Warm UpWarm Up Prepositions! First, let’s review… Prepositions! First, let’s review…

What is a preposition? What is a preposition? GrammaropolisGrammaropolis can help us. Okay, so to review again, here’s a song. Pay attention! Video: A Merit Badge is Just Like a Cat

Write a sentence about a slug or a bat using a preposition.

Before the bell…Before the bell…

Make sure you have your Make sure you have your writer’s notebook and writer’s notebook and something to write with. something to write with. You will be given a grade for You will be given a grade for warm up, notes/ writer’s warm up, notes/ writer’s notebook entries for today. notebook entries for today.

Ethos, Pathos, and Ethos, Pathos, and LogosLogos

English IIEnglish II

What is rhetoric?What is rhetoric?rhet·o·ric /ˈrɛt ər ɪk/–noun

1. (in writing or speech) the undue use of exaggeration or display; bombast.

2. the art or science of all specialized literary uses of language in prose or verse, including the figures of speech.

3. the study of the effective use of language.

4. the ability to use language effectively.

5. the art of prose in general as opposed to verse.

6. the art of making persuasive speeches; oratory.

7. (in classical oratory) the art of influencing the thought and conduct of an audience.

Origin: 1300–50; < L rhētorica  < Gk rhētorikḕ  ( téchnē ) rhetorical (art); r. ME rethorik  < ML rēthorica,  L rhētorica,  as above

Source: The Random House Dictionary, 2010Source: The Random House Dictionary, 2010

Why are we studying rhetoric?Why are we studying rhetoric? To help us analyze the persuasive To help us analyze the persuasive

techniques used by the characters in techniques used by the characters in Julius Julius CaesarCaesar..

To help us notice the persuasive To help us notice the persuasive techniques being directed at us as we techniques being directed at us as we read, hear and view text and other media read, hear and view text and other media every day, in and outside of school.every day, in and outside of school.

To help us craft our own persuasive To help us craft our own persuasive writing and speech.writing and speech.

What is a rhetorical strategy?What is a rhetorical strategy?

A way of using language that is A way of using language that is designed to influence an audience’s designed to influence an audience’s thoughts about an issuethoughts about an issue

We will study three major rhetorical We will study three major rhetorical strategies: strategies: – logos logos – pathos pathos – ethosethos

What is Logos?What is Logos?

***This is the most important ***This is the most important rhetorical strategy.***rhetorical strategy.***

Logos - Appealing to the audience’s Logos - Appealing to the audience’s sense of logic or intelligence.sense of logic or intelligence.

When identifying Logos, look for:When identifying Logos, look for:

1.1. The Author’s Central Claim (Thesis)The Author’s Central Claim (Thesis)

2.2. Supporting ReasonsSupporting Reasons

-General statements that prove the central -General statements that prove the central Claim.Claim.

3. Supporting Evidence3. Supporting Evidence

-statistics-statistics

-facts/data-facts/data

-graphs-graphs

-examples-examples

More to look for…More to look for…

4. Counterarguments4. Counterarguments

-Anticipate opposing views, and refute -Anticipate opposing views, and refute (deny) the validity of the argument.(deny) the validity of the argument.

5. Persuasive Situation5. Persuasive Situation

-Intended audience and topic -Intended audience and topic (Triangle)(Triangle)

-Occasion: what is the time and place?-Occasion: what is the time and place?

-Purpose-Purpose

What is the EFFECT on the What is the EFFECT on the Audience?Audience?

Logos evokes a rational response. Logos evokes a rational response. Readers think, “Oh, that makes Readers think, “Oh, that makes sense” or “Hmm, that doesn’t really sense” or “Hmm, that doesn’t really prove anything”.prove anything”.

APPLICATION TIME!!!APPLICATION TIME!!!

Scenario:Scenario:

It is the day your persuasive essay is It is the day your persuasive essay is due. You do not have it in hand to due. You do not have it in hand to turn in on time. You respond with…turn in on time. You respond with…

(USE LOGOS IN YOUR RESPONSE)(USE LOGOS IN YOUR RESPONSE)

PathosPathos

Pathos-Appealing to the Audience’s Pathos-Appealing to the Audience’s sense of emotion using descriptive sense of emotion using descriptive language.language.

When identifying PATHOS, look When identifying PATHOS, look for:for:

-imagery/figurative language-imagery/figurative language

-connotations with word choice and phrases-connotations with word choice and phrases

-personal anecdotes (stories)-personal anecdotes (stories)

-emotionally loaded language (vivid -emotionally loaded language (vivid descriptions)descriptions)

-imagery-imagery

-diction (word choice)-diction (word choice)

-emotional tone: (humor, sarcasm, -emotional tone: (humor, sarcasm, disappointment, excitement, etc.)disappointment, excitement, etc.)

