Water Quality Issues in India

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    WATER QUALITY ISSUESIN INDIA

    Satish Verma

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    Water is Precious and scarce Resource

    Only a small fraction (about 3%) isfresh water

    India is wettest country in the world,but rainfall is highly uneven with time

    and space (with extremely low inRajasthan and high in North-East)

    On an avergae there are only 40 rainydays

    Out of 4000 BCM rainfall received,about 600 BCM is put to use so farWater resources are over-exploited

    resulting in major WQ problems

    2

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    Water use in India (Year 2000)

    Sector Water use in

    BCM

    percent

    Irrigation 541 85.33

    Domestic 42 6.62

    Industry 8 1.26

    Energy 2 0.32Other 41 6.47

    Total 634 100.00

    3

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    Water (Prevention and Controlof Pollution) Act, 1974

    Preamble: Maintaining and restoring ofwholesomeness of water level of WQ

    Provision for consent

    Every polluter (industry ormunicipality) has to obtain consentfrom SPCBs/PCCs

    Consent is conditional

    Standards prescribed for effluents

    Monitoring the compliance

    4

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    Major Water Quality Issues

    5

    Common issues of Surface and Ground water Pathogenic (Bacteriological) Pollution

    Salinity

    Toxicity (micro-pollutants and other industrial pollutants)

    Surface Water

    Eutrophication Oxygen depletion

    Ecological health

    Ground Water

    Fluoride

    Nitrate Arsenic

    Iron

    Sea water intrusion

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    a or ac ors espons e orDegradationDomestic: 423 class I cities and 499 class II townsharboring population of 20 Crore generate about 26254 mldof wastewater of which only 6955 mld is treated.

    Industrial: About 57,000 polluting industries in Indiagenerate about 13,468 mld of wastewater out of whichnearly 60% (generated from large & medium industries) istreated.

    Non-point sources also contribute significant pollutionloads mainly in rainy season. Pesticides consumption is

    about 1,00,000 tonnes/year of which AP, Haryana, Punjab,TN, WB, Gujarat, UP and Maharashtra are principalconsumers.

    Domestic sewage is the major source of pollution in Indiain surface water which contribute pathogens, the mainsource of water borne diseases along with depletion ofoxygen in water bodies.

    Sewage alongwith agricultural run-off and industrialeffluents also contributes large amount of nutrients insurface water causing eutrophication

    A large part of the domestic sewage is not even collected.This results in stagnation of sewage within city, a goodbreeding ground for mosquitoes and contaminate the

    groundwater, the only source of drinking water in manycities.

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    Increase in Urban Population

    2.6 2.6 2.8 3.34.4

    6.27.8

    10.7

    15.6

    21.8

    28.5

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    POPULATION,Crores

    1901 1921 1941 1961 1981 2001

    Y E A R

    7

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    Water supply and sewage disposal status in class I cities

    142 603

    8638

    7007

    2756

    2121023

    15191

    12145

    2485

    2991281

    20607

    16662

    4037

    423

    1850

    29782

    23826

    6955

    0

    5000

    10000

    15000

    20000

    25000

    30000

    35000

    Number Popn (lakh) Water supply Wastewater Treatment

    1978

    1988

    1995

    2003

    8

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    Water supply and wastewater generation and treatment in class

    II towns of India

    190128

    1533

    1226

    67

    241 207

    1622

    1280

    27

    345236

    1936

    1650

    62

    498 370

    3035

    2428

    89

    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    Number Popn (lakh) Water supply Wastewater Treatment

    1978

    1988

    1995

    2003

    9

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    Comparision of pollution load generation from

    domestic and industrial sources

    13468

    9478

    1776

    22900

    45803510

    0

    5000

    10000

    15000

    20000

    25000

    Wastewater gen (mld) BOD Generation (t/d) BOD Discharge (t/d)

    Industrial

    Domestic

    10

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    NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING

    PROGRAMME

    Network Comprising of 784 stations.

    Extended to 26 states & 5 Union Territories

    Monitoring done or Quarterly/Monthly/Half Yearly.

    Covers 168 Rivers, 53 Lakes, 5 Tanks, 2 Ponds, 3Creeks, 3 Canals, 12 Drains and 181 wells.

