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Flow-induced Vibrations Prasanth TK Department of Aerospace Engineering IIT Kanpur 

Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

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Page 1: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Flow­induced Vibrations

Prasanth TK Department of Aerospace Engineering

IIT Kanpur 

Page 2: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Introduction

Encountered in many engineering situations Civil / marine structures in wind/water flow may 

undergo large oscillations  Also referred as Vortex­induced vibration (VIV)

Page 3: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Electrical Transmission Lines

• Natural frequency of the cable – 10 to 30 HzDiameter – 20 to 30 mmWind speed 3 to 15 m/s

Page 4: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

BridgesGolden Gate Bridge,  San Francisco  (1951)

Wind Speed: 70mph (110 kmph)Peak to peak amplitude of vibration: 12 ft (3.5m), 0.13 HzTorsional peak to peak amplitudes of 22 degrees, 0.1 Hz

Page 5: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

VIV catastrophe: Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940

Wind Speed: 42mph (68 kmph) Frequency:  0.62 Hz (Vertical mode), 0.23 Hz (Torsional mode) 

Page 6: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Ferrybridge Power Station, UK (1960)

3 of 8 cooling tower collapsed in a wind storm 

Tower height – 375 ft Reason: Serious 

underestimation of wind loads in design

Page 7: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Offshore Applications

Non­uniform currents

Understanding the 

forces acting along the 

cable very challenging

Page 8: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Flow Past a Circular Cylinder

Reynolds Number Ratio of inertial to 

viscous force Re = ρU D/µ Flow is turbulent at 

large  Re

UD

Page 9: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Vortex Shedding: Laminar behaviourRe<5:* Fluid flow follows the cylinder   surface

5≤Re≤45:* Flow separates * A pair of vortices is formed

45≤Re≤150:* Vortices break away * Periodic wake of staggered   vortices formed

Page 10: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Vortex shedding: Turbulent behaviour150≤Re≤300* Transition range to turbulence in vortex300≤Re 3x10≲ 5

* Vortex street fully turbulent

3x105≲Re 3.5x10≲ 6

* Turbulent boundary layer* Narrower wake

3x106≲Re* Re­establishment of turbulent   vortex street

Page 11: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Vortex Shedding: Strouhal Number

Non­dimensionalized Shedding frequency

St = fv.s D/U

St ~ 0.2 for a wide range of Re

Page 12: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

von­Karman Vortex shedding beyond Re=50 Its asymmetric nature induces unsteady force  Unsteady forces cause body to oscillate The motion of the body may change the flow 

drastically For eg: Shedding frequency may change

Page 13: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

• VIV is associated with 

–Large amplitude oscillations

–Resonance like behaviour over a range of Re 

(lock­in)

–Hysteresis

Page 14: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Hysteresis Different solution 

possible depending upon the initial condition

Hysteresis originates from the fluid system, NOT from the model elastic system (Parkinson(1989), Brika and Laneville(1993))

Page 15: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Blockage, B = D/H (inherent to the experimental set up) m* = mass of structure/mass of displaced fluid 

What are blockage and m* ?

DH

Tunnel wall

Tunnel wall

Page 16: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Earlier Works

Feng (1968) Bishop & Hassan (1964) Stansby (1976) Stansby (1976) Brika and Laneville (1993) Khalak and Williamson (1999) Triantafyllou et al. (2003)

8.2     Air         1.8 ­ 2       248            √ 8.3    Water      0.4 – 11    ­­­              √ 3.6     Air         0.3 – 0.9    ­­­             X 7.2     Air         0.3 – 0.9    ­­­             √ 2.0     Air         0.34­1.18   2054         √ 10     Water      0.2 – 1.3    10             √ 6.3    Water      3                 3              X

          Study                                       B%   Fluid     Re /10 4     m*  Hysteresis   

Most of the experiments are done at higher ReWhat about low Re?What is the role of blockage and m* in hysteresis?

Page 17: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

•  A Simple VIV Model:   *  Linear springs          *  Fluid has non­linearity          *  Expect linear resonance when fv.s. ~ fN

Page 18: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Results2D Mesh

Page 19: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Effect of Blockage on VIV m* = 10

Page 20: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

m* = 5Effect of Blockage on VIV

Page 21: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

The Concept of Critical Blockage

Brika and Laneville(1993): m* =2054, B=2% (Hysteretic)

Page 22: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers

Conclusion Hysteresis is observed in the laminar regime  Hysteresis is found to depend on blockage and m* At any mass ratio, there is a critical blockage above 

which the behaviour will be hysteretic

Page 23: Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbersinduced Vibrations ... Also referred as Vortexinduced vibration (VIV) ... Vortex-induced Vibrations at Low Reynolds Numbers