Microsoft PowerPoint - CHAP4-3.pptxShaahinShaahin HessabiHessabiShaahinShaahin HessabiHessabi Department of Computer EngineeringDepartment of Computer Engineering Sh if U i it f T h lSh if U i it f T h lSharif University of TechnologySharif University of Technology Adapted, with modifications, from Adapted, with modifications, from lecture notes prepared lecture notes prepared by by the the book’s book’s author author (from Prentice Hall PTR)(from Prentice Hall PTR) Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 1 of 26 Topics Transistor sizing: Spice analysis. Logical effort. Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 2 of 26 Transistor sizing Not all gates need to have the same delay. Not all inputs to a gate need to have the same delay. Adjust transistor sizes to achieve desired delay Adjust transistor sizes to achieve desired delay. Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 3 of 26 Example: adder carry chain bbi biai Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 4 of 26 Carry chain optimization Connect four stages. Optimize delay through carry chain by selecting transistor sizes. Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 5 of 26 Case 1 W/L (in terms of , and not ) for all stages: nmos = 270/180 nm, W/ ( te s o , a d ot ) o a stages: os 70/ 80 , pmos = 540/180 nm Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 6 of 26 Case 2 circuit Wider pulldowns for firstWider pulldowns for first stage, larger first stage inverter:inverter: a, b, c pulldowns are 540/180 nm.5 0/ 80 . First stage inverter pullup is 1620/180 nm, pulldownp is 540/180 nm. Later state inverters have pullups/pulldowns of 540/180 nm. Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 7 of 26 Case 2 Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 8 of 26 Case 3 circuit a b pulldowns are 270/180 nm a, b pulldowns are 270/180 nm. c pulldown is 1080/180 nm. First stage inverter pullup is 1620/180 nm, pulldown is 540/180 nm. Later stage inverters have pullups of 1080/180 nm, pulldowns of 540/180 nm.p Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 9 of 26 Case 3 Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 10 of 26 Inter-stage effects in transistor sizing Increasing a gate’s drive also increases the load to Increasing a gate s drive also increases the load to the previous stage: Larger driveLarger load Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 11 of 26 Logical effort Logical effort is a gate delay model that takes transistor sizes into account. Allows us to optimize transistor sizes over p combinational networks. Isn’t as accurate for circuits with reconvergent fanout.g Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 12 of 26 Logical effort gate delay model Express delays in process-independent unit Gate delay is measured in units of minimum-size inverter delay . d 3RC y Gate delay formula: d = f + p. 40 ps in 0.6 m process Effort delay f is related to gate’s load. Parasitic delay p depends on gate’s structure. Represents delay of gate driving no load Set by internal parasitic capacitance Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 13 of 26 Effort delay Effort delay has two components: f = gh. Electrical effort h is determined by gate’s load:y g h = Cout/Cin Sometimes called fanoutSometimes called fanout Logical effort g is determined by gate’s structure. Measures relative ability of gate to deliver currentMeasures relative ability of gate to deliver current g 1 for inverter Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 14 of 26 Delay Plots = gh + p 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 15 of 26 Delay Plots = gh + p 4 5 O 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 16 of 26 Computing Logical Effortp g g Logical effort is the ratio of the input capacitance of a gate to the input capacitance of an inverter delivering the same output current. Measure from delay vs. fanout plots Or estimate by counting transistor widths Or estimate by counting transistor widths Y A Cin = 3 g = 3/3 Cin = 4 g = 4/3 Cin = 5 g = 5/3 Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 17 of 26 Logical effortg 1 input 2 inputs 3 inputs 4 inputs n inputs inverter 1 mux 2 2 2 2mux 2 2 2 2 Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 18 of 26 Parasitic delay Parasitic delay of common gates: In multiples of pinv (1) Gate typeGate type Number of inputsNumber of inputs 11 22 33 44 nn InverterInverter 11 NORNOR 22 33 44 nn Tristate / muxTristate / mux 22 44 66 88 22nn Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 19 of 26 MUX, and XOR n-input MUX 2-input XOR Logical effort per input =2g p p Logical effort per input bundle = 2 + 2 = 4 bundle: a group of related inputs; e.g., a and its complement Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 20 of 26 e.g., a and its complement Logical effort along a path Logical effort along a chain of gates: G = gi Total electrical effort along path depends on ratio of g p p first and last stage capacitances: H = Cout/CinH Cout/Cin Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 21 of 26 Branching effort Takes into account fanout. Branching effort at one stage: b = (Conpath + Coffpath) / Conpathb (Conpath Coffpath) / Conpath Branching effort along path: B = bB = bi. G = 1 H = 90 / 5 = 18 5 15 90 H = 90 / 5 = 18 GH = 18 h (15 +15) / 5 6 5 15 90 h1 = (15 +15) / 5 = 6 h2 = 90 / 15 = 6 F f f h h 36 2GH Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 22 of 26 F = f1 f2 = g1g2h1h2 = 36 = 2GH Path delay Path effort: F = GBH. Path delay is sum of delays of gates along the path:y y g g p D = gi hi + pi = DF + P. Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 23 of 26 Sizing the transistors D di fi P Delay is smallest when each stage bears same effort Optimal buffer chains are exponentially tapered: i i i if g h F Thus minimum delay of N stage path is Determine W/L of each gate on path by working 1 ND NF P Determine W/L of each gate on path by working backward from the last gate: ˆ out in f Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 24 of 26 f Example: logical effort Size transistors in a chain of three two-input NAND gates. First NAND is driven by minimum-size inverter. Last NAND is connected to 4X inverter. Modern VLSI Design 4e: Chapter 4 Sharif University of Technology Slide 25 of 26 Example, cont’d. Logical effort G = 4/3 * 4/3 * 4/3 Branching effort = B = 1 Electrical effort = H = 4 Electrical effort H 4 F = GBH = 9.5 O i ff f^ (9 5)1/3 2 1 Optimum effort per stage f = (9.5)1/3 = 2.1 All stages have the same type of gate output-to-input capacitance ratio for the stages: Cin i / Cout i = gi / f = (4/3) / 2.1 = 0.6in,i out,i gi ( )