***BEWARE OF…******BEWARE OF…***

Propaganda-an argument that appeals Propaganda-an argument that appeals ONLY to the emotions is by definition ONLY to the emotions is by definition WEAK. Although sometimes pathos WEAK. Although sometimes pathos alone can be powerfully persuasive, alone can be powerfully persuasive, propaganda is generally considered propaganda is generally considered to be an empty tactic, as it to be an empty tactic, as it manipulates, rather than appeals to, manipulates, rather than appeals to, the audience’s emotions.the audience’s emotions.

What is the EFFECT on the What is the EFFECT on the audience?audience?

Pathos evokes an emotional response, Pathos evokes an emotional response, persuading using the Audience’s persuading using the Audience’s emotion, and usually conjures emotion, and usually conjures emotions such as fear, sympathy, emotions such as fear, sympathy, empathy, or anger.empathy, or anger.

APPLICATION TIME!!!APPLICATION TIME!!!

Scenario:Scenario:

It is the day your persuasive essay is It is the day your persuasive essay is due. You do not have it in hand to due. You do not have it in hand to turn in on time. You respond with…turn in on time. You respond with…

(USE PATHOS IN YOUR RESPONSE)(USE PATHOS IN YOUR RESPONSE)

EthosEthos

Ethos-Belongs to the Speaker; appeals Ethos-Belongs to the Speaker; appeals to the Speaker’s credibility and to the Speaker’s credibility and character by showing his/her character by showing his/her expertise, knowledge, experience, expertise, knowledge, experience, training, etc.training, etc.

When identifying ETHOS, look for:When identifying ETHOS, look for:

-Speaker’s profession/background-valid -Speaker’s profession/background-valid qualificationsqualifications

-Appropriate vocabulary, correct -Appropriate vocabulary, correct grammargrammar

-Evidence of shared values between -Evidence of shared values between Speaker and AudienceSpeaker and Audience

-Speaker is morally/ethically likeable-Speaker is morally/ethically likeable-Appropriate tone of the text/making a -Appropriate tone of the text/making a

good impression)good impression)-Thoroughness of information-Thoroughness of information

What is the EFFECT on the What is the EFFECT on the audience?audience?

Ethos helps the reader to see the Ethos helps the reader to see the audience as reliable, trustworthy, audience as reliable, trustworthy, competent, and credible; therefore, competent, and credible; therefore, the reader might respect the the reader might respect the author’s views.author’s views.

And now… Julius CaesarAnd now… Julius Caesar

The Tragedy of Julius CaesarWilliam Shakespeare

Julius Caesar: Introduction

The setting of this play is ancient Rome.

Shakespeare creates a world full of political intrigue, magical occurrences, and military conquest.

Julius Caesar: Introduction

Caesar was fighting Pompey, another powerful Roman, and his sons.

Pompey, as well as others in the Roman senate, was disturbed by Caesar’s growing ambition.

Julius Caesar: Introduction

Their fears seem to be valid when Caesar refuses to enter Rome as an ordinary citizen after the war.

Instead, he marches his army on Rome and takes over the government.

Julius Caesar: Introduction

But the people don’t mind—in fact, they love him.

Caesar is made dictator, or ruler—a position that was sometimes granted for a ten-year term—for the rest of his life.

Julius Caesar: Introduction

Many senators, however, resent Caesar for having so much power.

Julius Caesar: Introduction

Some senators begin to conspire. . .

Brutus, Caesar’s friend who believes that he must act against Caesar for the good of Rome Casca, who hates the ordinary citizens of Rome yet is jealous because they love Caesar and not him Cassius, a greedy and jealous man who wantsto take drastic measures to keep Caesar from winning any more power—and to take away any power that Caesar previously had!

Julius Caesar : Background

Shakespeare uses Roman customs and superstition to create spooky conditions to mirror the dangerous plot being planned.

Julius Caesar : Background

The Romans believed that omens could reveal the future.

These omens could take the form of unusual weather, flights of birds, or other natural phenomena.

Julius Caesar: BackgroundAnimals were seen as indicators of the future.

The Romans often sacrificed animals to the gods, and had their entrails (guts) examined by an official called a haruspex. Any abnormalities or imperfections indicated the anger of a god or a particularly bad event about to happen.

Julius Caesar: Background

Unusual astronomical and meteorological occurrences were also seen as signs of future events.

Solar eclipses were believed to foreshadow doom, as was lightning.

Julius Caesar: Background

One of the reasons the Senate was concerned by Caesar’s accumulation of power was Rome’s long history as a republic.

The Royal Shakespeare Production of CaesarWe will read a version of the play that has the modern text alongside the old English version of the text. It’s important to be familiar with Shakespearean English, but it’s also important to understand the play. So, we will do both.

Then, we will watch the Royal Shakespeare’s production of the play. It’s a recent adaptation set in present day Africa.

Interview with the director

Some things you need this six weeks! (All for download under “Important Documents” on my website)

The “No Fear” Shakespeare version of Julius Caesar- we may have some scenes for homework if we do not stay on track in class. Also, it will be helpful for assignments.

The Unit Test Study guide. It’s already up there with the essay question and the short answers for each act.

The final in class essay prompt. It deals with betrayal. How exciting!

Dialectical Journal Handout. You need one for each act.