Warm Up – Day 4 – Warm Up – Day 4 – 2/12/132/12/13

• On your desk: ch. 8 packet and notes, “Who Rules” worksheet

• Warm-up:

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Political Geography

PPT by Abe Goldman

An Introduction to Human GeographyThe Cultural Landscape, 8e

James M. Rubenstein

Let’s read the intro to Let’s read the intro to Ch 8 together…Ch 8 together…

• What is Political Geography?

Is the idea of dividing up Is the idea of dividing up the world into countries the world into countries crumbling?crumbling?

• Since the end of the Cold War, globalization globalization has increased.

• Power is increasinglyincreasingly exercised through connections among states, companies, and individuals

• Yet at the same time, local diversity has increased in political matters as individual cultural groups demand more control over the territory they inhabit.

Is the term state (country) still relevant?

What was the Cold War, What was the Cold War, exactly?exactly?

• After WWII, two countries rose to global domination:

• USA and USSR (United Soviet Socialist Republics)

• USA=democracy/ market economy• USSR= communism/ command

economy• The Cold War is the term for the tension

and competition between these two superpowers.

Cold War

Events of the Cold War..Events of the Cold War..

• Korean War• Space Race, Sputnik, Apollo

missions• Nuclear competition• Cuban Missile Crisis• Vietnam War

End of Cold WarEnd of Cold War

• 1980’s leader Mikhail Gorbachev began to give Soviets more freedoms politically and economically.

• 1991 official breakdown of the USSR. 15 countries created.

All countries became independent states.

Key Issue 1: Where Are Key Issue 1: Where Are States Located?States Located?

• I. Problems of defining states• Korea: one state or two?• China and Taiwan: one state or two?• Western Sahara• Varying sizes of states

• II. Development of the state concept• City-State, Empire, Kingdom, State• Colonies

Problems of Defining Problems of Defining StatesStates• StateState:

• Territory w/ recognized boundaries• Population• Government• Sovereignty

• Disagreement over the number of sovereign states• North Korea• Taiwan • Western Sahara• UN has 192 members– less than 200

countries

North Korea – Is it a North Korea – Is it a state?state?• History

• Colony of Japan for most of early 20Colony of Japan for most of early 20thth century century• Divided by US and USSR after WWII (1945)Divided by US and USSR after WWII (1945)• Both N and S committed to reuniting countryBoth N and S committed to reuniting country

• Korean War (1950-1953) Korean War (1950-1953) • Only cease fire, still officially at warOnly cease fire, still officially at war

• Both admitted to UN in 1992 as separate countriesBoth admitted to UN in 1992 as separate countries • Today – slow movement toward increased Today – slow movement toward increased

cooperation. cooperation.

China and Taiwan: China and Taiwan: One or two states?One or two states?• HistoryHistory

• Civil War in 1930s and 1940sCivil War in 1930s and 1940s• Communists, led by Communists, led by Mao ZedongMao Zedong, won in 1949, won in 1949• Nationalists, led by Nationalists, led by Chang Kai-ShekChang Kai-Shek, lost and fled to , lost and fled to

TaiwanTaiwan• Both claimed to be legitimate gov’t of ChinaBoth claimed to be legitimate gov’t of China

• Turning point in 1971Turning point in 1971• US recognized China as legitimate gov’t of ChinaUS recognized China as legitimate gov’t of China• UN voted to turn “China’s” seat over to Communist led UN voted to turn “China’s” seat over to Communist led

ChinaChina

• Today Today • China still considers Taiwan part of ChinaChina still considers Taiwan part of China• Taiwan plays the US and China against each other Taiwan plays the US and China against each other

for investment and securityfor investment and security

Western Sahara Western Sahara or Sahrawi Republicor Sahrawi Republic

• Spain controlled territory until 1976Spain controlled territory until 1976• Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

• Formed after Spain withdrewFormed after Spain withdrew• Seen by most African nations as a sovereign Seen by most African nations as a sovereign

statestate• Morocco claims the territory and built a Morocco claims the territory and built a

series of walls around itseries of walls around it

AntarcticAntarctica: a: National National ClaimsClaims

Fig. 8-2: Antarctica is the only large landmass that is not part of a state, but several countries claim portions of it.

United Nations United Nations MembersMembers

Fig. 8-1: The UN has increased from 51 members in 1945 to 191 in 2003.

Something to Ponder: Why has the number of states grown since 1945?

• In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members, and today all UN members are fully sovereign states.

• Because a state can only be admitted by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly, some regions which may call themselves sovereign states are not members due to the fact that the UN does not consider them to be sovereign states based on the lack of international recognition or opposition from certain members.

• Taiwan and Sahrawi Republic are examples.

