Water Supply Distribution Net Work

1

1. WATSAN proposals technical problems decreasing.

2. WATSAN projects technical check acceleration.3. PMUs engineers capacity building.4. Technical communication.5. WATSAN projects package creation6. WATSAN projects management creation.7. Approach to the site ignorance technical

problems8. Shearing experiences.9. Release to the proposal technical checking in

HQ10. Logistic procedure decreasing of the proposals.

2-Course objective

I. : GROUND WATER HYDROGEOLOGY.

II. : WATER SUPPLY NETWORK.

iii.:WATER SANITATION

Training Contains

1. Geology. Part of geology.

• Construction geology.• Dynamical geology.• Historical geology.

Earth layers.• Crust or upper layer of earth.• Mantai or middle layers of Earth.• Core or central layers of Earth.

Stereography and geochronology

2. General information of rocks: Magma tic rocks. Metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks. Rocks properties effecting ground water.

ii. Ground Water hydrology

Ground Water hydrologyHistorical Development of geology

Ground Water hydrologyEarth Layers

Ground Water hydrology

Historical Cycle geological


Type of Magma tic Rock

Ground Water hydrology Unconsolidated Rocks

Type of prosity Ground Water hydrology

3. Water: Water sources

• Surface water.• Ground water.

4. Hydrology: Hydrology cycle. Precipitation. Evaporation. Transpiration Run off. Drainage area.


Ground Water hydrology Hydrologic Cycle

Ground Water hydrology Drainage Area of River

Ground Water hydrology Subsurface Water Division

Ground Water hydrology Aquifers Perched


Unconfined & confined aquifers

5. Hydrogeology (Ground water): Aeration and saturation zone. Geological formation as aquifer. Type of aquifer.


6. Afghanistan Hydro geological basins.

According to the geomorphology. According to the rain. According to the water surface and

water shed. According to the waterlogged area. According to the climate condition ,

different hydra geological structure and layers of aquifer.



II. -Water Supply system

1-Definition: water supply: Has the greatest

importance ,best of all things is water.• The technically and scientifically coverage

for exploitation, storage, treatment, of drinking water to fulfill the need of a community due to the quality and quantity.

• Importance and necessity of water.

• Historical water supply in Afghanistan.

2. Feasibility Study– Are the needs real – Water source availability– Owner (s) of source – Village population– numbers of persons being in the village – Water requirement at present – Village grows and estimation of future needs

of the village – Meet the whole village, besides the elders – For larger villages determine the houses to be

served, then survey a cluster of houses carefully and determine the persons to be served by one pipe stand.

2-Water Supply system


Feasibility Study:– materials available, shops, – skilled labour availability, – Influential people and their support to project, – Places that pipe might have to cross,– Cage the community motivation, enthusiasm and

willingness to organise the work force and provide their contribution

– Community potential to look after the project afterwards

– to maintain it beyond the construction phase – Previous and existing projects in the village– Collection of the actual data required to enable

the design.– topographic survey .

Type of source– Spring.– Canal.– River.– Well (deep well and shallow ).– Karez.– ………………..

3-Types of source and flow discharge measurement


• There are a variety of simple methods that could be used but we mention three.

• To ensure accuracy measurement some earthworks will be needed even if simple.

• Whatever happens one should measure the flow several times

Types of source and flow discharge measurement


Bucket and stopwatch method:• One uses a piece of wood and one times how long it

takes to float a particular length (6 – 10 times the average depth of the water).

• Measure the cross sectional stream. • Average stream velocity is 85% of the surface

velocity and then the flow is calculated by Q = 850 x V x A ; Q = flow lps;

• V = surface velocity in m/sec; A = cross sectional area in m2 . Stream should be having at least 30 cm of water.



Bucket and stopwatch methodBucket and stopwatch method



• Container should be of known volume and then time the fill of the container.

• The container should be of such size that it requires at least 15 seconds to fill, smaller containers only increase the inaccuracy level.

• Best two persons one watch the filling the other the time.

• Flow is calculated by Q= c/t ; Q= flow (litres/second); c = capacity of container and t = time to fill in seconds

.



V- Notch Weir :• V-notch weir can be used to measure larger springs

and small streams. The notch is 60 degrees or 90 degrees

• One can take one with him which is accurately made with the table for measurement.

• But it is easy enough to make one out of tin or wood. • The notch has to be placed in a small dam and all

the water to go through the V-notch.



• Canal or stream should be at least 2 metre straight. • One uses a ruler to measure the depth of water

flowing over the notch. Then uses a calibration curve and one reads the quantity of water.



Float Method :• One uses a piece of wood and one times how long it

takes to float a particular length (6 – 10 times the average depth of the water).

• Measure the cross sectional stream. • Average stream velocity is 85% of the surface

velocity and then the flow is calculated by Q = 850 x V x A; Q = flow lps;

• V = surface velocity in m/sec; A = cross sectional area in m2. Stream should be having at least 30 cm of water.



• Float Method



4-Technical surveyTopographic Survey

Some of the equipments used to measure the proposed pipeline can be the following:

• Abney level• Theodolite• Building level• Water Level• Barometric altimeter surveying• GPS (Global Positioning System)


Abney Level:• A very rugged piece of equipment that can accept

more abuse then any of the other above equipment, still it needs to be handled carefully.

• The setting up and the measuring is easier but the preparations are easier from the other two.

• It is also easier to understand when something is wrong with the Abney level then with the theodolite and building level as those have complicated mirror systems that can get disturbed during travelling on rough roads and in rough terrain.

• Adjustment is needed but this goes as well for the theodolite and building level. As taking levels is a specialised job a separate training is required for such

Technical surveyTopographic Survey


Abney Level survey



Abney Level survey



Abney Level survey



• Pipe Water level:• Not available on the market you have to make your

own and essentially consist out of a clear plastic tube with two measuring staffs or rulers on both ends; stops to ensure that the water or oil does not get out before placement.

• Easy to work with and very accurate and the community understands how it works and can help with.

• The tube can be as long as one wants (diameter and length should go together) and the accuracy (one can used to measuring and the understanding of the measurements) can be as accurate or better then any of the above mentioned apparatus.

• Water level can be recommended for small village jobs and even bigger jobs, it is also the involvement of the community that is important.



Global Positioning System (GPS)• While it is a good piece of equipment and

mostly used for laying out of towns, as for the use for levelling it is not suitable unless a bubble is added on top of the equipment to enable it to measure heights as it normally measures angles and distance.

• It is a rather expensive piece of equipment and needs extra care and better training then the other instruments in the list.

• While easier and probably cheaper as the barometric altimeter survey, still one needs training and understanding for the system.



• While it is a good piece of equipment and mostly used for laying out of towns, as for the use for levelling it is not suitable unless a bubble is added on top of the equipment to enable it to measure heights as it normally measures angles and distance.


• As there are so many models on the market one might end up with the wrong type as some are more accurate (and therefore often more expensive) than others.

