vitamin b12 new

8/7/2019 vitamin b12 new

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VITAMIN B12

Cyanocobalamin


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Vitamin B12

also called cobalamin

a water soluble vitamin with a key role in thenormal functioning of the:

brain and nervous system

formation of blood

involved in the metabolism of every cell

DNA synthesis and regulation

fatty acid synthesis

energy production


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produced industrially only throughBACTERIAL-FERMENTATION SYNTHESIS

It contains the biochemically rare element cobalt.


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Absorption & Distribution

small amounts of unboundcrystalline B12 can be absorbedthrough the mucousmembrane

Food protein-boundvitamin B12 is digested inthe stomach by proteolyticgastric enzymes , whichrequire an acid pH


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B12

is freed from the

proteins in food

STOMACH

haptocorrins & cobalaphilins+

free vitamin B12= B12-R complex

DUODENUM

proteases digest R-proteins

and release B12 then,

free B12 + IF = IF/B12

IF/B12 + Ileal Receptor= PORTAL

CIRCULATION

IF/B12 = TC-II/B12

TC-IIB12 + CellReceptor

(Endocytosis)

ABSORBED


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Source


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Lacto-ovoVegetarian

is a vegetarian who does not eat animal flesh of any

kind, but is willing to consume dairy and eggproducts.


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Vegan

consumes no animal products

will lack B12 unless they consume multivitaminsupplements or B12-fortified foods


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Vitamin B12 Deficiency

B12 deficiency is the cause of pernicious anemia

an anemic disease that was usually fatal and hadunknown etiology when it was first described in

medicine. generally limited to vegan children, who are at risk

due to higher needs of the vitamin

no intake of animal products that contain it

The cure, and B12, were discovered by accident

Large amount of Iron intake


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Vegans are generally encouraged to ingest B12supplements

total amount of vitamin B12 stored in body isabout 25 mg in adult

Around 50% of this is stored in the live

Approximately 0.1% of this is lost per day

Bile is the main form of B12 excretion


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Dietary Reference Intake

Vitamin B12 is believed to be safe when used orallyin amounts that do not exceed the recommended

dietary allowance (RDA)

Vitamin B12 has extremely low toxicity


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ACORBI

C ACI

D


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Ascorbic acid

A sugar acid with antioxidant properties

Its appearance is white to light-yellow crystals or

powder, and it is water-soluble A form of ascorbic acid is commonly known as

vitamin C

a- (meaning "no") and scorbutus (scurvy)

Also referred to as hexuronic acid

Sources includes citrus fruits


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used as a reductant in photographic developersolutions (among others) and as a preservative

Exposure to oxygen, metals, light, or heatdestroys ascorbic acid, so it must be stored in adark, cold, and non-metallic container

Ascorbic acid and its sodium, potassium, andcalcium salts are commonly used as antioxidantfood additives


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Ascorbic Acid Synthesis

Ascorbic acid is found in plants, animals, andsingle-cell organisms

All animals either make it, eat it, or else die from

scurvy due to lack of it


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Primates, including humans, and a few other

species in all divisions of the animalkingdom, notably the guinea pig, have lostthe ability to synthesize ascorbic acid, andmust obtain it in their food


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Ascorbic Acid Deficiency

SCURVY

is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin

C common among sailors, pirates and others aboard

ships at sea and soldiers

In infants, scurvy is sometimes referred to as

Barlow's disease Other eponyms includeMoeller's disease andCheadle's disease.

Treated withVitamin C


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Manifestations

formation of spots on the skin

spongy gums

bleeding from the mucousmembranes

spots are most abundant on thethighs and legs

looks pale

feels depressed partially immobilized. In advanced

scurvy there are open, suppuratingwounds and loss of teeth.


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Prevention

Diet that includes

certain citrus fruits


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Some vegetables


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Animal Product


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vitamin b12 new