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    12

    pH

    TemperatureConductivity

    Dissolved Oxygen

    Biochemical Oxygen

    Nitrate-N

    Nitrite-N

    Faecal Coliform

    Total Coliform

    COD Chloride

    TKN Sulphate

    Ammonia Total Alkalinity

    Total Dissolved Solids P-Alkalinity

    Total Fixed Solids Phosphate

    Total Suspended Solids Sodium

    Turbidity Potassium

    Hardness Calcium

    Fluoride Magnesium

    Boron

    Weather

    Approximate depth of main stream/depth of water tableColour and instensity

    Odor

    Visible efluent discharge

    Human activities around station

    Station detail

    Saprobity Index

    Diversity Index

    P/R Ratio

    Arsenic Nickel Copper Mercury Chromium Total

    Cadmium Zinc Lead Iron Total

    BHC(Total) Dieldrin Carbamate 2.4 D

    DDT(Total) Aldrin Endosulphan

    Parameters for National Water Quality Monitoring

    Core Parameters (9)

    General Parameters (19)

    Field Observations (7)

    Bio-Monitoring Parameters (3)

    Trace Metals (9)

    Pesticide (7)

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    YEAR-WISE GROWTH OF MONITORING NETWORK

    18 2

    9 43 6

    773

    74 8

    9 120

    136

    168

    200

    310

    400 4

    50

    480

    480

    480

    480

    480

    480

    507

    507

    507

    7

    84

    7

    84

    7

    84

    7

    84

    0

    100

    200

    300400

    500

    600

    700

    800

    77-78

    78-79

    79-80

    80-81

    81-82

    82-83

    83-84

    84-85

    85-86

    86-87

    87-88

    88-89

    89-90

    90-91

    91-92

    92-93

    93-94

    94-95

    95-96

    96-97

    97-98

    98-99

    99-00

    00-01

    01-02

    02-03

    03-04

    -------------> Y E A R

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    Waterbody-wise & Frequency-wise Distribution of

    Water Quality Monitoring Stations

    STATE RIVER WELL LAKE OTHER TOTAL MONTHLYHALF

    YEARLYQUARTERLY YEARLY TOTAL

    ANDHRA PRADESH 28 24 4 3 59 14 24 21 - 59

    ASSAM 17 10 - 2 29 6 10 13 - 29

    BIHAR 7 - - - 7 7 - - - 7

    CHHATISSGARH 11 4 - - 15 7 4 4 - 15

    DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - 1

    DAMAN (ZOV) 3 1 - - 4 3 1 - - 4DELHI 4 - - 8 12 11 - 1 - 12

    GOA 10 - 1 - 11 10 - 1 - 11

    GUJARAT 34 3 4 - 41 23 3 15 - 41

    HARYANA 5 - 2 11 18 5 - 13 - 18

    HIMACHAL PRADESH 26 8 3 - 37 - 8 29 - 37

    JAMMU & KASHMIR 7 - 2 - 9 - - 9 - 9JHARKHAND 8 - - - 8 - - 8 - 8

    KARNATAKA 34 - 2 - 36 20 - 16 - 36

    KERALA 30 15 10 - 55 10 15 30 - 55

    LAKSHDWEEP - 15 - 1 16 - 15 1 - 16

    Continued on Next Page ..

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    .. Continued from Previous Page

    STATE RIVER WELL LAKE OTHER TOTAL MONTHLYHALF

    YEARLYQUARTERLY YEARLY TOTAL

    MADHYA PRADESH 40 5 3 - 48 22 4 22 - 48

    MAHARASHTRA 35 - - 3 38 24 - 14 - 38

    MANIPUR 8 - 4 - 12 - - 12 - 12

    MEGHALAYA 5 5 3 - 13 - 5 8 - 13

    NAGALAND 5 - - - 5 - - 5 - 5

    ORISSA 39 15 - - 54 15 15 24 - 54

    PONDICHERRY 1 7 2 - 10 - 7 3 - 10

    PUNJAB 35 - 2 - 37 - - 37 - 37

    RAJASTHAN 7 18 7 - 32 4 18 10 - 32

    SIKKIM 9 - - - 9 - - 9 - 9

    TAMIL NADU 27 2 3 - 32 20 2 10 - 32

    TRIPURA 3 7 2 1 13 - 6 7 - 13

    UTTAR PRADESH 45 25 1 3 74 42 25 7 - 74

    UTTRANCHAL 13 1 1 - 15 2 1 9 3 15

    WEST BENGAL 18 15 1 - 34 9 15 10 - 34

    TOTAL : - 514 181 57 32 784 254 178 349 3 784

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    River (main stream), Tributaries and Sub-Tributaries, Lake, Ponds, Tanks, Canals, Creeks and

    Groundwater Stations

    Total

    Stations

    Baitarni (5) 5

    Brahmani(11)

    Tributaries-Karo (1), Koel (2), Sankh (1)Brahmaputra (6)

    Tributaries-Burhidihing (1), Dhansiri (6), Disang (1), Jhanji (1), Subansiri (1), Bhogdoi (1), Bharalu (1), Borak

    (1), Deepar Bill (1), Digboi (1), Mora Bharali (1), Teesta (4), Dickhu (1), Maney (2), Ranchu (2)

    Cauvery (20)

    Tributaries-Arkavati (1), Amravati (1), Bhawani (5), Kabini (4), Laxmantirtha (1), Shimsa (2),

    Hemavati (1)