Theodolite Survey



Theodolite Survey• There are very accurate pieces of equipment

available as GPS but they require highly trained personnel again.

• e it is a good piece of equipment and mostly used for laying out of towns, as for the use for levelling it is not suitable unless a bubble is added on top of the equipment to enable it to measure heights as it normally measures angles and distance.




Theodolite



5-Water Demand Demand main factors:• Fix the design period• Do population estimation and population forecast. • The real amount of water collected will be a

function of distance and the capability of the person collecting and the amount of persons present in the home.

• For a community water supply system we could take that we want to design and construct for a 15-25 year lifespan. The choice will depend on the village and the potential change, the more change that can be expected the shorter the design period.

• Even for larger towns and cities the design period might be 5 years otherwise the system will be over dimensioned and therefore very costly.

• The more remote the longer the time period can be taken, so then we have to prepare for 25 year water demand projection.

• Factors of demand:


Demand main factor– Norm demand.• Expansion of population Table (1-2)– Climate condition– City extension– Culture and custom of people– Industries– Cost of water– Alternate water distribution– Define of customers.– Quantity of water.– Water demand.– Peak factor.– Types of demand.

Water Demand

Water Supply system

Water Demand

Demand main factor• Close to towns and main roads one has select a

shorter water demand period.• One has to get the present population data and the

population growth factor for the design period which can be for a 25 year period from approximately 40% in remote mountainous area to 130% (or up to 170% near Kabul) in the fertile plains of Afghanistan.

• Example, 25 year design period, village with 500 persons therefore:

• Mountainous area: current population 40% (500) + 500 = 700 persons and

• Plain area: current population 170%(500) + 500 = 1,350 persons.

Water Supply system

Demand factor:• Assumptions and other factors should be clearly

stated in the design report so that others can understand how you have reached the parameters, that is part of being called transparent.

• The total water demand for the village under study will be at the end of the design period the sum of the per capita demand with the special need demand.

• The World Health Organisation (WHO) propose 45 litre per person per day and this will cover the drinking water, person hygiene and washing, cooking and a part for the small livestock.

• If the water source is minimal then one can go down to using 23 litre per person.

Water Demand

Water Supply system

Demand main factor:• If other services are in town like a school, health

clinic and our others then we have to add water for those facilities as well and we can use then as well figures as issued by the Ministry of Public Health and if none available we use WHO guideline figures and or figure we can agree upon with the in-charge of the facilities.

• When water is delivered in house the consumption will rise dramatically and therefore can only be done when the source is plenty and the particular household will pay for all the additional costs that goes with such connection.

• Better not to encourage as all pipes need to be dimensioned larger than for a village supply. This eventuality will be covered within one of the next courses on pipeline design.

Water Demand

Water Supply system

Design Parameters & Population Forecast Define customers

– In a small community not a big problem but for cities like Kabul an assessment will be a time consuming activity.

– We must to get to know what they require from quantity to quality.

– Define the cost of operation and maintenance to ensure that they can pay for it and or willing to pay before we start making schemes.

– Also use changes over time (seasons) and also during the day we should know before the design can take place.

Water Demand

Water Supply system

Example:• How to find the population after design years and demand of

water for the costumers • Number of families

• P=Po(1+r)n• P= Population• Po=present Population (5124person)• N-Number of year (15year)• r- Growth ratio (3%)• Growth factor = (1+0.035)20=1.98=2• Growth factor = (1+0.03 )15=1.56• For 15 year is 3% annual growth rate =1.56• Wastage leakage = 20%=1.2• Domestic demand = number of household multiply by person

per house multiply.

Water Demand

Water Supply system

Example: • By 45 litter/day multiply by 1.56 multiply by 1.2• Institutional • Example of Domestic demand • Household =732 families • Population =732*7=5124 person • Qd= 732 household * 7 person / household * 45 litter /day *1.56

*1.2• =431645.75 litter/day• Total demand =431645.76 letter /day =17985.24

litter/hour=299.754litter/Min =4.9959litter/sec =5litter/sec• Information about spring • Flow of spring =5litter /sec• Capacity of the source =5 litter / sec

Water Demand

Water Supply system

6-Type of water supply system

• Gravity system.

• Motorize system.

Water Supply system

Gravity Water supply network:• Even a system with tank can be cheaper as

the pipe diameter could be smaller and lead to substantial savings.

• While planning considering the possibility of expansion. The growth of the village might take place faster or in a different direction than planned.

• Expansion can only be successful if the preparations for such are already looked into at the initial survey.

• Also the community can decide to make an extra tap stand if they can reduce the water usage by 20% from four tap stands then a five could be build.

Type of water supply system

Water Supply system

Gravity Water supply network:• Increased water demand can only be solved by

identifying other springs and make a system that they can be added to the already existing tank, or if additional storage would be good then another tank could be constructed besides the existing tank and even interconnected.

• Gravity water supply system from sources of( Stream, spring and catchments, dam or intake).

• gravity water supply system is as no pumping required.therfor it is the most reliable system for distribution of water .When some ground sufficiently high above the city area is available, this can be best utilized for distribution system in maintaining pressure in water pipes. This method is al so much suitable when source of supply such as lake, river or impounding water reservoir is at sufficient height then city.

Type of water supply system

Water Supply system

Gravity Water supply network

Water Supply system

Gravity Water supply network

Water Supply system

• Motorize Water supply system for the layout city or town, topography etc. In this system pump, by gravity feed from a water source (such as canal, water pool. Deep wells, a water reservoir or water tower)in the elevated reservoir.

• These systems should be are owned and maintained by local (community) and government office. Layout of the distribution system is to be done. Will effect the layout and design of the distribution system necessary to distribute it to the number of house, public place by means of a network of distribution system.. Existing population, expected future population, commercial and industrials present and future water requirements all have to be considered in the layout and design of the distribution system.

Pumping system

Water Supply system

Pumping system

Pumping system

Water Supply system

Pumping system

Water Supply system

7-Pipes and their properties

• Ensure that we get the right type of pipes and fittings for the right job

• HDEP pipes is the most ideal material to work with in the rural as they can be easily joined and one can make all kinds of fittings oneself if one has not got the correct fittings instead of waiting.

• There are many kinds of pipes on the world market.

• Pipes available in Afghanistan• The correct manner to buy materials

Water Supply system

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is fairly low-cost and easy

to obtain.• Freight costs are low and can be carried to site

manually or by small vehicles.• Class-B (60m head of water), Class-C (90m head),

Class-D (120m head), and Class-E (150m head) are produced and available in market.

• PVC pipes should be stored in shade as it becomes brittle on prolonged exposure to sunlight.

• Hazen’s coefficient for PVC is C = 150

Pipes and their properties

Water Supply system

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe fittings


Water Supply system

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe Utility system


Water Supply system

High-Density Polyethylene (HDP) Pipe• May be more expensive than PVC.• It comes in 100m flexible rolls and thus has fewer

joints than PVC and can be turned around trees and rocks more easily.

