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Boiling

Sunlight Exposure Chlorination

Flocculation

Filtration - Straining Three-Pot Treatment

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Equipment/Skill Required:

ater container !ntense heat " #uel $%ood& gas& etc'" Pre#era(l) a #uel e*cient sto+e ,ust (e a(le to produce heat

Process:

ater should (e placed in a container andheated until (oiling

The %ater should (e allo%ed to (oil #or at leas. minutes

0nce cooled the %ater %ill (e read) to use

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1 2d+antages

" Simple and e3ecti+e method o# puri4cation

" ill kill man) %ater(orne (acteria through theintense heat

" 5ses local a+aila(le materials

1 6isad+antages

" Can sometimes (e di*cult& time consuming& andcost ine*cient (ecause o# the high +olume o# #uelused

" ill not remo+e mud #rom 7murk)8 %ater" ill not remo+e suspended or dissol+ed compounds

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Equipment/Skill Required:

6isposa(le clear plastic (ottles $glass (ottles should not (e usedas the) do not let enough sunlight into the %ater'

Bright sunlight

Process:

Fill a clean (ottle& lea+ing a quarter empt) Put the top on and shake the (ottle #or 9 seconds

The (ottled should then (e le#t in sunlight$usuall) on the roo# o# )our home' #or one da)$or t%o da)s i# the sk) is cloud)'

6rink the %ater straight #rom the (ottle to a+oidcross-contamination

!n the rain) season& paint one side o# the (ottle (lackThis %ill increase the %ater temperature quicker

The painted side should (e placed underneath

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2d+antages:

ills harm#ul (acteria and pathogens

Simple& con+enient and inexpensi+e !# used correctl)& the %ater is as clean as (oiled

%ater ill not change the taste o# %ater

6isad+antages:

ill not remo+e mud #rom 7murk)8 %ater 2 ;-.9 hour %aiting period

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Equipment/skill required:

et it stand #or at least ? minutes

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2d+antages:

Eas) to use method o# chemical puri4cation o# %ater

E3ecti+e at killing (acteria and +iruses !nexpensi+e

6isad+antages:

@ot e3ecti+e at killing all parasites Complex compounds can #orm %ith organic material

%hich o+er time can (e haAardous to health !t is (est to use the %ater in a shorter period o# time

and store it in a plastic container in a cool andshaded place

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Equipment/skill required: 2 coagulant $ex aluminium sulphate'

Some skill/training

9 +essels Stirrer

Filter " a cloth

Process:

2dd a coagulant to %ater and stir rapidl) 2llo% to stand #or some time& and continuousl) stir

slo%l) to #orm large ocs

The #ormed ocs clean the %ater () attractingpathogens and other microorganisms

Remo+e the ocs using 4ltration and (e care#ul to notre-contaminate the %ater

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2d+antages: Pro+en reduction o# +iruses& (acteria& protoAoa

Pesticide and hea+) metal remo+al Simple technolog) and use

6isad+antages: ,a) (e toxic i# used improperl) Could (e more expensi+e and complicated

than other methods due to increased num(ero# required materials and skill

Requires multiple steps

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Equipment/skill required: Porous (arrier: cost and e*cienc) depends on the

(arrier: clean %o+en 4(ers $cotton cloth& linen&

others' ,oringa tree seed press cake& ceramic 4lter ater +essel

Process: Fix the (arrier on top o# the %ater +essel

!# using cloth it should (e #olded -D times to create athicker (arrier Pour %ater through the (arrier into the +essel&

trapping solids and particles on top o# the (arrier

Take care to onl) allo% 4ltered %ater to reach the

(ucket

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>etting %ater collected during the da) settle o+er night can (ean e3ecti+e %a) o# impro+ing the clearness o# %ater ()reducing tur(it) $+er) murk) %ater' and is a cheap alternati+eto sand 4ltering

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2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Resources courtesy of Health Education to Villagers, http://hetv.org/resources/safewater/manual/ch_5.htmfigure_5

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2d+antages: Cost e3ecti+e !mmediate access to %ater

Filters out all particles that are larger than the poresin the (arrier

Can (e cleaned and reused 6oes not alter taste o# %ater

6isad+antages: 6oes not guarantee remo+al o# all +irus particles and

in#ectious contaminants& chemicals& pollutants&chemicals and poor tastes

Should not (e used as a sole puri4cation method

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Equipment/skill required:

? %ater +essels/pots #or processing . #or collection o# dirt) %and . #or collection o# clean %ater

i# possi(le - a exi(le pipe to siphon %ater as it distur(ssediment less than pouring

i# possi(le - a cloth or an) 4ltration (arrier

Process:

Pour %ater into the 4rst pot $pouring it through cloth increasee*cienc)'

>et the %ater settle #or as man) hours as possi(le " a lengthust one da) can kill o# more than =G o# most (acteria

Pour %ater into a second pot& let it settle again Then pour into the third pot and let it settle again

6rinking %ater is dra%n #rom the third pot onl)

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2d+antages: Cost e3ecti+e

Eas) to use and maintain Bacterial contamination le+els decrease

through settlement and o+er time

6isad+antages: 6oes not guarantee complete remo+al o#

some (acteria and micro-organisms Could take a #e% da)s to treat %ater