GemunuHerathDepartmentofCivilEngineering

UniversityofPeradeniya

WaterQualityManagementinSriLankaCurrentsituationandissues

WaterQualityStandardsandRegulations WaterQualityMonitoringatPublicWaterBodies QualityStatusatofPublicWaterBodies PollutionSources ManagementIssues

PresentationOverview

National Environmental Act (1980) : This act Established theCentral Environmental Authority with necessary powers to theprotection andmanagement of the environment

Withthis: Regulationsforenvironmentalprotection;

Wastewaterdischargestandards(CEA) EnvironmentalProtectionLicenseSchemeforindustries

RegulationforAirQuality Vehicleexhaustemission,airemissionstandards AmbientAirQualityguidelines(CEA/SLSI)

NoiseQualityguidelines WasteManagementguidelinesand EIAguidelinesareissued

EnvironmentalRegulationsSL

SeveralwaterqualityrelatedstandardsispublishedinSriLanka bytheseveralagencies

WaterQualityStandards: Drinkingwaterqualitystandards.(SLSI) Bottledwaterstandards(SLSI) Proposed ambientwaterqualitystandards.(CEA/SLSI)

*SLSI SriLankaStandardsInstitute

EffluentStandards: Wastewaterdischargestandards(CEA)

Industryeffluentsintoopenenvironment Effluentreleasesintocentralizedtreatmentfacilities(Nostandardsforonsitesystems Legalactiononlyunderpollutingtheenvironment)

RegulationsrelatedtoWaterquality

No legal base for the proposed ambient water qualityguidelines in Sri Lanka

It is only a proposed guideline by the Sri Lanka StandardInstitute (SLSI)

This proposed guideline specify conditions for ; Bathing use, Drinking SourceWater with Simple Treatment, Drinking SourceWater with Conventional Treatment and Irrigation and Aquaculture use and Recreational use.

The proposed SLS guideline is comparable to EuropeanGuidelines

However, plans are afloat to introduce a more suitableambient water quality guidelines soon

AmbientWaterQualityGuidelines

ProposedGuidelines Exampleparameters

Parameter Unit Bathing Water Raw water for Drinking

Agriculture Water

Colour Pt units. - 100 - pH - 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 6.0-8.5 Conductivity dS/m - - 0.7 Nitrates mg/l 5 5 5 Total phosphate mg/l 0.7 0.7 0.7 BOD5 mg/l 4 5 5 Total coliform MPN/100 ml,

(*P=95%) 1000 5000 1000

Fecal coli form MPN/100 ml, (*P=95%)

50 - -

Aluminium mg/l - 0.2 5.0

Water related issues in Sri Lanka managed or regulated by; Central Environmental Authority (CEA) under the Ministry of

Environment responsible for preventing inland waterpollution

National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWS&DB) responsible for potable water supply and domestic seweragetreatment andmanagement in the country.

Dept. of Irrigation for irrigation water supply andmanagement

Water Resources Board for groundwater management Mahaweli Development Authority for Managing specific

water resources diversion and development projects. Board of Investment industrial wastewater treatment

Waterresourcesrelatedinstitutionalframework

Presently no fixed government programs to regularlymonitor quality of waters in water bodies

However the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) isempowered to; force industries to monitor industry effluents Stipulate water quality monitoring conditions under EIA

regulations for major development projects

But, recent health issues such as the spreading of theChronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Aetiology (CKDu),agencies now focus more on water quality monitoringand management;

WaterQualityMonitoring

Public water bodies are monitored by different interestgroups to: Ascertain changes in water quality (source water for drinking) identify water quality problems gather information for pollution assessment and prevention

Public water bodies in Sri Lanka are monitored by: Research organizations National Water Supply and Drainage Board Central Environmental Authority Irrigation Department and Private parties

WaterQualityMonitoring

Rivers(103riverbasins) TwomajorRivers

RiverMahaweli RiverKelani

Impoundedreservoirs Hydropowerreservoirs Multipurposereservoirs Manmadeirrigationtanks

Manmadeirrigationcanals

Groundwater

PublicWaterBodiesinSriLanka

Kandy2nd Largestcity Hillyarea Population:

Residential150,000/d Floating350,000/d Area2,645ha(26.45km2)

Relyononsiteseptictanksoakagepitsystems

MainWaterbodies; Mahaweli River KandyLake MedaEla urbancanal Groundwater

QualityStatusatofPublicWaterBodiesCaseStudy1.WaterQualityAroundKandy

KandyLake

UrbanCanal

Mahaweli

Objective:Toestablishasetofbaselinedata

Urban canal is a waste stream Surface water bodies eutropic High coliform found in all sources indicate both surface water

and groundwater contaminated by fecal waste

CaseStudy1.WaterQuality(2014 NWSDBUoP)

TDS E.coli COD TSS BOD5 PO43- NO3

-

mg/L cfu/100ml mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

Farm Land 160172 2240 1013 140155 0.30.6 0.30.5SW Dump Area 270-296 10-790 1220 13-93 0.20.5 3.16.2City 80-105 4-680 1620 658 0.20.4 0.37.4

Lake Water 110155 101600 234 3298 2.411.9 0.050.12 0.820Urban Canal 32184 2301400 12130 32184 361 0.081.67 0.41.3River Water 29315 6164 334 73440 1.33.3 0.20.91 1.914