• The rolls are heavy and are more expensive to transport, but easier to move around the site than PVC.

• Joints are mad by applying solvent and heat.• Care must be taken in unrolling it and a check must

be made for internal blockage.• Produced in three classes: PE 63, PE 80, and PE

100 with minimum 25m head and maximum 400m head.

• Hazen’s coefficient for HDP is C = 150.


Water Supply system

High-Density Polyethylene fittingsPipes and their properties

Water Supply system

High-Density Polyethylene fittingsPipes and their properties

Water Supply system

• Ensure that we get the right type of pipes and fittings for the right job

• HDEP pipes is the most ideal material to work with in the rural as they can be easily joined and one can make all kinds of fittings oneself if one has not got the correct fittings instead of waiting.

• There are many kinds of pipes on the world market.

• Pipes available in Afghanistan• The correct manner to buy materials


Water Supply system

• Metal fitting: Gate valves, Global valve (non return valve,

Air. V) Flange, Socket, Union, Nipple, Elbow, tee, tap, Reducer

• PE fittings: Stub-Flange, MTA (male threaded adopter),

Tee, Saddle clamp, Reducer, Straight coupler.

Pipes FittingsPipes and their properties

Water Supply system

Pipes Fittings


Water Supply system

Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipes• In some areas may be the cheapest

pipes over 100mm in diameter, but it is often not available and is being replaced by PVC.

• It is brittle and difficult to transport.• Maximum pressure 90m of head is

recommended as the minimum standard.

• Hazen’s coefficient is C = 130


Water Supply system

Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes• GI pipe is expensive, hard to transport, and

subject to corrosion.• It is used only where strength is required,

such as section with high hydraulic pressure, river and gully crossings, shallow sections under roads, and pipe works at tanks.

• Produced in three classes: light weight, medium weight, and heavy weight.

• Hazen’s C = 120 (new) – 80 (very old), average (100)


Water Supply system

Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipe


Water Supply system

Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipe fittingsPipes and their properties

Water Supply system

Making joints in steel pipe


Water Supply system

Making joints in steel pipe


Water Supply system

Union saket and Reducing


Water Supply system

8-Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system) Hydraulic theory should be understood to select

pipe sizes and make proper design. A gravity flow water system is depending on the

gravitational energy. The source of energy is the action of gravity on water.

When water flows through pipes, fittings and tanks some of the energy will get lost for ever because of friction that occurs in pipes, fitting and tanks.

The purpose of pipeline design is to manipulate frictional losses so as to move the desired flows through the system, by conserving energy at some points and using energy at other points. This is done by a careful selection of pipe sizes and proper fittings and tanks.

Water Supply system

For each line make with graph paper the HGL line and check on lower and higher pressures.

HGL should always be above the pipeline, but if the pipeline rises, it is possible for the HGL to fall below the pipeline. This indicates the presence of a negative residual head, which means there is not enough gravitational energy to move the desired quantity of water. This situation should be avoided.

The desired head is between 10 - 30 metres in rural water supply systems.

The suggested minimum and maximum head values are 7 and 55 metres respectively.

Flow in pipes should not be less than 0.7 m/s and more than 3.0 m/s

Hydraulic Theory (Gravity system)

Water Supply system

Head” is the amount of gravitational energy in a pipeline. There are two types of heads: Static Head and Dynamic Head

Static head is when all valves are closed and no water is flowing in the pipeline and there is no energy loss to friction.

Dynamic head develops when the valve is opened. When flow becomes constant then their is a state of

Dynamic Equilibrium. The line represents the energy level during hydraulic

equilibrium at each point along the pipeline is called HGL.

As frictional losses are never recovered, the hydraulic grade line (HGL) slopes down along the direction of flow.


Water Supply system

Fluid Static (Water at rest): Water pressure at the some depth is directly related to the vertical distance from that depth to the level of the surface, and is not affect by any horizontal distance. In a pipe line where no water is flowing is, the system is termed being Static Equilibrium. In such systems, the level of the water surface is called the Static Level 1, and the pressures are reported as Static Heads.


Water Supply system

Static EquilibriumHydraulic Theory (Gravity system)

Water Supply system

Fluid Dynamics (Water in Motion): Now supposed that the control valve at

the point C in figure 6-1 is partially opened, allowing a small flow of water through the pipe line (and also assume that the tank refills as fast as it drains, so that the surface level remains constant). The water levels in each glass tube decrease a bit . As the level is opened further and further to allow greater flows through the pipeline , the water levels in the tubes drop even lower.


Water Supply system

Dynamic Equilibrium


Water Supply system

It can be seen that the water heights in the tubes form a new line for each new flow through the system. For a constant flow, the line formed by the water heights will remain steady. The system is now said to be in dynamic equilibrium. The line formed by the water levels in the tubes is called the hydraulic grade line, commonly abbreviated as HGL. A different flow establishes a different dynamic equilibrium and a new HGL.


Water Supply system

Dynamic EquilibriumDynamic EquilibriumHydraulic Theory (Gravity system)

Water Supply system

Grade Line:The HGL represents the new energy levels at the each point the pipe line, for the any constant flow through the pipe line there is a specific, constant HGL. The vertical distance from the pipe line to the HGL is the measure of pressure head (ie -energy), and the difference between the HGL and the static level is the amount of head lost by the frication.


Water Supply system

Friction Lost Energy:As water flows through the pipeline, energy is lost by the friction of the flow against pipe walls, or through fitting (such as reducers, elbows, control valve, etc). Any obstruction to the flow, partial or otherwise, causes frictional losses of energy. Major factors: Would be the roughness of the obstacle, and the velocity of the flow. Minor factors: would include water temperature, a suspended particle, dissolved gases etc.


Water Supply system

Note:The diameter of the pipe, and the amount of

flow through it, determine the velocity of the flow.

The greater the flow, the faster the velocity, and the greater the frictional losses.

Likewise, the rougher the surface of the obstacle, the greater the frictional losses.Frictional losses are not liner: doubling the flow does not necessarily double the losses: usually losses are trebled, quadrupled, or even greater.


Water Supply system

Frictional head loss factor:

The common method is to report the amount of frictional head loss per unit length of pipe ,for a specific flow .Typically this would be expressed as meters of head loss per 100 meters of pipe length ,or m / 100 m or (m /Km)


Water Supply system

Control Control valvevalve


Water Supply system

Equivalent pipe lengths and fittings:A pipe line fitting (such as elbow an elbow, tee, valve, etc) acts as concentrated point of frictional losses. The amount of head loss in the fitting depends upon the shape of the fitting, and the flow through it. The head loss are computed by the determining the equivalent length of pipe necessary to create the same amount of head loss. For fittings, this is commonly given as the L/D ratio (length/diameter).