States come in all sizesStates come in all sizes• Largest states:

• Russia• China• US • Canada• Brazil • Australia

• Smallest states – the MicrostatesMicrostates• Monaco (smallest in UN)• Andorra• Vatican City• Antigua*• Kiribati*• Barbuda* • Barbados*• Bahrain*• Dominica*• Grenada*• Malta*• Maldives*• Palau*

What do the majority of microstates have in common?

So, how did the concept of So, how did the concept of “state” develop?“state” develop?

• City-states• Empires• Kingdoms • States

• There is a “kinda” chronology to this.

The Fertile CrescentThe Fertile Crescent

Fig. 8-3: The Fertile Crescent was the site of early city-states and a succession of ancient empires.

Mesopotamian City-States c. 5000 Mesopotamian City-States c. 5000 BCBC

What might explain why What might explain why city-states developed here?city-states developed here?

• Rivers for agriculture and trade

• Crossroads b/t continents • benefited from diffusion of innovations• benefited from being on trade routes

Ancient Egypt c. 1450 Ancient Egypt c. 1450 BCBC

Greek City-Greek City-StatesStates

c. 750 BC – c. 150 BC

Roman Empire c. 300Roman Empire c. 300

Byzantine Empire (476–1453)Byzantine Empire (476–1453)

The Eastern Orthodox The Eastern Orthodox Church formally split from Church formally split from the Pope and Roman the Pope and Roman Catholicism in 1054Catholicism in 1054

In your notes…In your notes…

• Make a flow map of the evolution of civilizations from city state modern nation

If a country goes out and conquers a region already occupied and organized by an indigenous society, then it is imperialismimperialism.

If a country goes out and conquers a region that is uninhabited or sparsely inhabited, then it is colonialismcolonialism.

Do the people being taken over see a difference?

Imperialism vs. Imperialism vs. ColonizationColonization

Colonial Possessions, 1914Colonial Possessions, 1914

Fig. 8-4: By the outbreak of World War I, European states held colonies throughout the world, especially throughout Africa and in much of Asia.

Colonial Possessions, Colonial Possessions, 20032003

Fig. 8-5: Most of the remaining colonies are small islands in the Pacific or Caribbean. PitcairnPitcairn, part of the UK, is the world’s least populated colony. Puerto RicoPuerto Rico is the most populous colony.

Key Issue 2: Boundaries Key Issue 2: Boundaries and Boundary Problems of and Boundary Problems of States States • I. Shapes of states

• Five basic shapes• Landlocked states

• II. Types of boundaries• Physical boundaries• Cultural boundaries

• III. Boundaries inside states• Unitary and federal states• Trend toward federal government• Electoral geography

Five Basic ShapesFive Basic Shapes

Describe and give examples of the five basic shapes and discuss the problems inherent in each of these shapes.

(pp. 270-274) • Compact• Prorupted• Elongated • Fragmented• Perforated

1

2

4

3

5

Which basic shape are they?

Draw an example of each in your notes.

Can you name the country?

African StatesAfrican States

Fig. 8-6: Southern, central, and eastern Africa include states that are compact, elongated, prorupted, fragmented, and perforated.

Compact

Prorupted

Fragmented

Perforated

India: The Tin Bigha India: The Tin Bigha CorridorCorridor

Fig. 8-7: The Tin Bigha corridor fragmented two sections of the country of Bangladesh. When it was leased to Bangladesh, a section of India was fragmented.

Boundaries Boundaries

• Various forms state boundaries take:• FrontierFrontier• Physical BoundariesPhysical Boundaries

1. Mountains2. Deserts3. Water

• Cultural BoundariesCultural Boundaries1. Geometric 2. Religious3. Language

Frontiers in the Arabian Frontiers in the Arabian PeninsulaPeninsula

Fig. 8-8: Several states in the Arabian Peninsula are separated by frontiers rather than precise boundaries.

Aozou Strip: Aozou Strip: A Geometric A Geometric BoundaryBoundary

Fig. 8-9: The straight boundary between Libya and Chad was drawn by European powers, and the strip is the subject of controversy between the two countries.

Europe after WWI in Europe after WWI in 19181918

New Countries created by the fall of the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire and Austrian-Austrian-Hungarian EmpireHungarian Empire

-Czechoslovakia-Austria-Hungary-Yugoslavia

Other new Countries-Poland (its back)-Estonia -Latvia-Lithuania

Division of CyprusDivision of Cyprus

Fig. 8-10: Cyprus has been divided into Greek and Turkish portions since 1974.

What type of boundaries What type of boundaries divide the U.S. and Mexico?divide the U.S. and Mexico?

Grab an atlas…Grab an atlas…

• Find examples of each shape of state…

• Now find examples for each type of boundary (physical, cultural (geometric, language, religion)

• Put in your notes..

