · Web viewtransmitted HPV which can cause genital warts, but more seriously, _____. Controversial _____ has been produced; effective against most types of sexually-transmitted

Name ________________________________________________________________________________________Test Date_______________________

UNIT X – VIRUSES & CLASSIFICATION

I. VIRUSES Living or non-living?

o Lack a ____________________________________o Do not contain ________________________________ for ______________________________________o Lack _________________________________ for protein synthesiso DO contain __________________________________________________o ___________________________________, although they require a __________________ cell

Typically referred to as a ________________________ or _____________________.

A. Structure of Viruses

The following structures are found in all viruses: Genetic Material – The genome of a virus may be either _____________ or _________________, but never both. It can be

__________________stranded or _________________ stranded, _______________________ or _____________________. Protein Coat – The DNA or RNA is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. The proteins making up the capsid are

known as ________________________ and play an important role in the _____________________________ of the virus. In addition, the capsid has __________________________ ID tags known as _______________________________ which can ______________________ to enable the virus to escape detection by a host cell’s immune system.

The following additional structures may be present: Viral Envelope – Many viruses have an outer membrane known as an envelope. A viral particle “steals” the components for

its envelope from the host cell membrane, so a viral envelope is primarily composed of ____________________________. It aids in the attachment of the virus to the host cell, but a virus enclosed by an envelope is also more sensitive to __________. Examples of viruses with envelopes are _____________________________________.

Tail Fibers – Viruses that infect ______________________ are known as ______________________________. They have “tail fibers” to aid in attachment.

B. Host Range The host range of a virus is the range of host cells that it can infect. It is based on a complementary fit between viral __________________________________ and receptor ____________________________ on the host cell membrane.

Some viruses have broad host ranges which can include several species; for example, swine flu and rabies Some viruses have narrow host ranges where they infect only a single species; for example, the

_________________________________________ that attacks E. coli. Some viruses only infect a particular type of tissue or cell within a single species; for example the human cold virus infects only

cells of the __________________________________; HIV binds to receptors on certain ______________________________. C. Viral Replication A virus can infect a host cell and use it for reproduction in two ways:

Lytic Infection – ____________________________ cycle in which virus ___________________________ host cell DNA. Examples are ______________________________________________________________________________________

Lysogenic Infection – ____________________________ cycle in which viral DNA is incorporated into _____________________________________. Examples are ____________________________________.

There are two initial steps that are common to all types of viral infections:1) Virus attaches to _____________________________ of ___________________ cell.2) Virus releases ___________________________ into cell, either by ____________________________________________

cell or ________________________________ genetic material into it.

____________________ Cycle

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

D. Viruses and Disease All viruses are ________________________, meaning they require a living host and they cause harm to that host. 1. Herpesvirus – Group of viruses that are ____________________ and have many forms. Results in lifelong infections, although virus can move back and forth from ________________ to _______________________ cycle. Group includes viruses that cause cold sores, chicken pox, genital warts, shingles, and mononucleosis. 2. HIV - _________________________________________________ – Affects ________________ blood cells and immune system. The HIV virus is a ______________________. Retroviruses contain __________ and the enzyme, ________________________ which allows the viral RNA to be __________________________________ into ____________. Initial symptoms are flu-like, then virus enters ______________________________ cycle and replicates in lymph nodes, sometimes for years. When the HIV virus becomes active, it causes _____________________ - Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome. Death of the patient results from _____________________________________________________________________________________________________.

3. Human Papilloma Virus – Diverse group of DNA viruses; common cause of skin warts. Danger comes from group of sexually- transmitted HPV which can cause genital warts, but more seriously, ___________________________________. Controversial ______________________________ has been produced; effective against most types of sexually-transmitted HPV.

4. Other viral diseases – hepatitis, influenza, smallpox, measles, common cold, rabies, EbolaII. BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION Classification is the ___________________________________________________________________________________________. Scientists classify organisms to _________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

_____________________________ Cycle

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The branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms is called _____________________________________. Taxonomy utilizes ____________________________________ relationships between organisms to correctly identify and group them.

A. Early Taxonomists 1. Aristotle – first taxonomist; organized living things into ______________________ & ______________________. Subdivided according to their ______________________________________________________________________________________. 2. John Ray - a ___________________________; first used ____________________________________ for naming organisms. 3. Carolus Linnaeus – classified organisms according to their __________________________; called the “Father of Taxonomy”; developed the modern system of naming known as ___________________________________________________. Binomial nomenclature is the universal classification system used today in which groups are formed according to ____________________ ___________________ and then each organism is assigned a 2-word scientific name. The scientific name is the ____________________ and ____________________ of the organism. The genus and species names are always __________________________ or written in ____________________. ______________ is capitalized, _____________ is not.