Water Supply system

No Type of Fittings Equivalent length

1 Tee( in the same direction) 20

2 Tee (in two direction) 60

3 Elbow 90o 27

3 Elbow 45o 15

4 Open Gate Valve 17

5 Open Check valve 135

TableTable Equivalent Length PipeEquivalent Length Pipe


Water Supply system

Graphical determinationGraphical determination of Fittings equivalent lengthequivalent length


Water Supply system

Pipe Head

loss Due to

friction (m / Km) Galvanized Iron C = 130

Flow (l /s)

(Galvanize Iron pipe ) Pipe Diameter (mm)

12 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90

0.1 46.1 15.6 5.2 1.6 0.5

0.2 56.1 18.9 5.7 1.9 0.7

0.3 118.9 40.1 12.1 4.1 1.4

0.4 68.3 20.5 6.9 2.3 0.8

0.5 103.3 31.0 10.5 3.5 1.2

0.6 43.5 14.7 5.0 1.6 0.7

0.7 58.9 19.5 6.6 2.1 0.9

0.8 74.1 25.0 8.4 2.7 1.2

0.9 92.2 31.1 10.5 3.4 1.5

1.0 112.0 37.8 12.8 4.1 1.8 0.6

1.2 53.0 17.9 5.8 2.5 0.7

1.4 70.5 23.8 7.7 3.3 1.0

1.6 90.2 30.4 9.9 4.2 1.7

1.8 112.2 37.9 12.3 5.3 2.2

2.0 46.0 15.0 6.4 2.6

2.5 69.6 22.6 9.7 4.0

3.0 97.5 31.6 13.5 5.6

3.5 42.1 18.0 7.4

4.0 53.9 23.1 9.5

5.0 81.5 34.9 14.3

6.0 114.2 48.8 20.1

7.0 65.0 26.7

10.0 125.8 51.8

Water Supply system

Energy: To move water, whether moving it uplift, downhill,

or horizontally, requires energy, which in water project this energy by the gravity system or direct pump.

Head : In hydraulic work, rather than repeatedly calculate

water pressure, it is an easier practice to simply report the equivalent height of the water column. Technically, this is called the head, and represents the amount of gravitational energy contained in the water.


Water Supply system

• The average flow from a tap was calculated over the period of use. However, at some times during the day, the tap and the system will have to supply more than this average flow. This is determined by a peaking factor (PF).

• P.F. = maximum hourly flow / average hourly flow

• The value of the peaking factor is usually between 1 and 2, depending on local conditions.

Peaking Factor


Water Supply system

• Design flow = P.F. x average flow• The design flow in each branch of the

system is determined by working backwards from each tap. At junctions, flows are added together.

• The design flow out of a reservoir has been determined by adding up the flows in the branches below it

Design Flow


Water Supply system

• This should be done with the advice of the users through the community committee.

• Taps should be located in common areas to serve 100-200 people each, but may serve fewer people if they are in an isolated area.

• The number of people per tap depends on the number of hours of use, the flow from the tap and the daily water demand per person.

• Additional taps are needed at institutions.• For high density areas, tap station may be built• Taps should be kept away from streams and rivers.

Establish the Location of the Tap Stand


Water Supply system

A concert post supporting a 15mm mild steal riser pipe the from the pipeline up to a bibcock which should discharge at least 0.167-0.25 litter per second.

A concrete stand on which to place a bucket, a concert apron to collect spillage , and a gutter and drainage to a soak away.

Tap stands should have a fence around them to keep animals away.

Each stand tap should have a nominated person, or caretaker to keep the area clean and tidy.



Water Supply system

• Maintenance will be required on daily basis depending on the quality.

• The gate valve to close the system for night.• To have good splash zone as well a way for drain of

waste water.• Locations need to be well discussed with the

community.• Must be adequate drainage.• Flow at tap stand is normally 0.225 lps which

translate into 13.5 l/min. Such tap stand can serve a population of 200 – 230 persons.

• A globe valve at the base could be used to adjust the correct flow.



Water Supply system

• The tap need to be blocked and secured so that tempering is not possible.

• Residual head at the tap stand, absolute minimum 7m, desirable 15 m & max.30 m.

• Tap stand should be made such that it can withstand time, splash zone, drainage or sock pit.

• Tap stand area should not become place of breading mosquitoes and other diseases.

• Some fencing is required to keep animal away.• Ensure the villagers have their say about tap stands

as they will be using it on daily basis and will be near their homes.



Water Supply system

• A stand design has to be prepared with the community and in detail worked out as often a good number of items are required for tap stands and all those items need to be included and to be bought timely as such items can not be bought in the corner shop.

• Approximately each tap stand serve about 25 houses.

• Should be positioned so as to reduce uniformly the maximum distance people to carry out water.

• Approximately each tap stand serve about 25 houses.



Water Supply system

Calculate Reservoir• The flow coming into the reservoir is based on the

average outflow.• Design reservoir inflow = average outflow x (hours taps in use 24 hours)• The storage size can be roughly calculated as:

design inflow x hours taps not used• Reservoirs are placed high enough to give adequate

pressure in the pipeline and are situated to divide the network into manageable areas.

• A reservoir is needed if the source cannot supply all of the water needed in a working day, but can supply it in 24 hours.


Water Supply system

• A reservoir may also be installed to save money. A study should be undertaken to determine whether it is cheaper to put in a large pipe from the source or put in a reservoir and a smaller, cheaper pipe from the source to the reservoir.

• Small reservoirs may also be located at each standpipe. This arrangement may be necessary if some groups of users are drawing much more water than other groups.

• Good roofing is essential to keep the water safe from pollution and warming.

Calculate Reservoir:


Water Supply system

• It has advantages to have standard sizes of tanks that make the design easier.

• There are number of service pipes required namely: inlet, outlet, overflow, and washout.

• Site for reservoir should be on stable and preferably level ground and to ensure that erosion or landslide will not occur.

• The wall need to be internally well plastered with final coat of 1:2 waterproof plaster.

Calculate Reservoir


Water Supply system

Determine Size of the

Pipe • The flow rates in all sections of the system are and the flow needed from the source can be estimated.

• The static head at any point in the pipe should not exceeds the rated pressure capacity of the pipe. Otherwise break pressure tank or reservoirs are located at these points.

• The size of the pipe in each branch is then determined. A means of determining the frictional head loss is needed. Tables, such as Table 1 (located at the end of the manual), are available to design engineers.

• The minor losses (friction due to pipe fittings, bends and valves) are included in the calculation by converting them to equivalent lengths of pipe which are added to the actual length when solving for pipe sizes.


Water Supply system

Air Release Valve:• Air release valves are located at high points

on the pipeline.• They release air that collects in the pipe and

prevent "air locks", large bubbles of air that block the flow.

• They can also admit air to protect the pipeline if a break occurs.

• Their locations can be determined from the elevations of the pipeline.

