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BSC 2010 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE - pH problem - organic chemistry: study of carbon - Protein structure o Primary: peptide bonds made during biosynthesis o Secondary: hydrogen bonds between amino hydrogen and carboxyl oxygen atoms in the peptide backbone o Tertiary: single polypeptide chain “backbone” with one or more protein secondary structures, the protein domains - All amino acids have amino and carboxyl - - How do you make a peptide bond? o You take out water in P site or ribosome - Condensation synthesis / dehydration synthesis / release of water to form bond or bring together - Chaperone/ Chaperonin : helps proteins fold - Nucleus: control center of cell, has pores - Cytoskeleton: holds cell up

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Page 1: ucfsarc.files.wordpress.com  · Web view: During DNA replication and transcription, DNA becomes overwound ahead of the replication fork so topoisomerase are enzymes that participate

BSC 2010 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

- pH problem

- organic chemistry: study of carbon

- Protein structure

o Primary: peptide bonds made during biosynthesiso Secondary: hydrogen bonds between amino hydrogen and carboxyl oxygen

atoms in the peptide backboneo Tertiary: single polypeptide chain “backbone” with one or more protein

secondary structures, the protein domains

- All amino acids have amino and carboxyl

-

- How do you make a peptide bond?

o You take out water in P site or ribosome

- Condensation synthesis / dehydration synthesis / release of water to form bond or bring together

- Chaperone/ Chaperonin : helps proteins fold

- Nucleus: control center of cell, has pores

- Cytoskeleton: holds cell up

- Lysosomes:

o Contain enzymes that degrade macromoleculeso Extremely low pHo Phagocytic: digests food

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o Autophagy: breakdown/ recycle damaged organelleso Tay-sachs is result of non-functioning lysosomes

- Nucleolus: makes ribosomal RNA, outside is protein

- Cell membrane: cholesterol stabilizes membrane

- Tight junction: block

- Gap junction: lets things through

- What goes through the cell membrane most easily?

o Small and hydrophobic

- Integral membrane proteins are amphipathic

- + Delta G: you need energy, endergonic

- - Delta G: you release energy, exergonic

- Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm

- Electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation / chemiosmotic phosphorylation / chemiosmosis: you make the most energy

- Kreb’s cycle + glycolysis = substrate level phosphorylation

- Kinase: enzyme that phosphorylates or puts phosphate groups on other enzymes

- Gametes: are haploid

o Number of heterozygous pairs = no 2n = number of gametes

- Haploid: half the number of chromosomes

- Diploid: full set

- Mitosis & cell cycle: cell is always diploid

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Page 4: ucfsarc.files.wordpress.com  · Web view: During DNA replication and transcription, DNA becomes overwound ahead of the replication fork so topoisomerase are enzymes that participate

- Meiosis:

o Phase I

o Phase II

Page 5: ucfsarc.files.wordpress.com  · Web view: During DNA replication and transcription, DNA becomes overwound ahead of the replication fork so topoisomerase are enzymes that participate

- Incomplete dominance: red flower + white flower = pink flower

- DNA structure/ function:o A-To C-Go U = RNAo Bases held together by hydrogen bondo 5’ -> 3’o 3’ -> 5’o DNA is antiparallel

- Helicase: separate DNA into single strands to allow them to be copied- Topoisomerase: During DNA replication and transcription, DNA becomes overwound

ahead of the replication fork so topoisomerase are enzymes that participate in unwinding DNA

- DNA ligase: joins DNA strands by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond

Page 6: ucfsarc.files.wordpress.com  · Web view: During DNA replication and transcription, DNA becomes overwound ahead of the replication fork so topoisomerase are enzymes that participate

- Primase: enzyme involved in the replication of DNA and is a type of RNA polymerase- DNA synthesis: process deoxynucleic acids (Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine)

are linked together to form DNA- DNA structure: phosphate group + sugar group + nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C)

- Transcription: makes mRNA, enzyme is RNA polymerase

o mRNA made 5’ -> 3’

- Genes are expressed from codons because they are coding genes, gene methylation stops or slows down transcription

- Most gene regulation occurs in transcription

- Active transport: going against the concentration

- Polygenic inheritance: when you have a characteristic controlled by two or more genes

o Ex: height, skin color, eye color

- A couple has 5 children, all have brown eyes and blonde hair. Both parents are homozygous for brown eyes. The dad has blonde hair and the mom has (hetero) red hair. Brown eyes and red hair are dominant. What is the probability the next child has brown eyes and blonde hair?KEY:

Brown eyes (BB) Blue eyes (bb)Red hair (RR)Blonde hair (rr)

BBrr (x) BBRr

BR BrBr BBRr BBrr

50%

- In mitosis, the number never changes, only if it is replicated or unreplicated