€¦ · Web viewProkaryotic Chromosome Eukaryotic Chromosomes DNA Replication Helicase DNA Polymerase 3 types of RNA Transcription RNA Polymerase Translation Amino Acids (# number)

Name: Date: Block:

DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis

NotesObjective: We will learn the early scientists that contributed to DNA’s research. We will also learn about DNA’s structural makeup, and how it is copied.

Vocabulary:

DNA Structure

Griffith

Avery

Hershey-Chase

Chargaff’s Rule

Rosalind Franklin

Watson & Crick

Purine & Pyrimidine

Nucleotides

Prokaryotic Chromosome

Eukaryotic Chromosomes

DNA Replication

Helicase

DNA Polymerase

3 types of RNA

Transcription

RNA Polymerase

Translation

Amino Acids (# number)

Mutations

Gene Regulation

Lac Operon

TATA Box

Hox Genes

DNA Scientists:

Frederick Griffith

Year of discovery: What important contributions were made to science?

Oswald Avery


Hershey & Chase


Name: Date: Block:

Rosalind Franklin


Erwin Chargaff


Watson & Crick


Structure of DNA

DNA is a very long molecule made up of subunits (small parts) called _______________________________. Each nucleotide has 3 parts:

• A ______________ containing 5-carbons

• A phosphorus

• A nitrogen base

There are 4 types of Nitrogen Bases in DNA: Two belong to a group of compounds called _________________ (2 rings), the other two are ________________________________ (1 ring).

• A and G are Purines

• C and T are Pyrimidines

Chargaff’s Rules matches Purines & Pyrimidines together.

Bell Ringer:

Name: Date: Block:

• What is DNA’s shape?

• What are the small parts that make up DNA?

• How does DNA fit together?

DNA’s Purpose

In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, DNA’s purpose is the ____________________ instructions for how to make an organism, and how that organism should function.

DNA’s nucleotides are _________________ instructions.

• Each set of base-pairs (letters) make as different type _________________.

These proteins could be used to make various things in the cell: organelles, protein channels in the cell membrane, or even organs and tissue in the body.

DNA & Chromosomes:

Prokaryotic

______ nucleus, their DNA is located in the cytoplasm.

Single _______________________ chromosome

E. coli bacteria have about 4-million base pairs (letters) in their DNA.

Eukaryotic

DNA found in nucleus, can have many _________________________________.

Human DNA is ________ chromosomes made from 30-million base pairs, and is about 1.6mm long!

How are Chromosomes Formed?

Smallest level is the individual double-helix of _______.

Sticky _____________________ proteins hold the double-helix together in a tightly wrapped ball called a ________________________________.

These nucleosomes start to coil together forming Supercoils.

The supercoils continue to wrap around each other to make X-shaped _________________________________.

DNA Replication

DNA stands are ________________________________, meaning that each side matches the other: Chargaff’s rule; so DNA can be easily copied by following the base pairing rule.

Name: Date: Block:

Before cells divide (______________) their DNA must be duplicated in a process called DNA Replication.

DNA Replication: the DNA molecule ____________________ into 2 stands, then produces 2 new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a _____________________/model for the new stands.

This process is Semi-Conservative = 2 strands are produced from 1, they are made of ½ the original, and ½ new nucleotides.

In your groups, research the process of “DNA Replication”:

Write down the roles of the following enzymes:

Helicase DNA Polymerase Ligase

Write out detailed steps to DNA Replication: (use the space below)

1.)

Think-Pair-Share!

Before DNA is copied, what causes it to break open?

What type of bonds are broken in this process? What were the bonds holding together?

Name: Date: Block:

What enzyme adds new nucleotides to make a new strand?

How does it know which to add? Whose rule does it follow?

RNA

RNA’s job is to make ________________, there are 3 types of RNA:

mRNA: “_________________________” RNA is a single string of nucleotides copied from DNA.

Uses the letters A, _____, G, and C. It contains the sugar Ribose.

rRNA: “_______________________” RNA is what the ribosome organelle is made out of. It reads the mRNA message.

tRNA: “___________________” RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to what it is read on the mRNA message.

Protein Synthesis:

Transcription

Location: Nucleus

Type of RNA: mRNA made by ________________ a small part of the DNA.

Name: Date: Block:

The enzyme RNA ________________________ adds RNA nucleotides together to copy part of DNA into _____________.

When the mRNA is finished being copied it leaves the nucleus and goes out to find a ribosome to be read (Translated).

Translation

Location: Ribosomes in cytoplasm or Rough ER

Types of RNA: rRNA (ribosome) and tRNA to bring amino acids.