• The best types are automatic ones as these require the least maintenance, but simple manual valves can be used.


Water Supply system

Washouts• Washouts are located at low points or at the ends of

pipe sections with low flows (velocity < 0.7 m/s) and at regular distances along the main pipeline.

• Placement of washouts at upstream of the reservoir in the U profile of pipeline and or gully or river crossings

• Washouts should be well protected otherwise they become source of contamination and or people taking water from such places

• These consist of a tee joint that has a cap or valve that can be opened to flush settled solids out of the pipe.


Water Supply system

Break Pressure Tanks• Can be important in hilly country to break the

speed of water.• These small tanks reduce the pressure in the pipe to

atmospheric pressure. • Simple to construct and need a good cover.• This is done when the pipe elevation is sufficiently

below the source to exceed the pressure capacity of the pipe.

• They are tanks that water flows into and out of, controlled by a float valve.

• Valves should be located at the inlet for every tank, and at every branch and change of pipe size.


Water Supply system

• Locates a reliable and clean water source• Determine Consumption of water per person per day• Establish the locations of the stand pipes.• Determine flow per tap• Choose the pipe alignment• Design the main pipeline• Calculate reservoir and sedimentation tank

dimensions• Locate air release valves, washouts, and break

pressure tanks

Design procedure


Water Supply system

• Determine water demand by a survey of the users.

• Estimate for each use such as drinking, cooking and washing and additional use such as livestock water.

• The demand will vary from region to region as it depends on local customs, the availability of water, and the uses for piped water.

• Typical values of demand are between 15 and 50 liters per capita per day.

Determine Consumption of Water per Person per Day


Water Supply system

• Present population, allowances for increase per year, possible migration into the area and other population changes to be estimated.

• Estimate the lifetime of the project. 15 years is suggested, but maximum is probably 25 years.

• These figures will give the design population of the area.

• For example, tap stands operate 16 hours a day at 0.075 l/s to supply 160 people with 27 l/d each.

• For example, the design values are 12 hours per day, 0.225 l/s, 215 people and 45 l/c/d.

Determine Flow Per Tap


Water Supply system

• With the location of tap stands decided, the location of the pipeline system can be finalized.

• A steady gradient should be maintained wherever possible. Avoid steep hillsides and numerous stream crossings.

• Avoid crossing land where legal access can not be • or any land that is outside the control of the users.• The length of pipe should be kept to a minimum.

Choose the Pipe Alignment


Water Supply system

9-Design Example:• Water demand is 200,000 litres per day.• Storage tank is to be built 2km from the

water source.• Vertical distance from the source to the

tank is 20m.• Minimum head of water at the outlet of

the tank is 5m.• Pipe available in diameters of 25, 50 and

75 mm.• Standpipes are in use16 hours per day.• Equivalent length for friction loss in pipe

fittings is 38 m.• What is the size of the storage tank and

size of asbestos pipe from the source to the tank?


Water Supply system

• Water taps not in use = 8 hours• Storage tank size=Design inflow x (Hours taps not

used/24 hrs) = (200,000 l) / (8 / 24) = 66,667 l = 67 m3

• Flow rate in main pipeline = 200,000 l / (24 x 3600) s = 2.31 l/s

• Hydraulic gradient = (fall in elevation of HGL) / (length of pipe + minor loss length)

= (20 – 5) m / (2000 + 38) /1000) km = 7.4 m/km

Design Example:


Water Supply system

• From Table 1b, a 75 mm diameter pipe is required as a smaller size would give too great loss of head.

• Flow (l/s) Frictional loss (m/km) 2.0 3.9 2.5 5.9• By Interpolation, frictional loss is 5.1 m/km for a flow

of 2.3 l/s• Therefore, total frictional loss = (2038 /1000 km) (5.1

m/km) = 10.4 m• Height of HGL above tank inlet = 20 – 10.4 = 9.6 m

which meets the design requirements of 5m minimum.

Design Example


Water Supply system

• Network:– A typical range of velocity in distribution pipes is between 0.5_1.5

m/sec, occasionally up to 3m/sec. – Hydraulic gradients usually range between 1_ 5 m/km,

occupationally up to 10 m/km. in case of the smaller pipe D< 50mm, the hydraulic gradient can even be higher.

– The minimum pressure should not drop bellow 5-10 mwc .in larger distribution areas where water scarcity is not in issue, the minimum pressure can range 20_30 mwc.

– Pressure higher than 60mwc should be avoided in general, due to increase leakage and risk of bursts, especially in poorly maintained network.

• Deep well:– If the deep well of water supply network has been surveyed and

designed according to the engineering norms and you are sure that the deep well will be successful, then the deep well and water supply network can be requested into a single proposal.

– If the deep well technically design and survey is not possible than the project should be request as two separate proposals (1, Deep well subproject proposal, 2, Water supply network).

– Ensure that the deep well proposal designs, when your primary survey should be at least (60-70) % succeed.

Sample Gravity pipe (Design Example)1-General Information Given: Village population 850, Part-I with 605 persons and Part-II with 245 personsExpected Population growth in 10 years at a 2% growth rate.Source has 1 l/s minimum flow.Source is approximately 2,300 metres from the villageStandpipes are used for 12 hours per dayAssume GI pipes are utilised – rocky areaSee Sketch map and ground profiles of the villageDesign the pipelines and plot hydraulic gradient for each pipe length.


Water Supply system

Path of Pipeline

to Village

Design Example


Water Supply system

• Design Population = Population x Growth in 10 years

= (850) x (1+0.02)10 = 850 x 1.22 = 1,037 ~ 1,050 persons

• Assume to supply 100 l/p/d; then required 100 x 1050 =105,000 litres per day or flow of (105,000 l) / (24x3600 s) = 1.21 l/s required that is not available.

• Assume to supply 80 l/p/d; then required 80 x 1050 = 84,000 l/d or flow of (84,000 l) / (24 x 3600 s) = 0.97 l/s and this is possible.

2-Calculation population and water usage:2-Calculation population and water usage:


Water Supply system

• Per capita is 80 litres/day• Average daily usage is then 80 x 1050 = 84,000 litres• As GI is expensive so smallest pipe possible to be

used.• Recommended storage half of total quantity of water

required by community• Split into five public reservoirs three in Part I and

two in Part II – situated on high points• Main line will not have to carry peak flows

3-Storage requirements:

Design Example


Water Supply system

• Average daily usage = 80 x 1,050 = 84,000 l = 84 m3

• Storage required = 84 x (12/24) = 42 m3

• Based on population (245/850) x 42 m3 or 12.1 m3 in Part-II and (605/850) x 42 m3 or 29.9 m3 in Part-I

• In Part-I there will be three reservoirs of 10 m3 each, two in Part-II of 6 m3 each, with this distribution nobody will walk more than 100m

Design Example


Water Supply system

• Persons per faucet between 30 – 100• No. of faucet for Part-I: Min. No. = 605/100 ≈ 6 Max. No. = 605/30 ≈ 20• No. of faucet for Part-II: Min. No. = 245/100 ≈ 2 Max. No. = 245/30 ≈ 8• More faucets preferable to accommodate future

demand• Thus 6 faucets at each of the three reservoirs in Part-I

and 4 faucets at each of the reservoir in part-II give a total of 26.