Surface Water

Sampling Location

Groundwater

TDS E.coli COD TSS BOD5 PO43- NO3

-

mg/L cfu/100ml mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

Farm Land 160172 2240 1013 140155 0.30.6 0.30.5SW Dump Area 270-296 10-790 1220 13-93 0.20.5 3.16.2City 80-105 4-680 1620 658 0.20.4 0.37.4

Lake Water 110155 101600 234 3298 2.411.9 0.050.12 0.820Urban Canal 32184 2301400 12130 32184 361 0.081.67 0.41.3River Water 29315 6164 334 73440 1.33.3 0.20.91 1.914

Surface Water

Sampling Location

Groundwater

1.2

Urban Lake suburbanarea of Colombo

Catchment Area 350 ha Length 210 m, depth 6m

Volume 165,000 m3 Supply water to paddy

(110ha) Pollution Sources:

Garbage dumping, Release treated sewage, Release septic tank and

sewage effluents, canal draining which

collect waste from urbandwellings

Industrial discharges

QualityStatusatofPublicWaterBodiesCaseStudy2.Boralesgamuwa Lake(2010 UoP)

Objective:Accessthestatusofwaterquality

CaseStudy2.Boralesgamuwa LakeParameter Location

(Mean values; April to July 2012)

CEA guideline for

Inland surface water

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Category 2* Category 3*

EC mS/cm 0.21 0.36 0.19 0.20 0.25 0.32 0.19 0.19 ** **

Turbidity NTU 99.5 92.8 31.8 83.8 152 151 88.5 82.5 5.00 **

Fecal Coli. (pfu/100ml) 0-16,000 ** 50

DO mg/l 5.55 5.33 4.10 3.85 6.60 2.95 6.27 5.30 6.00 5.00

Temp C 28.9 28.6 27.7 28.6 29.1 28.9 28.7 29.3 ** **

COD mg/l 35.5 22.5 14.7 35.7 38.7 112 32.3 33.7 15.00 20.00

BOD5 mg/l 6.75 5.50 5.75 5.25 3.25 3.00 3.00 3.50 3.00 4.00

Nitrate (as N) mg/l 0.29 0.86 3.73 0.68 0.48 0.70 1.45 0.54 5.00 5.00

Phosphate (as P) 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.52 0.06 0.06 ** **

*Category 2 - for drinking water with simple treatment ** - not available

* Category 3 - for Bathing

0.21 0.36 0.19 0.20 0.25 0.32 0.19 0.19

99.5 92.8 31.8 83.8 152 151 88.5 82.5

0-16,000

5.55 5.33 4.10 3.85 6.60 2.95 6.27 5.30

28.9 28.6 27.7 28.6 29.1 28.9 28.7 29.3

35.5 22.5 14.7 35.7 38.7 112 32.3 33.7

6.75 5.50 5.75 5.25 3.25 3.00 3.00 3.50

0.29 0.86 3.73 0.68 0.48 0.70 1.45 0.54

0.04 0.06 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.52 0.06 0.06

Mahaoyawhichoriginatesataround1000mMSL

Totalcatchment1528km2

andlength130km. Averageannualrunoff

1,485MCM Flowsthroughurbanareas

tea,paddy,rubber,coconutplantationsandindustrialzones

Collectwastestreamsfromurban,industrialandagriculturalareas

QualityStatusatofPublicWaterBodiesCaseStudy3.Maha Oya Basin(201011,CEAUoP)

Objective:Accessthestatusofwaterqualityanddevelopawaterqualityindex

CaseStudy3.Maha Oya BasinWaterQuality

Location Turbidity(NTU)

DO (mg/l)

COD (mg/l)

Chloride(mg/l)

Cr(mg/l)

Pb(mg/l)

FecalColi.(/100ml)

1 863 58 525 232200

CaseStudy3.Maha Oya BasinWaterQualityIndex

53

6368

7266 68

60

74

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Sampling Location

WQ

I

Ecological Condition Excellent Good Fair Poor Very poorColour code Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

QualityStatusatofPublicWaterBodiesCaseStudy4.WaterQualityindexMahaweli(200809NWS&DBUoP)

Raw water intake WQI Value

Ecological Condition

Pogolla (2008) 55.88 Poor

Polgolla (2009) 45.42 Poor

Katugastota (2008) 48.54 Poor

Katugastota (2009) 49.23 Poor

Meewathura (2008) 64.38 Poor

Meewathura (2009) 59.53 Poor

Peradeniya (2008) 51.16 Poor

Peradeniya (2009) 54.45 Poor

Objective:Monitorsourcewaterqualityanddevelopawaterqualityindex

Minipe CanalSurroundingirrigationAnicuts andTanks

QualityStatusatofPublicWaterBodiesCaseStudy4.WaterQualityMinipe IrrigationCanal(201213IrrigationDeptUoP)

Objective:Accessirrigationwaterqualityandidentifypossiblepollutionsources

Monitoring made for: Colour , Temperature, Turbidity, pH,Conductivity, Fluoride, Total hardness, Manganese, Nitrates(NO3 N), Total phosphate (PO4P), BOD5, Suspended Solids,Total and coliform, Aluminum (Al)

Period: from August 2012 to February 2013 Major issues;

Suspended matter, Color, Nitrate, Phosphate, Aluminumand Coliform