Vitamin Deficiencies 1

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VITAMIN

DEFICIENCIES


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VITAMINS

Vitamin refer to heterogeneous group of fat

soluble and water soluble compoundessential in nutrition that bears no structuralor necessary functional relationship to each

other.


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WATER SOLUBLE

VITAMINS


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VITAMIN B12

Essential part of several enzyme systems

involving the transfer or synthesis of one-carbon units (eg. Methyl groups).

Most important function: metabolism

of nucleic acids and proteins.

Carbohydrate and fat metabolism.


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LEGHORN CHICKEN

(ug)Growing 0-6weeks

9

6-12 weeks 3

12-18 weeks 318 weeks -first egg

4

Layers 4

Breeders 80

BROILER

(ug)0-3 weeks 10

3-6 weeks 10

6-8 weeks 7

VITAMIN B12

REQUIREMENT

TURKEYS

(ug)0-4 weeks 3

4-8 weeks 3

8-12 weeks3

12-16weeks

3

16-20

weeks

3

Per Kg ofdiet.


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VITAMIN B12

DEFICIENCYGrowing chicken: reduced weight gainand feed intake along with poor

feathering and nervous disorders.

Perosis

due to a dietary deficiency ofmethionine, choline or betaine as sourcesof methyl groups.


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VITAMIN B12

DEFICIENCY

-Anemia

-Gizzard erosion-Fatty infiltration of heart, liver andkidneys.

-Myelin degeneration in chicks.


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TREATMENT

IM injection of 2 ug vitamin B12/hen.


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CHOLINE

Acts as a methyl source in synthesiswithin the body of methyl-containing

compounds such as methionine,creatinine, carnitine and N-methylnicotinamide.Regulates the normal functioning of

parasympathetic nerves thus, regulatingthe activity of heart, eyes and digestivesystem.


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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)

Growing 0-6weeks

1,300

6-12 weeks 900


500

Layers 1,05

0

BROILER(mg)

0-3 weeks 1,300

3-6 weeks 1000

6-8 weeks 750

CHOLINE REQUIREMENT

TURKEYS(mg)

0-4 weeks 1,600

4-8 weeks 1,400

8-12 weeks1,100

12-16weeks

1,100

16-20 950

Per Kg ofdiet.


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CHOLINE DEFICIENCY

Perosis: outstanding sign of cholinedeficiency in chicks and poults.

Characterized by pinpoint hemorrhagesand slight puffiness about the hock jointfollowed by an apparent flattening ofthe tibiometatarsal joint caused by arotation of the metatarsus.


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CHOLINE DEFICIENCY

Achilles tendon slips from

its condyles.


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EXCESS CHOLINE

Decrease used of vitamin B6


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TREATMENT

Can be cured by supplementing theration with sufficient choline to meet the

requirements.

Once the tendon has slipped, thedamage is irreparable.


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NIACIN

Essential component of nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (NAD) and

nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotidephosphate (NADP) which are essential forthe metabolism of carbohydrates, lipidsand proteins.

Important in metabolic reaction that furnishenergy.


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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)

Growing 0-6weeks

27

6-12 weeks 10


10

Layers 10

Breeders 10

BROILER(mg)

0-3 weeks 35

3-6 weeks 30

6-8 weeks 25

NIACIN

REQUIREMENTTURKEYS

(mg)

0-4 weeks 60

4-8 weeks 60

8-12 weeks 50

12-16weeks

50

16-20

weeks

40Per Kg of

diet.


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NIACIN DEFICIENCY

Characterized by severe metabolicdisorders in the skin and digestive

organs.

-Loss of appetite -Retarded growth

-Bowing of the legs -Poor feathering-dermatitis on the head and feet-Enlargement of the tibiotarsal joint


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NIACIN DEFICIENCY

Chicks- Black tongue

-tongue, oral cavity andesophagus became inflamed at 2 wkof age.