B. Categories of Classification 1. Kingdom – broadest category, groups of closely related _____________________ 2. Phylum – groups of closely related _______________________________ 3. Class – groups of closely related _________________________________ 4. Order – groups of closely related _________________________________ 5. Family – groups of closely related ________________________________ 6. Genus – groups of closely related ________________________________ 7. species - ____________ and most similar group; organisms that share specific characteristics and can ____________________.

C. Scientific Classification of a Human Kingdom ________________________ Phylum ___________________________ Class ______________________________ Order ____________________________ Family ___________________________ Genus ______________________________ species _____________________________ III. THE EVOLUTION OF CLASSIFICATION _____________________________, the science of classification, is a work in progress, in large part, because of evolution, both as a science and a process. A. Evolution As A Science – As the study of evolution becomes more sophisticated due to DNA sequencing, scientists are realizing that organisms, or entire groups of organisms, have been ______________________________________________

1. The Kingdoms of Life DNA analysis has had a major impact on the classification system, changing the long accepted system of 5 kingdoms to _________ kingdoms. The two prokaryotic kingdoms, ______________________________________ and ____________________________ were originally classified together as Kingdom ___________________________.

2. The Three Domains of Life Recently, further studies have led taxonomists to propose a classification system which includes three “super-kingdoms” called _________________________________. a. Domain Archaea – Includes the ___________________________________________________________________ b. Domain Bacteria – Includes all remaining prokaryotes or the ____________________________________________ c. Domain Eukarya – Includes the four eukaryotic kingdoms - ______________________________________________

IV. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE

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A. Kingdom Archaebacteria 1. Cell Type - ______________________________________________ 2. Cell Structure - ___________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Body Form - ______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Nutrition - _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 5. Other characteristics – considered to be the most _________________________________ of organisms; live in very _______________conditions like ___________________________ temperatures, high ___________________ concentration, etc. Another group of Archaebacteria live in the ____________________ system of animals and produce ____________________gas. 6. Examples - _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

B. Kingdom Eubacteria 1. Cell Type - ____________________________________________ 2. Cell Structure__________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 3. Body Form - ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Nutrition – Mostly ___________________________; some are ____________________________________________________ 5. Other characteristics – Most _______________ bacteria. They are ubiquitous which means they are ___________________. Very important _______________________. Some are ____________________, but most are __________________________. 6. Examples - ____________________________________________________________________________

C. Kingdom Protista 1. Cell Type - _________________________________ 2. Cell Structure – May have ____________________; may have ___________________________; may be __________________________________ and have ______________________________________ or _______________________________________. 3. Body Form – Mostly ________________________; may be ____________________________________ 4. Nutrition - _________________________________ ________________________________________ 5. Other Characteristics – Nicknamed “ ____________________________” kingdom or “_______________________________”. Contains ________________ that don’t “fit” into other kingdoms. Protists are sub-grouped according to which ________________________ kingdom they’re most like; for example, _______________-like, _________________-like, or ________________________-like. 6. Examples - ______________________________________________________________________________________

D. Kingdom Fungi 1. Cell Type - ____________________________________________________ 2. Cell Structure – Have __________________ made of _________________. Fungi do NOT have __________________. 3. Body Form – Mostly ________________________________; may be ________________________________. Single- celled fungi are known as ____________________________. 4. Nutrition – All _______________________________! Obtain nutrients through a process called __________________, meaning food is digested _________________________ by secretion of ______________________, then absorbed by fungi. 5. Other Characteristics – Principle ____________________. Also important in ________________and ______________.

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6. Examples - ______________________________________________________________________________________

E. Kingdom Plantae 1. Cell Type - ________________________________________ 2. Cell Structure – Have ________________________ made of ___________________; ______________________ present. 3. Body Form – All ___________________________________ 4. Nutrition – All _____________________________________ 5. Other Characteristics – Most contain __________________ and __________________________________________. All __________________________________ with specialized _____________________________________ structures. 6. Examples - ______________________________________ ________________________________________________

F. Kingdom Animalia 1. Cell Type - ______________________________ 2. Cell Structure – Never have ________________ ________________________________ 3. Body Form – All _________________________ 4. Nutrition – All ___________________________ 5. Other Characteristics – Most _________________________ of all kingdoms. Most organisms contain ___________________ and _______________________________. All members are capable of ___________________ sometime during their lifetime. Most animals are ________________________ meaning they _______________ a backbone. All vertebrates belong to Phylum _____________________________________ 6. Examples - ____________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________