• The average number of persons per faucet (based on the future population of 1050) is 42 for Part-I and 37 for part-II.

4-Number of Faucets:4-Number of Faucets:Design Example


Water Supply system

5-Design Flows• Path sketched• Water flow continuously so design flows will be the

same as average daily flows, peaking factor is therefore 1.

• At the projected per capita use of 80 l/day the average daily flow is 0.97 l/s but the spring has an estimated minimum flow 1.0 l/s which will be used in design.

• Tabulate each: reservoir / volume / population• Calculate the flow in each part of the pipes from point A

onwards and between the reservoirs

Design Example


Water Supply system

Reservoirs / Population / Faucets

Reservoir Volume m3 Population Faucet

B 10 250 6

C 10 250 6

D 10 250 6

E 6 150 4

F 6 150 4

Total 42 1050 26

Design Example


Water Supply system

Calculations Design Flows

From To Flow (l/s) Calculations

Source Point A 1.0

Point A Reservoir B 0.71 (30/42) x 1 = 0.71 l/s

Point A Reservoir E 0.29 (12/42) x 1 = 0.29 l/s

Reservoir B Reservoir C 0.48 (20/30) x 0.71 = 0.48 l/s

Reservoir C Reservoir D 0.24 (10/20) x 0.48 = 0.24 l/s

Reservoir E Reservoir F 0.15 (6/12) x 0.29 = 0.15 l/s

Design Example


Water Supply system

Path of Pipeline to Village

Design Example


Water Supply system

6-Pipeline Design:Break Pressure Tanks

• Inspection of profiles in Figure 4 indicates that pressure break release tank is necessary 1,300 m from source as static head is 55m at this point.

• Not possible at actual place (at 1,100m) as it is in a valley and therefore to be placed on top of hill site.

Pipe Material• GI used because of rocky site. Pipe Size from Source to Break Pressure Tank

– Tabulate and find out pipe sizes against available head of 55 m with a flow of 1.0 l/s

– Check results against HGL line.

Design Example


Water Supply system

Design Calculations From Source to Break Pressure Tank:

Length (metres)

Flow

(l/s)

Pipe diameter

(mm)

Head loss (metres)

Available Head (metres)

1,300 1.0 50 16.1 55

1,300 1.0 40 49.1 55

1,300 1.0 32 145.6 55

400 1.0 50 5.1 16.5

900 1.0 40 34.0 38.5

Design Example


Water Supply system

7-Hazen-Williams Formula Used for Friction Losses in Pipes:

Q = 86.06 x l0-9 C D2.63 S0.54

where: Q = flow in 1/s

C = Hazen's coefficientC = 150 (for plastic pipe), 100 (Asbestos Cement), 130 (GI)D = pipe diameter in mmS = hydraulic gradient in m per kmS = drop in the hydraulic grade line / pipe length + minor losses length

Design Example


Water Supply system

Profile from Source to Break Pressure Tank and Point A:

Design Example


Water Supply system

Pipe Head Loss Due to friction (m/km) Galvanised Iron C= 130

Table 1: Pipe Head Loss

Due to Friction (m/km)

– GI Pipe, C = 130

Flow (l /s)

Pipe Diameter (mm)

12 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90

0.1 46.1 15.6 5.2 1.6 0.5

0.2 56.1 18.9 5.7 1.9 0.7

0.3 118.9 40.1 12.1 4.1 1.4

0.4 68.3 20.5 6.9 2.3 0.8

0.5 103.3 31.0 10.5 3.5 1.2

0.6 43.5 14.7 5.0 1.6 0.7

0.7 58.9 19.5 6.6 2.1 0.9

0.8 74.1 25.0 8.4 2.7 1.2

0.9 92.2 31.1 10.5 3.4 1.5

1.0 112.0 37.8 12.8 4.1 1.8 0.6

1.2 53.0 17.9 5.8 2.5 0.7

1.4 70.5 23.8 7.7 3.3 1.0

1.6 90.2 30.4 9.9 4.2 1.7

1.8 112.2 37.9 12.3 5.3 2.2

2.0 46.0 15.0 6.4 2.6

2.5 69.6 22.6 9.7 4.0

3.0 97.5 31.6 13.5 5.6

3.5 42.1 18.0 7.4

4.0 53.9 23.1 9.5

5.0 81.5 34.9 14.3

6.0 114.2 48.8 20.1

7.0 65.0 26.7

10.0 125.8 51.8

Design Example


Water Supply system

8-Discussion on Design Calculation of Main Pipeline 1,300m

• From calculated head losses it appears that 40mm sufficient but check of HGL on the profile indicates a negative pressure in first 400m.

• Take 50mm in first 400m to avoid negative pressure and remaining is 900m of 40mm diameter pipe.\

• Total calculated head loss is 5.1+34.0 = 39.1m


Water Supply system

Design Example

Design Calculation From Break Pressure Tank to Junction at Point A

Length (m)

Flow (l/s)

Pipe diameter (mm)

Head loss (meters)

Available Head (m)

500 1.0 50 6.4 20

500 1.0 40 18.9 20

500 1.0 32 56.6 20

Design Example


Water Supply system

Profile from source to break pressure tank

Design Example


Water Supply system

Pipeline Design From Point A to Reservoir B, C and D

• Point A is where the flow will split in two flows and we will tackle firstly from Point A to Part-I, length involved are 500, 200 and 200m respectively

• Calculate and tabulate the head losses.

Design Example


Water Supply system

Profile from Point A to Reservoirs B, C and DDesign Example


Water Supply system

Design Calculati

ons From

Point A to

Reservoirs B, C and D

Length

(metres)

Flow

(l/s)

Pipe Diameter

Head Loss

(metres)

Available head

(metres)

500 0.71 40 10.0 10

500 0.71 32 29.7 10

500 0.71 50 3.4 10

200 0.48 40 1.9 10

200 0.48 32 5.8 10

200 0.48 25 19.2 10

200 0.24 32 1.6 10 - 5.8 = 4.2

200 0.24 25 5.3

200 0.24 20 15.7

Design Example


Water Supply system

Discussion on Pipeline Design From Point A to Reservoirs B, C and D

• From Point A to reservoir B a 40mm is appropriate.

• From reservoir B to C a 32 mm is adequate and there is extra head available 10 – 5.8 = 4.2m

• From reservoir C to D a 32 mm pipe is adequate.