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TREATMENT

Supplementing a deficient ration withrequired amount of nicotinic acid has no

or little effect on cases that haveprogress to the extent that the tendonhas slipped from its condyles (perosis)or enlarged hock disorder in tomturkeys.


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EXCESS NIACIN

Flushing-vasodilation

Pruritus

Gastroenteritis.


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Also called bird antidermatitisvitamin.

PANTOTHENIC

ACID

A component of coenzyme A which is

involved in the formation of citricacid in theKrebs cycle, synthesis and oxidation

of fatty

acids, oxidation of keto acids


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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)

Growing 0-6weeks

10

6-12 weeks 10


10

Layers 2

Breeders 7

BROILER(mg)

0-3 weeks 10

3-6 weeks 10

6-8 weeks 10

PANTOTHENIC ACIDREQUIREMENT

TURKEYS(mg)

0-4 weeks 10

4-8 weeks 9

8-12 weeks 9

12-16weeks

9

16-20

weeks

9Per Kg of

diet.


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Major lesions of deficiency involve the

nervous system, adrenal cortex and theskin.

PANTOTHENIC ACID

DEFICIENCY

Embryos- have subcutaneoushemorrhages and severe edema.

Chicks-ruffled and brittle feathers and arapidly developing dermatitis.


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PANTOTHENIC ACID

DEFICIENCYCrusty scablike lesions appear in corners

of the mouth.

Eyelid margins are granular.

Outer layers of skin between the toesand

on bottoms of the feet sometimes

peel off.


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Difference with Biotin:in pantothenic acid def, dermatitis

of the feet is usually noted first on thetoes: in contrast, in biotin deficiency,dermatitis primarily affects thefootpads.


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TREATMENT

Appears to be completely reversibleby

oral treatment or injection with thevitamin

followed by restoration of an

adequatelevel in the diet.


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RIBOVLAVIN

Helps in the synthesis of many oxidising

enzymes of some which vitallyassociated with oxidation-reductionreactions involved in cell respiration.


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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)

Growing 0-6weeks

3.6

6-12 weeks 1.8

12-18 weeks 1.818 weeks -first egg

2.2

Layers 2.5

Breeders 3.6

BROILER(mg)

0-3 weeks 3.6

3-6 weeks 3.6

6-8 weeks 3.0

RIBOFLAVIN

REQUIREMENT

TURKEYS(mg)

0-4 weeks 4.0

4-8 weeks 3.6

8-12 weeks 3.0

12-16weeks

3.0

16-20

weeks

2.5Per Kg of

diet.


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RIBOVLAVIN

DEFICIENCYEpithelium and myelin sheaths of

someSome of the main nerves are major

targets.Curled-toe paralysis in growingchickens.

Riboflavin-deficient eggs do not hatch.


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RIBOVLAVIN

DEFICIENCYDeficient chicks are reluctant to move

unless forced and then frequently walk

on their hocks with the aid of theirwings.

Chicks lied prostrate with their legs

extended, sometimes in opposite

directions.


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RIBOVLAVIN

DEFICIENCYEnlargement of the sciatic and branchial.

nerve sheaths is the characteristic sign.

Egg albumin loses its characteristic

yellow tinged.


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TREATMENT

Two g doses of riboflavinfollowed by

incorporation of an adequate levelin the

ration.


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FOLIC ACID

Required for normal nucleic acidmetabolism

and formation of the nucleoproteinsrequired

for cell multiplication.


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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)

Growing 0-6weeks

0.55

6-12 weeks 0.25

12-18 weeks 0.25

18 weeks -first egg

0.25

La ers 0.25

BROILER(mg)

0-3 weeks 0.55

3-6 weeks 0.55

6-8 weeks 0.5

FOLIC ACID

REQUIREMENTTURKEYS

(mg)

0-4 weeks 1.0

4-8 weeks 1.0

8-12 weeks0.8

12-16weeks

0.8

16-20

weeks

0.7Per Kg of

diet.


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FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY

Macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia and

leukopenia.

Combs becomes waxy white and palemucous membranes in the mouth are

noted.


