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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Vapor-Compression Refrigeration
expansion device
condenser
compressor
evaporator
A B
C D
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Types of Heat Pumps
water-source heat pumps
air-source heat pumps
water-to-water heat pump
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Heat Pump in Cooling Mode
compressor
refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger
reversing valve
expansion device
refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger
water loop
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Heat Pump in Heating Mode
compressor
refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger
refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger
expansion device
water loop
reversing valve
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Water-Source Heat Pump
refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger
refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger
compressor
reversing valve
expansion device
fan
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Compressor
rotary (rolling piston)
reciprocating
scroll
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Refrigerant-to-Air Heat Exchanger
refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Refrigerant-to-Water Heat Exchanger
coaxial refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Expansion Device
thermal expansion valve (TXV)
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Reversing Valve
reversing valve refrigerant-to-air
heat exchanger
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Unit-Level Controls
Space temperature control
Night setback
Random start
Anti-short-cycle timer
heat pump
thermostat
period two
What Is a Water-Source Heat
Pump System?
© American Standard Inc. 2000
Water-Source Heat Pump Systems
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Water-Source Heat Pump System
cooling tower
pumps
plate-and-frame heat exchanger
heat pumps
water distribution loop
boiler
expansion tank
air separator
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Summer Operation
90ºF [32ºC]
heat pumps in cooling mode
cooling tower on
boiler off
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Winter Operation
heat pumps in heating mode
60ºF [16ºC] boiler on
cooling tower off
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Spring and Fall Operation
cooling tower off
boiler off
heat pumps in heating mode heat pumps in
cooling mode
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Benefits of a WSHP System
Heat recovery offers energy savings
Individual space control
Performs both cooling and heating
Flexibility
Individual tenant metering
Small amount of floor space required
Unit failure does not affect the rest of the system
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Issues of a WSHP System
Ventilation
Acoustics
Accessibility requires coordination
period three
Components of a WSHP System
© American Standard Inc. 2000
Water-Source Heat Pump Systems
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
WSHP Configurations
horizontal
vertical
console
unit ventilator
rooftop
vertical stack
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
WSHP System Serving a Hotel
horizontal WSHPs
vertical WSHPs
rooftop WSHPs
vertical-stack WSHPs
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Water Distribution Loop
cooling tower
pumps
heat pumps
boiler
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Direct- Versus Reverse-Return
reverse-return direct-return
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Accessories
expansion tank
strainer
air separator
shutoff valves
drain valve
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Heat Rejecters
Open cooling tower with heat exchanger
Closed-circuit cooling tower
Natural heat sink (ground, lake)
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Open Tower with a Heat Exchanger
water distribution loop
sump
propeller fan
outdoor air
fill
pump plate-and-frame heat exchanger
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Closed-Circuit Cooling Tower
water distribution
loop
sump
fan
outdoor air
pump
tubes
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Heat Adders
Boiler (electric, gas-fired)
Heat exchanger
Natural heat source (ground)
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Optional Storage Tank
pumps
cooling tower
boiler
heat pumps
hot water storage tank
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Electric Heat
compressor fan
water loop
electric strip heater
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Air Distribution System
horizontal heat pump
supply duct
return duct
diffuser
return air grille
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Dedicated Ventilation System
horizontal heat pump
air handler
ventilation duct system
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Dedicated Ventilation System
air handler
OA ducted directly to space
OA ducted to heat pumps
OA ducted to plenum near heat pumps
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Exhaust-Air Heat Recovery
Coil loops
Fixed-plate heat exchangers
Heat pipes
Sensible- or total-energy wheels
total-energy
wheel
exhaust
air
outdoor
air
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
System-Level Control
heat pump
thermostat
system-level controller
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Water-Loop Temperature Control
system-level controller
cooling tower
pumps
heat pumps
boiler
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Advanced System-Level Control
Centralized scheduling
Schedule override
Morning warm-up and cool-down
Alarms
Trend logging
Integration with other building systems
period four
System Configurations
© American Standard Inc. 2000
Water-Source Heat Pump Systems
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Cooling-Tower-and-Boiler System
boiler
cooling tower
heat pumps
water pumps
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
ground heat exchanger