Design Example


Water Supply system

Pipeline Design From Point A to Reservoir E and F

1. Point A is where the flow will split in two flows and we will tackle secondly from Point A to Part-II, length is 600m and 200m respectively

2. Calculate and tabulate the head losses.

Design Example


Water Supply system

Profile from Point A to Reservoirs E and F

Design Example


Water Supply system

Design Calculation From Point A

to Reservoir E and F

Length

(metres)

Flow

(l/s)

Pipe Diameter

(mm)

Head Loss

(metres)

Available head

(metres)

600 0.29 40 3.0 7

600 0.29 32 6.8 7

600 0.29 25 22.6 7

200 0.15 25 2.2 3

200 0.15 20 6.6 3

Design Example


Water Supply system

Discussion on Pipeline Design From Point A to Reservoirs E and F

• If 32mm pipe is used from point A to reservoir E and 25mm pipe from reservoir E to F then the total head loss is 6.8 + 2.2 or 9.0 metres which very closely matches the available head of 10 metres. The pipe sizes, HGL and design flows are all noted on the profile.

Design Example


Water Supply system

10-Groups Work on the Gravity Pipe Networks


Water Supply system

10-Group Work-1

1. Village population 850, Part-I with 350 persons, Part-II with 250 persons and Part-III with 750 person.

2. Expected Population growth in 15 years at a 2% growth rate.3. Village water demand = 80 Lit/Cap. Day4. Source has 1.85 L/s minimum flow.5. Standpipes are used for 12 hours per day6. Assume GI pipes are7. utilised – rocky area7. Design the pipelines and plot hydraulic gradient for each pipe

length.

General Information of the village


Water Supply system

Case study

Spring

A

D

E F

L=

250

m

Points V-(m3) Population / person Elev(m) Spring . 100 A . 40 H .

C 200 35 D 250 40 E 300 35 F 300 30 G 250 25 Total 1450

Group-1

Part - 1

Part - 3

Part - 2

H

Spring min discharge = 1.83 L/sec

Path of pipe line


Water Supply system

Group Work-1

1. Village population 850, Part-I with 350 persons, Part-II with 250 persons , Part-III with 150 person and Part-IV with 300 person.

2. Expected Population growth in 10 years at a 2.5% growth rate.

3. Water demand of the village= 50 lit/Cap . Day4. Source has 0.80 L/s minimum flow.5. Standpipes are used for 12 hours per day6. Assume GI pipes are utilised – rocky area7. Design the pipelines and plot hydraulic gradient for

each pipe length.

General Information of the village10-Group Work-2


Water Supply system

Case study

Spring


C

Part - 2

Part - 3

Part - 1

Group-2

Points V-(m3) Population / person Elev(m) Spring . 100 A . 60 B 350

D 220 52 E 250 48 F 300 47 G 300 49 Total 1450

A

Path of pipe lineGroup Work-2


Water Supply system

1. Village population 850, ST-1 with 120 persons, St-2 with 150 persons , ST-3 with 140 person and St-4 with 150 person.

2. Expected Population growth in years at a 3% growth rate.

3. Water demand of the village=60 Lit /Cap . Day3. Source has 0.75 L/s minimum flow.5. Standpipes are used for 12 hours per day6. Assume GI pipes are utilised – rocky area7. Design the pipelines and plot hydraulic gradient for

each pipe length.



Water Supply system

Case study

Water reservior

ST-4

ST-3

D

C

ST-2

ST-1

B

A


Group-3

Points V-(m3) Population / person Elev(m) Spring . 120 Reservior 100 A . 70 B .

C . 68 D . 70 ST-3 140 68 ST-4 150 72 Total 560

Spring

Path of pipe line10-Group Work-3


Water Supply system

1. Village population 850, ST-1 with 120 persons, PSt-2 with 150 persons , ST-3 with 140 person and St-4 with 150 person.

2. Expected Population growth in years at a 3% growth rate.

3. Source has 0.4 L/s minimum flow.5. Standpipes are used for 12 hours per day6. Assume GI pipes are utilised – rocky area7. Design the pipelines and plot hydraulic gradient for

each pipe length.



Water Supply system

Case study

Definition-1Definition-1: :

•Human for any living being water, Human for any living being water, air, food, shelter, and etc. are the air, food, shelter, and etc. are the primary needs, of which water has primary needs, of which water has the greatest importance Best of all the greatest importance Best of all things is water ,Human without things is water ,Human without food can survive for a number of food can survive for a number of days but without water is such an days but without water is such an essential element It human can’t essential element It human can’t live .live .

Potable Water

iii. Water Sanitation

Potable Water

Definition-2 :

• Potable water is that has been treated and disinfected so that it is free from disease-producing organisms, poisonous substances, physical, chemical or biological agents, and contaminants which make it unfit for human consumption or other uses.

Water Sanitation

Definition-3:• People need water for drinking,

washing and cooking. the minimum quantity of drinking water required for human survival, depending upon the climate, and amount and type of food eating,and human activity.minium drinking water requirements will lie in the range(3-5 liter /person/day) but more will be needed in a hot, dry and windy climate.

1-Potable Water

Water Sanitation

Definition- 4:• Water covers over 75% of the earth’s

surface but only 1% is available as fresh water.

• The technically and scientifically coverage for exploitation, storage, treatment, of drinking water to fulfill the need of a community due to the quality and quantity.

Potable Water

Water Sanitation

Definition-1 :• Drinking water can also

be tainted with chemical, physical and radiological contaminants with harmful effects in human health.

• Water quality is of concern to everyone. Quality is the acceptability of the water for uses like drinking, cooking and laundering.

Potable Water

Water Sanitation

2-Water QualityDefinition-1:

• Drinking water supplies may be contaminated by many sources. harmful household wastes, septic systems, lawn and garden chemicals, leaking fuel storage tanks, animal waste, agricultural chemicals, landfills, and leaching of metals from plumbing systems may contaminate water.

Water Sanitation

Water Quality

Definition-2 :• The drinking water we receive from our local

drinking water utilities or individual wells comes from ground water, streams, rivers, springs or lakes in a watershed. Although most water requires some treatment before use, protecting this source .

• water is an important part of providing safe drinking water to the public. Protecting drinking water sources usually requires the combined efforts of many partners such as public water systems, communities, resource managers and the public.

Water Sanitation

Water QualityDefinition- 3:

• may have off-tastes, odors, or visible particles. However, some dangerous contaminants in water are not easy to detect. Accurate water testing is needed to determine safety and quality of Water testing .

Water Sanitation

Water QualityTable Standards :

Water Sanitation

The quality of drinking water is determined by the :

I-Physical Characteristics of Water.

II-Chemical Characteristics of Water.

III-Bacteriological Characteristics of Water.

Water Quality

Water Sanitation

Water QualityPhysical properties :

– Potable water is the water that is pleasant in appearance and taste. It is significantly free from color, turbidity, taste, and odor. It should also be cool and aerated. Water may be palatable

– The physical characteristics of water are color, odor and taste, turbidity, and temperature.