    Ganga (28)

    Tributaries-Barakar (1), Betwa (3), Chambal (8), Damodar (5), Gandak (1), Saryu-Ghaghra (3), Gomti(5), Hindon (3), Kali (West) (2), Kali Nadi (2), Khan (1), Kshipra (3), Mandakini (Madhya Pradesh) (1),

    Parvati (2), Ramganga (1), Rapti (1), Rihand (2),

    Godavari (11)

    Tributaries-Manjira (2), Maner (2), Nira (I),), Wainganga (3), Wardha (1)

    Indus

    Tributaries-Beas (19), Chenab (1), Jhelum (3), Larji (1), Parvati (1), Ravi (3), Sutlej (20), Tawi (1),

    Gawkadal (1), Chuntkol (1), Sirsa (2)Krishna (17)

    Tributaries- Bhadra (3), Bhima (9), (Ghataprabha (2), Malprabha (3), Muneru (1), Musi (2), Nira (1),

    Paleru (1), Tunga (1), Tungabhadra (5), Panchganga (1)

    Mahi (7)

    Tributaries-Anas (1), Panam (1)

    Mahanadi (16)

    Tributaries-Ib (4), Hasdeo (2), Kathajodi (1), Kharoon (1), Kuakhai (2), Sheonath (2), Birupa (1)29

    20

    53

    46

    9

    15

    31

    35

    118

    RIVER BASIN WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS

    Contd. On Next Page

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    Narmada (14)

    Tributaries-Chhota Tawa (1)

    Pennar (4) 4

    Sabarmati (8)Tributaries-Meswa (1), Shedhi (1), Khari (1)

    Subarnerekha (6) 6

    Tapi (10)

    Tributaries-Girna (2)

    Medium rivers

    Ambika (1), Ulhas (2), Ulhas-Bhatsa (1), Ulhas-Kalu (1), Imphal (4), Mandovi (2), Palar (1), Pamba (3), Pariyar

    (3), Rushikulya (2), Tambiraparani (7), Achankoil (2), Chalakudy (1), Damanganga (6), Ghaggar (16), Kallada

    (1) , Kali-Karnataka (1), Manimal

    Lakes

    Hussainsagar (1), Saroornagar (1), Himayatsagar (1), Pulicate (1), Salaulim (1), Kankoria (1), Chandola (1),

    Ajwah (1), Sursagar (1), Brahamsarovar (1), Sukhna (1), Govindsagar (1), Pongdam (1), Renuka (1), Wuller (1),

    Dal (1), Ulsoor (1), Hebbala Valley

    Tanks

    Dharamsagar (1), Bibinagar (1), Kistrapetrareddy (1), Gandigudem (1), Goysagar(1)

    Ponds

    Elangabeel System (1), Lakshadweep (1)

    Creeks, Canals, Tanks, Ponds, Drains,

    Creeks (3M), Agartala Canal (1M), Gurgaon Canal (1M), Western Yamuna Canal (9M), Drains (12M)

    Groundwater 180

    Total 784

    105

    64

    26

    15

    11

    12

    Contd. From Pre-Page

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    18

    58

    27

    15

    57

    27

    16

    59

    25

    16

    60

    23

    17

    57

    28

    15

    57

    27

    16

    59

    25

    16

    60

    21

    19

    64

    17

    19

    67

    18

    15

    0

    10

    20

    3040

    50

    60

    70

    80

    90

    100

    1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

    BOD >6

    BOD 3-6

    BOD5000

    TC 500-5000

    TC5000

    FC 500-5000

    FC

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    S.No

    Level ofPollution

    PollutionCriteria

    Riverinelength,Km.

    Riverinelengthpercentage

    01. Severely

    polluted

    BOD more

    than 6 mg/l

    6086 14

    02. Moderatelypolluted

    BOD 3-6mg/l

    8691 19

    03. Relatively

    clean

    BOD less

    than 3 mg/l

    30242 67

    WATER QUALITY STATUSAnalysis of 10 years data with respect to BOD values asindicator of organic pollution

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    State >6 3-6

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    Karnataka 258 143 2467 2868

    Kerala 0 15 1395 1410

    Tamil Nadu 269 470 1290 2029

    Assam 0 0 2043 2043

    Meghalaya 0 0 557 557

    Manipur 0 0 759 759

    Arunachal Pradesh 0 0 707 707

    Sikkim 0 0 754 754

    Nagaland 0 0 503 503

    Mizoram 0 0 235 235

    Goa 0 13 53 66

    Delhi 28 0 20 48

    T O T A L :- 6086 8691 30266 45043

    State-wise riverine length (in Km) underdifferent level of pollution (contd.)