Boundaries inside of Boundaries inside of StatesStates

• Common political divisions• Province, state**, territory, departments• County, parish, district, commune • City, town, village

• How much power each of these levels have depends on how the state’s (country’s) govt is organized.

• Many countries have had to restructure b/c of increased demands fordemands for self-self-determinationdetermination byby ethnicitiesethnicities

Two Types of Two Types of Governmental Governmental Organization for StatesOrganization for States

• Unitary SystemUnitary System• More power and

authority in national gov’t

• Works best w/ N-Ss • Common in Europe• Multiethnic or

Multinational states may use it as well

• Federal SystemFederal System• National gov’t

shares power w/ local gov’ts

• Local gov’ts possess authority to adopt their own laws (local control)

• Good for very large states

• WHY??Recently, more states are moving toward a federal system to meet the demands of competing nationalities.

So, are internal boundaries So, are internal boundaries staticstatic (unchanging)? (unchanging)?

• Generally yes. • Imagine if we

changed the eastern border of Texas.

• What has changed:What has changed:• the power the gov’t of the power the gov’t of

Texas has compared Texas has compared to the gov’t of the U.Sto the gov’t of the U.S.

• the influence of Texas the influence of Texas compared to other compared to other statesstates

Why??? Why???

Electoral Geography: Electoral Geography: Electoral College Electoral College

• In a federal system, each region, province or state, gets a set number of votes for president

• In US, this is what the electoral collegeelectoral college is used for. • # of H members + # of Senators = # of

electoral votes • Texas: 32 H + 2 S = 34 electoral votes• Arkansas: 4 H + 2 S = 6 electoral votes

• Presidential candidate that wins most electoral votes, wins the presidency.

Election of 2004Election of 2004Bush (R) vs. Kerry (D)Bush (R) vs. Kerry (D)

Electoral Geography: Electoral Geography: Electoral College (cont.) Electoral College (cont.)

• Following each census, each state is allotted a particular number of Congressmen based on its population

• A state may gain or lose a member in H of R

• Significance? • Voice of each state in federal gov’t • How candidates decide to campaign • Issues of a region gain importance over another

Election of 2008Election of 2008Obama (D) vs. McCain (R)Obama (D) vs. McCain (R)

Electoral Geography: Electoral Geography: Internal divisions w/in a Internal divisions w/in a statestate

• Refers to boundaries separating legislative districtslegislative districts

• Typically redrawn every 10 years to ensure each district has approximately the same population• In US, state legislatures in charge

• In Europe, independent commissions in charge

• Boundaries must be redrawn b/c migration results in some regions gaining and others losing population

Where you draw the lines Where you draw the lines determines who has the determines who has the power.power.

Ideally, congressional districts are compact.

Assumption is that people in a similar geographical area will have similar needs.

The reality is that the political party in power in each state will draw boundaries to help people from its party get elected or stay in office.

Gerrymandering at its Gerrymandering at its best?best?

Three types of Gerrymandering: 1.1. Wasted voteWasted vote – spreads opposition supporters across many

districts, thus no majority2.2. Excess VoteExcess Vote – concentrates opposition supporters in a few

districts, but still minority in whole region3.3. Stacked VoteStacked Vote – links distant areas of like-minded voters

through oddly shaped boundaries

Rep. Lloyd DoggettRep. Lloyd DoggettDistrict 25District 25

Lloyd’s Lloyd’s district in district in 20022002

Lloyd’s Lloyd’s district in district in 20042004

Michael McCaul Michael McCaul

Key Issue 3: Cooperation Key Issue 3: Cooperation among States among States •Political and military

cooperation•The United Nations•Regional military alliances

•Economic cooperation•The European Union

Alliances: MILITARYAlliances: MILITARYCold WarCold War

• 1. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)= USA, GB, Netherlands, Portugal, Norway Denmark, Italy, Iceland and Canada.

• 2. Warsaw Pact ( Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Hungary)

• Europe divided into alliance systems…sound familiar??? WWI??

Red= Warsaw Pact Blue= NATO

COMECONCOMECON

• Council for mutual Economic Alliance

• Communist countries • Economic Alliance

Comecon: REDComecon: RED

European UnionEuropean Union•Economic Alliance of European

countries • 1946• Gradually increased membership each

decade.• Today

• :

The European Union and The European Union and NATONATO

Fig. 8-12: NATO and the European Union have expanded and accepted new members as the Warsaw Pact and COMECON have disintegrated.

European European Boundary Boundary ChangesChanges

: : Twentieth-century boundary Twentieth-century boundary changes in Europe, 1914 to changes in Europe, 1914 to 2003. Germany’s boundaries 2003. Germany’s boundaries changed after each world war changed after each world war and the collapse of the Soviet and the collapse of the Soviet Union.Union.