Water Sanitation

Water Quality

Physical properties-: A-Odor and taste: There are no set

standards for odor and taste as there are no specific tests for these. Odor and taste found in water are most commonly caused by algae, decomposed organic matter, dissolved gases, or industrial waste. Remove tastes and odors which make water unpalatable.

Water Sanitation

Physically properties : B-Color : Color in water comes from

colored substances, such as vegetable matter, dissolved from roots and leaves, from humus, or from inorganic compounds such as iron and manganese salts. The color standard is designed to make drinking water more palatable.

Water Quality

Water Sanitation

Physical properties:

C-Turbidity: Turbidity refers to a muddy or unclear condition of water caused by suspended clay, silt, organic and inorganic matter, ground waters are generally less turbid than the surface water.

Water Quality

Water Sanitation

Physical properties : Temperature : the Temperature of surface water is

generally at atmospheric temperature, while that of ground water may be more less than atmospheric Temperature. Temperature for public supply is between 4c to 10 c.

Water Quality

Water Sanitation

Chemical properties :

A-PH-Value: – depending up on the nature of

dissolve salts and minerals,the water found in natural sources may be acidic or alkaline.ph scale 0-7 is acidic range ph -7 is pure water from ph (7-14) alkaline range.betwen(6.5-8.5) permissible.

Water Quality

Water Sanitation

Chemical properties : B-Arsenic :

• Arsenic can be present in natural water sources in a wide range of concentrations. It can come from either natural or industrial sources. WHO’s norms for drinking water Standards for (0.01-0.05)mgrams/ liter for domestic use.

Water Quality

Water Sanitation

Chemical properties : C-Chloride:• Chloride exists in most natural waters. It is

the main anion found in seawater. Chloride comes from natural salt deposits, domestic and industrial waste, and agricultural runoff. Even in low concentrations, chloride can produce an objectionable taste in water. The chloride standard ensures that potable water is also palatable. This will reduce the chance that soldiers will reject the water and suffer from dehydration or heat injury.

Water Sanitation Water Quality

Chemical propertiesChemical properties ::D-Hardness:D-Hardness:Hardness, a characteristic of water, is Hardness, a characteristic of water, is chiefly due to the carbonates and chiefly due to the carbonates and sulfates of calcium, iron, and sulfates of calcium, iron, and magnesium. It is commonly computed magnesium. It is commonly computed from the amounts of calcium and from the amounts of calcium and magnesium in the water and expressed magnesium in the water and expressed as equivalent calcium carbonate.as equivalent calcium carbonate.

Water Quality

Water Sanitation

Bacteriological properties-:• It is not practical to test water for all

disease causing organisms, pathogens that may occur in water, but there are bacteria from human gut which will always be present as a result of faecal contamination.

Water Quality

Water Sanitation

3-Surface WaterInformation-1 :• The quality of Surface Water from in

Pounds rivers,strams, , reservoirs is usually poor, and, although some up land surface sources can be relatively free from pollution, surface water normally needs treatment before it can be supplied as safe drinking water .

• Surface waters naturally contain a wide variety of substances, and human activities inevitably add to this mixture.

• water is necessary before designing water supply scheme need for treatment .

Water Sanitation

3.1-Spring:• spring is a place of earths where ground

water emerges naturally.• The water source of most springs is rainfall

that seeps in to the ground up hill from the spring out let.

• Spring water moves down hill through sailor rocks until it is forced out of ground by natural pressure.

• Spring may be contaminated by surface water or other sources .

• The ground surface

3-Surface Water

Water Sanitation

Spring development:• Proper spring development helps ported the

water supply from contamination • Spring development is to collect the

following water under ground to protect from surface contamination and store it in a sanitary spring box.

• That all rural people will have access to safe drinking water near their households. Develop basic capacity for safe, domestic water supply sufficiently for all people in rural area.

Surface Water

Water Sanitation

Protection of Spring:Protection of Spring:Surface Water

Water Sanitation

Spring:Spring:

Surface Water

Water Sanitation

Sanitation of SpringsSanitation of Springs::

Surface water

Water Sanitation

Sanitation of SpringsSanitation of Springs::

Surface Water

Water Sanitation

Spring seepageSpring seepageSurface Water

Water Sanitation

4-Ground Water• The quality of surface water from

river, streams, pouds, and reservoirs is usually poor, and although some upland surface sources can be relatively free from pollution, surface water normally needs treatment before it can be supplied as safe drinking water.

Water Sanitation

• Ground water is a resource found under the earth's surface. Most ground water comes from rain and melting snow soaking into the ground. Water fills the spaces between rocks and soils, making an "aquifer". About half of our nation's drinking water comes from ground water. Most is supplied through public drinking water systems. But many families rely on private, household wells and use ground water as their source of fresh water.

Ground Water

Water Sanitation

Well site selection:• The number of person to be served from

one hand pump should not be less then (150).

• As a standard from Afghanistan , (250), people should be considered for one hand pump well

• The distance between tow wells in populated areas should not exceed (500)meters

• If the population of one village is less then (150) but is isolated it should provided with one hand pump.

Ground Water

Water Sanitation

Well site selection• The well should be located uphill and the

latrine or cesspool downhill. It such possibility dose not exist, a minimum distance of (20) meters between the well and the latrine is required. Around of the well is stone wall at least half a meter high

• The bottom of a pit or vault latrine in homogenous of the ground water.

• The well should not be placed too close to barns or manure piles , from which excessive chemical pollution in the form of nitrates may be obtained .

Ground Water

Water Sanitation

Well protection:

2-Ground Water

Water Sanitation

2-Ground Water

Water Sanitation

Well protection

2-Ground Water

Water Sanitation

Well protection

2-Ground Water

Water Sanitation

Well protection

2-Ground Water

Water Sanitation

Well protection

5-Hygiene educationDefinition-1:• Hygiene education is an essential part

of the promotion and maintenance of good health in Afghanistan.

Definition-2:• In addition to its association with

diseases, access to drinking water and household latrine may be

particularly important for women

Water Sanitation

and children, particularly in rural areas, who bear the primary responsibility for carrying water often for long distances, cleaning faeces from children, personal and family hygiene and preparing food.

Definition-3: • Safe drinking water and hygienic

sanitation facilities are a basic

5-Hygiene educationWater Sanitation

necessity for good health. Unsafe drinking water and inadequate sanitation can be a significant carrier of diseases such us diarrhoea, trachoma, typhoid, schistosomiasis and etc .

Definition-4:• Contaminated water can be a threat

to anyone's health, but especially to young children.

5-Hygiene educationWater Sanitation

Safe drinking water and hygienic sanitation facilities are a basic necessity for good health. Unsafe drinking water and inadequate sanitation can be a significant carrier of diseases such us diarrhoea, trachoma, typhoid, schistosomiasis and etc.

5-Hygiene education

Water Sanitation

Documents

Water Supply Distribution Net Work