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    S ta te > 6 3 -6 < 3 T o ta lIndus 70 132 3917 4119

    Ganga 1760 3612 7318 12690

    Bramaputra 0 0 5013 5013

    Sabarmati 65 95 165 325

    Mahi 70 160 292 522

    Narmada 120 360 902 1382

    Tapi 160 280 537 977

    Subernrekha 90 120 79 289

    Brahmini 45 160 380 585

    Mahanadi 210 370 1393 1973

    Godavari 960 856 2676 4492

    B i o C h e m i c a l O x y g e n D e m a n d , m g / L

    River basin-wise riverine length(in Km.)under different level of pollution

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    Subernrekha 90 120 79 289

    Brahmini 45 160 380 585

    Mahanadi 210 370 1393 1973

    Godavari 960 856 2676 4492

    Krishna 840 956 1988 3784

    Pennar 0 80 440 520

    Cauvery 70 320 928 1318

    Ghaggar 140 148 70 358

    Medium 1090 734 3210 5034

    Minor 396 308 958 1662

    T O T A L : - 6086 8691 30266 45043

    River basin-wise riverine length(in Km.)under different level of pollution (contd..)

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    Total riverine length under different water quality status

    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    5000

    6000

    7000

    JK HP PB HR UP RJ MP BH WB OR AP MH GU KA KE TN AS MG MN AR SK NG MZ GO DL

    States

    Riverinelength,

    Km

    BOD < 3 mg/L

    BOD 3-6 mg/L

    BOD >6 mg/L

    24

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    River basin-wise riverine length under

    different level of pollution

    0

    2000

    4000

    6000

    8000

    10000

    12000

    14000

    Indus

    Ganga

    Bram

    aputr

    a

    Saba

    rmati

    Mahi

    Narm

    ada

    Tapi

    Sube

    rnrekh

    a

    Brahmini

    Mahanadi

    Godavari

    Krish

    na

    Pennar

    Cauvery

    Ghagga

    r

    Medium M

    inor

    River basin

    Riverineleng

    th,

    Km

    BOD 6 mg/L

    25

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    Polluted

    Water Bodies

    CPCB identified 10 polluted stretches for prioritising pollution controlefforts in 1988-89.

    The Number of Stretches increased to 37 during 1992-93.

    The list is now revised to include 86 stretches.

    The concerned State Pollution Control Boards were asked to takeadequate measures to restore the desired level.

    26

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    RIVER ACTION PLAN CPCB identified polluted water bodies, which leads to

    formulation of action plan for restoration of the waterbody.

    Based on CPCBs Recommendations, Ganga ActionPlan was launched in 1986 to restore the WQ of theGanga by interception, diversion and treatment ofwastewater from 27 cities/towns located along theriver.

    Based on the experience gained duringimplementation of the Ganga Action Plan, Govt of Indiaextends river cleaning programme to other rivers andlakes.

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    NATIONAL RIVER ACTION PLANRiver No. of Towns River No. of TownsGanga 74 Brahmini 3

    Yamuna 21 Chambal 3

    Damodar 12 Gomti 3

    Godavari 6 Krishna 2Cauvery 9 Sabarmati 1

    Tungabhadra 4 Khan 1

    Satluj 4 Kshipra 1

    Subarnrekha 3 Tapi 1Betwa 3 Narmada 1`

    Wainganga 3 Mahanadi 1

    Grand Total 156

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    WATER POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY Urban sources National River Action Plan Industrial Sources through consent ( SPCB) Special Drives: 17 categories of industries Industries discharging into rivers and lakes 24 Problem areas action plan Environmental auditing Common effluent treatment plants for cluster of SSI

    units (124) Promotion of low-waste and no-waste technology29

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    Experience from Ganga ActionPlan

    Sewage collection system partial or non-existence

    Interception and diversion of drains - monsoon runoff Operation and maintenance of STPs

    Power supply

    Skilled manpower

    30

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    Experience from industries

    High organic load - distilleries

    High TDS - pharmaceuticals, pesticides, rayon, dye and dyeintermediates

    Small scale industries - location (residential areas),

    inadequate resources, skill etc.

    Problem with CETPs

    31

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    ASSESSMENT OFGROUND WATER QUALITY IN METRO CITIES

    The groundwater is the main source of drinking in our country. The groundwater quality is being degraded gradually in large urban

    centers/critically polluted areas. Although Ministry of Water Resources is monitoring groundwater

    quality all over the country. The monitoring does not include mainwater quality issues ( heavy metals, pesticides, coliform, BOD, CODetc.

    Thus, it is important to monitor the groundwater quality in the country. In the current financial year CPCB included in its monitoring network a

    large number of groundwater stations (200 stations). Apart from this CPCB is taking help of some research institutes to

    study the groundwater quality.

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    CONCLUSION In order to meet water quality criteria in

    rivers, dilution water is required besides

    stringent pollution control.

    Interlinking of rivers is one of the

    solution to meet water quality criteria inrivers as more dilution of water would be

    available in rivers.

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