European Union todayEuropean Union today

Norway, Iceland, and Switzerland Norway, Iceland, and Switzerland have voted not to join the EUhave voted not to join the EU

Former Yugoslavia:Former Yugoslavia:- Macedonia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Montenegro,

Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo have applied for membershiphave applied for membership

TurkeyTurkey- Has applied for membership, Has applied for membership,

BUTBUT- EU members are debating EU members are debating

its membershipits membership- Concerned about Concerned about

- religious freedomreligious freedom- Human rights recordHuman rights record- ““Is it a European Is it a European

country?”country?”

Extent of the euroExtent of the euro

• BlueBlue: use euro: use euro

• GreenGreen: new to EU; in : new to EU; in transition to eurotransition to euro

• PurplePurple: use euro, but : use euro, but not formal members of not formal members of EUEU

• RedRed: will vote whether : will vote whether or not to use euro in or not to use euro in 20112011

• BrownBrown: does not use : does not use euroeuro

ASEANASEAN

• Association of Southeast Asian Nations

• Economic Alliance to boost and support individual economies and businesses.

NAFTA = North American Free Trade NAFTA = North American Free Trade Agreement 1994Agreement 1994Economic Alliance to promote trade Economic Alliance to promote trade and boost economies of US, Canada, and boost economies of US, Canada, and Mexicoand Mexico

MercosurMercosur

• 1991 Latin American ECONOMIC Alliance to promote free trade.

01-27-201101-27-2011

• On your desk: Ch 8 notes and outlines.

• Notebook paper and your favorite pen/pencil

Key Issue 4: Why has Key Issue 4: Why has TerrorismTerrorism increased? increased?• What is terrorism?

• Systematic use of violence by a group in order to

• 1. intimidate a population or • 2. coerce a government into granting its

demands.

• aimed at civilians• Terrorism can be by individuals and

organizations

American TerroristsAmerican Terrorists

• Theodore Kaczynski “the Unabomber” sent packages containing bombs by mail to specific targets/agencies that were harming the environment.

• Killed 3 and injured 23

• Timothy McVeigh- bombed an OK City building in 1995 to speak out against government policies.

• Killed 168 injured 450

• State support for terrorism• Libya• Afghanistan• Iraq• Iran• Pakistan

09-11-200109-11-2001• World Trade Center in NYC killed 3000

people.

• Responsible party- • Al-Qaeda… • What is Al-Qaeda?• Let’s watch a Video• Please take notes, jot down questions

that you have.

Ethnic Groups in Southwest Ethnic Groups in Southwest AsiaAsia

Fig. 8-14: Ethnic boundaries do not match country boundaries, especially in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

• Why Libya?• Military Coup takeover in 1969 led by

Muammar al-Gaddafi • Involved in conflicts such as the Aouzou

strip and Palestinian/Israeli conflict• Supports acts of terrorism by minority

muslim groups in Africa (and Israel)• Munich massacre in 1972- Israeli

olympians kidnapped and murdered• 1988 bombing of airplane over Scotland• 1989- bombing of airplane over Niger

09-11-200109-11-2001• World Trade Center in NYC killed 3000

people.

• Responsible party- • Al-Qaeda… • What is Al-Qaeda?• Let’s watch a Video• Please take notes, jot down questions

that you have.

World Trade CenterWorld Trade Center

Ikonos satellite images of the World Trade Center June 30, 2000, before the attack.

World Trade Center Site World Trade Center Site September 15, 2001September 15, 2001

Ikonos satellite images of the World Trade Center September 15, 2001, after the attack.

IranIran

• US Iran relations deteriorated after 1979 assassination of the Shah (he was pro-US)

• Iran-Iraq war 1980-1988• Development of nuclear weapons

• Harboring Al-Qaeda

AfghanistanAfghanistan

• 1970’s a pro-Soviet government in place.• Afghan citizens rebelled.• (US supported)• 1989 Soviet troops pull out of

Afghanistan.• 1995 takeover by the Taliban, an Islamic-

fundamentalist group.• 2001 invasion by US troops ended

Taliban rule, but they have remained an insurgent force ever since.

• What is the role of Israel in terrorist activity?

Quiz TimeQuiz Time

• On your own paper, answer the following questions using information and examples from your notes and from class discussion.

• 1. Discuss economic and military alliances that began because of the Cold War.

• 2. What is the EU, and how has it changed western Europe?

• 3. What is NAFTA?

• 4. What are the 3 levels of State-sponsored terrorism?

• 5. Compare and contrast the US invasions of Iraq in 1991 and 2003.

• 6. Discuss the history of Al-Qaeda and Osama bin-Laden.