Ribosome reads the mRNA 3 letters at a time = ________

tRNA brings over the amino acid that matches (it has an ______________________ on 1 end so it fits to the codon)

The ribosome reads the entire mRNA message one codon at a time, hooking together the ________________ __________________ from each one until a complete protein is made.

Translation

Because there are 4 nucleotide bases in RNA (A, U, G, C), there are 64 possible combinations of codons. There are some amino acids can be made from more than 1 codon.

All proteins start with the amino acid Methionine = ___________. All proteins end with a “stop” codon (there are _____________________ stop codons).

Transcription & Translation Practice

Name: Date: Block:

Think-Pair-Share!

Where does Transcription occur?

What organelle is involved?

Name: Date: Block:

What type of RNA is involved?

What happens?

Where does Translation occur?

What organelle is involved?

What types of RNA are involved?

What happens?

Mutations

Every now and then cells make __________________________ in copying their own DNA - inserting an incorrect base or sometimes even skipping a base as the new strand is put together. These mistakes are called mutations.

Mutations are ________________________ in the DNA sequence that affect the genetic information of that organism.

Types of Mutations:

Gene Mutations

2 Types of gene mutations:

Point Mutations: only _________ letter changes (is substituted) to another letter. Result in a new ______________/amino acid (ABC ADC)

Frameshift Mutation: is the insertion or deletion of a letter, causing _____________________ amino acids to be made (AUG = methionine,

but add a letter to make AUUG, the amino acid made from AUU is Isoleucine)

Chromosome Mutations

4 types of chromosome mutations:

Deletion (ABC AB)

Duplication (ABC ABBC)

Inversion (ABC CBA)

Translocation (ABC DEFABC)

Common Causes of Mutations

__________________________ can potentially alter the genetic material of living things: Drugs, Alcohol, Cigarettes, Radiation, Sunlight, Chemicals, Carcinogens, Preservatives, Viruses, etc.

Name: Date: Block:

Gene Regulation

Only some of the genes in a cell are ___________________________ (used or turned on) at any given time. An expressed gene is a gene that is actively being ____________________________ into RNA.

How does the cell determine which genes will be expressed and which will remain off? Certain DNA sequences serve as _____________________ (attachment sites for RNA polymerase). Other parts of DNA serve as start and stop signals for transcription.

Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

Because bacteria are so small and simple, they regulate their genes in a simple way as well.

Ex: The “Lac operon gene” is found in some _____________________ and helps them use lactose as food. (Lactose is the sugar in _____________) We all have bacteria that live in our guts (stomach and intestines). We all drank milk as babies, so the Lac Operon gene was used a lot by bacteria when we drank a bottle).

If lactose is present (we drank a bottle) the Lac Operon gene will turn ________, and RNA Polymerase will start __________________ the DNA at the Promotor (start) area.

After the lactose food is used up (we have digested the milk), the gene is turned _________ by a Repressor Protein attaching to and _____________________ the gene shut. Repressor proteins stop gene transcription so that RNA Polymerase cannot read it.

The lac operon turns on again when lactose is present (baby gets fed another bottle), the DNA strand will straighten out, causing the repressor protein to fall off. RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter and can easily read the straight DNA strand and transcribe the necessary sequence so the bacteria can use its ribosome to do Translation and make the protein needed to digest the lactose.

Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic genes are more complex and do not contain operons, instead, eukaryotes have a short nucleotide sequence of –__________________- for a start site.

The TATA Box helps position where RNA polymerase needs to attach to begin _______________.

Promoter sequences are found just before the TATA box to help position it correctly.

Gene Regulation & Development

Gene regulation in eukaryotes is more _________________ than in prokaryotes because:

Cell specialization requires genetic _________________________. Recall the levels of organization: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

Name: Date: Block:

All eukaryotic cells carry the entire genetic code, and they each perform a different function in a different part of the body.

__________ genes control the differentiation of cells and _______________ of developing embryos (babies).

Animals share many common ______________________ of development because we all share the same bases (ATGC), but all animals have different numbers and arrangements of chromosomes.

Ex: Fruit flies can grow legs on their head if the hox gene is affected by a mutagen during early development.

Think-Pair-Share!

What does it mean for a gene to be “expressed”?

What are the 2 parts in front a DNA sequence that tells a eukaryotic gene where to start being read?

What’s an example of a bacteria gene to digest lactose?

What genes are responsible to body plan development in embryos?

Documents

€¦ · Web viewProkaryotic Chromosome Eukaryotic Chromosomes DNA Replication Helicase DNA Polymerase 3 types of RNA Transcription RNA Polymerase Translation Amino Acids (# number)