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Spastic type of cervical paralysis thatresults

in the neck becoming stiff andextended.

FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY

Abnormal structure of the hyalinecartilage

and retardation of ossification.


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TREATMENT

IM injection of 50-100 g pure

pteroylglutamic(folic) acid causes a peak reticulocyte

response within 4 days in severely anemic

folic acid-deficient chicks.


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BIOTIN

Cofactor in carboxylation anddecarboxylation

Reactions involving fixation of CO2.Have important roles in anabolic processes

and nitrogen metabolism.


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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)

Growing 0-6weeks

0.150

6-12 weeks 0.100

12-18 weeks 0.100

18 weeks -first egg

0.100

La ers 0.10

BROILER(mg)

0-3 weeks 0.150

3-6 weeks 0.150

6-8 weeks 0.150

BIOTIN REQUIREMENT

TURKEYS(mg)

0-4 weeks 0.250

4-8 weeks 0.200

8-12 weeks0.125

12-16weeks

0.125

16-20 0.10

Per Kg ofdiet.


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BIOTIN DEFICIENCY

Results in dermatitis of the feet and theskin

around the beak and eyes.Perosis and footpad dermatitis are also

Characteristic signs.

Occurrence of fatty liver and kidneysyndrome.


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BIOTIN DEFICIENCY

Embryonic deformities include ashortened

tibiotarsus that is bent posteriorly,shorteningof the bones of the wing and skull and

shorte-

ning and bending of the anterior end ofthe

scapula.

Syndactylia -an extensive webbingbetween

the third and fourth toes.


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PYRIDOXINE

Required in several enzymes, particularly

those involved in transamination anddecar-boxylation reactions involving fixation of

CO2.Anabolic and in nitrogen metabolism.


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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)

Growing 0-6weeks

3

6-12 weeks 3

12-18 weeks 3

18 weeks -first egg

3

Layers 2.5

Breeders 4.5

BROILER(mg)

0-3 weeks 3.5

3-6 weeks 3.5

6-8 weeks 3.5

PYRIDOXINE

REQUIREMENTTURKEYS

(mg)

0-4 weeks 4.5

4-8 weeks 4.5

8-12 weeks 3.5

12-16weeks

3.5

16-20weeks

3.0Per Kg of

diet.


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PYRIDOXINE

DEFICIENCY-Retarded growth, dermatitis and

anemia.

-reduced nitrogen retention.-marked increase in Fe and a decrease inCu

levels of the serum.Young chicks:nervous movements of thelegs

when walking and undergo spasmodiccon-

vulsions leading to death.


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PYRIDOXINE

DEFICIENCYMarked gizzard erosion.


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TREATMENT

Inclusion of 1% taurocholic acid in thediet.


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THIAMINE

Converted in the body to an active form,

thiamin pyrophosphate, which is animportant

cofactor in oxidative decarboxylation

reactions and aldehyde exchange incarbohy-

drate metabolism.

Plays an important role in thecarbohydrate metabolism and normalfunctioning of the nerves.


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LEGHORN CHICKEN(IU)

Growing 0-6weeks

1.0

6-12 weeks 1.0

12-18 weeks 0.8

18 weeks -first egg

0.8

Layers 0.7

Breeders 0.7

BROILER(IU)

0-3 weeks 0.8

3-6 weeks 0.8

6-8 weeks 0.8

THIAMINEQUIREMENT

TURKEYS(IU)

0-4 weeks 2

4-8 weeks 2

8-12 weeks 2

12-16weeks

2

16-20weeks

2


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THIAMINE DEFICIENCY

Polyneuritis may be seen in mature

birds3 wk after they are fed a thiamine-

deficient

diet.

Birds may sit on flexed legs and draw

backtheir heads in star-gazing position.


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THIAMINE DEFICIENCY

Retraction of the head is due to

paralysis ofthe anterior neck muscles.

Chickens lose the ability to stand or situpright

and topple to the floor.


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ThankYou and

Godbless!!!

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Vitamin Deficiencies 1