water（ H2O） oxygen atom（ O） proton （ p）

electrons（ e）

neutron （ n） 3 quarks

What the matters are made out of ?

3 quarks

http://atlas.kek.jp/public/HiggsCERNOpenDays_A4.pdf 　 (or _each.pdf or _each.pptx)

uu

- Single quark never come out.

- They have fractional charges:

　 up quarks　　　　　　　　　　 down quarks

- Strong forces between quarks. 　

ud

e32

e31

neutron

pion

Quarks are very strange !!

proton

There are 4 forces in Nature

Light, atom, crystal, radio, TV, phone, car, rain, thunder,…..

Bind quarks and making nucleus

Sun/star energy, radio activities..……

Falling apples,planet motions, satellite…….

Gluons Photons W, Z bosons Gravitons　　　　　

Strong > > Weak >>> Gravity　　　　　

Electro-magnetic　　　　　

These forces are carried by　　　　　

Mass

0gm

0m

GeV 91GeV 80

Z

W

mm

Elements of the Standard Model

S. Weinberg　　　 A. Salam　1979

Proposed Electro-weak theory (1967)

R. Brout & F. Englert , P. HiggsFound BEH mechanism (1964)

Y. Nambu

2008

Introduced Spontaneous Symmetry

Breakdown (1959)

QCD of strong interactions (1973)

Standard ModelHiggs field f must exist to generate particle masses.

CERN T-shirt

2013

Glashow-Weinberg-Salam Model

, , ,21

2 where

41

41 222

RL

e

e

eRe

LBBBYBgiWig

RLLRGBBWWRiRLiL

D

DDDL †††

Potential Energy by Higgs field

Mass of electron

Higgs fieldfree motion

Mass of Higgs Vacuum expectation value

Higgs-electron coupling

GeV 2462

1 ,2

, 2 ,coscos2

1 ,21

Therefore22

41412

21

cos81

41

21

222

4

4

3

322222

2

2222

22

F

eeH

W

W

WZW

ee

W

G

GMM

MgMgM

eehG

eeGhhhhZZ

ghWWgh

L

h= wave function of Higgs particle

)(

0

21)(,)1()1()2(

　　　

xh

xUUSU QYL

Symmetry Breakdown

We are here

u

Z

H H

H H

H

H

H

H

H

H

HH

H

H

H H

H

Spee

d of

ligh

t

0m

MeV 2um

MeV 91188Zm

u

Z

0m

Sea of the Higgs field(weak force sensitive)

cold

uni

vers

e

0um

0Zm

hot u

nive

rse

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dard

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el

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per S

ymm

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odel

SUSY particles may exist ?SUSY = symmetry between Bosons and Fermions.Spins of SUSY particles differ from those of SM.

If SUSY particles exist at ~1 TeV, then

a. 3 forces can unify at high energy.

b. It avoids quantum divergence of Higgs particle mass.

c. Some SUSY particles can be dark matters.

21