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Ground-Coupled System
heat pumps
water pumps
vertical-loop ground heat exchanger
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Vertical Loop
Advantages
Requires least amount of land
Least amount of total piping
Can require least amount of pumping energy
Disadvantages
Drilling costs may be higher than trenching costs
Backfilling requires special material and practices
Potential for heat buildup
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Horizontal Loop
Advantages
Trenching costs are lower than drilling costs
May not build up as much heat over time
Disadvantages
Requires more land than vertical loops
Greater ground-temperature variations
More total piping than vertical loops
Risk of pipe damage during backfilling of trenches
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Spiral Loop
Advantages
Requires less land area and trenching than horizontal loops
Lower installation cost compared to horizontal loops
Disadvantages
Requires more total piping than vertical and horizontal loops
Still requires a large area of land
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Surface-Water System
heat pumps
water pumps
ground heat exchanger
lake
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Ground-Water System
heat pumps
water pumps
well
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Hybrid WSHP Systems
pumps
cooling tower
boiler
heat pumps air handler
water chiller
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Hybrid WSHP Systems
self-contained VAV air conditioner
pumps
cooling tower
boiler
heat pumps
to interior spaces
period five
Maintenance Considerations
© American Standard Inc. 2000
Water-Source Heat Pump Systems
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Water-Source Heat Pumps
Inspect and replace filter
Inspect and clean...
Drain pan
Refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger
Internal surfaces in “wet” section
Fan
drain pan
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Water Distribution Loop
Recommended maintenance
Clean strainers in open systems
Check cleanliness of refrigerant-to-water heat exchangers
Use a qualified water-treatment specialist for cooling tower maintenance
Check loop water for proper amount of antifreeze, when necessary
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Freeze Protection
Closed-circuit cooling tower
Locate indoors
Use antifreeze solution
Winterize the tower
Open cooling tower
Locate intermediate heat exchanger indoors
Winterize the tower
Ground-coupled systems
Use antifreeze solution closed-circuit cooling tower
period six
Application Considerations
© American Standard Inc. 2000
Water-Source Heat Pump Systems
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Acoustic Considerations
console WSHP
horizontal WSHP
supply
return
hallway space
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Acoustic Considerations
supply duct
return duct
diffuser
horizontal heat pump
return air grille
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Acoustic Considerations
vertical WSHP return
air
supply air
closet
return air duct
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Space Humidity Control
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
relative humidity (%)
ASHRAE-recommended
discomfort & health problems
microbial growth
source: Section 5.10 of ASHRAE Standard 62–1999
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Space Humidity Control
compressor
refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger
reversing valve
expansion device
refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger
water loop
reheat coil
reheat valve
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Condensate Management
condensate drain pan
refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger
fan
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Condensate Management
draw-through heat pump
fan supply duct
vent
condensate drain line
trap
return air
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Airside Economizer
return air
supply air
outdoor air
vertical WSHP
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Waterside Economizer
horizontal heat pump
refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger
waterside economizer coil three-way
valve
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Building Pressurization
infiltration
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Building Pressurization
horizontal heat pump
air handler
ventilation duct system
central relief fan
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Equipment Rating Standards
Purpose
Establish definitions, testing, and rating requirements
Scope
Water-source heat pumps
Cooling only, heating only, or both functions
Water-source and ground-source system applications
period seven
Review
© American Standard Inc. 2000
Water-Source Heat Pump Systems
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Review—Period One
compressor
refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger
refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger
expansion device
water loop
reversing valve
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Review—Period Two
cooling tower off
boiler off
heat pumps in heating mode heat pumps in
cooling mode
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Review—Period Three
cooling tower
pumps
plate-and-frame heat exchanger
heat pumps
water distribution loop
boiler
expansion tank
air separator
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Review—Period Four
heat pumps
water pumps
ground heat exchanger
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Review—Period Five
Maintenance considerations
Heat pump components
Water distribution loop and heat transfer surfaces
Freeze protection
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN © American Standard Inc. 2000
Review—Period Six
Application considerations
Acoustics
Space humidity control
Condensate management
Airside and waterside economizers
Building pressurization
Equipment rating standards