Hollywood and Bollywood

VictoriaRicci

Period 4CCOT Project&

Why Hollywood?The film industry actually began in the East Coast near New York, but moved to California because

Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce had incentives to move to the West CoastSunshine for good lightingPotentially-cheap labor forceInexpensive land for studio constructionVaried landscapes for filmsThe famous Hollywood sign actually started off as Hollywoodland in 1923 as a giant advertising sign for Hollywoodland Realty in LA. It changed to just Hollywood in 1949 when the Chamber of Commerce removed the last four letters and fixed the crumbling sign.2

The Film CompaniesOriginally, all film industries were independent, but the merging of several key companies resulted in the Big Five of Hollywood film.

Warner BrothersFamous Players-Lasky Corporation (Paramount)RKO (Radio-Keith-Orpheum)Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) 20th Century Fox

Warner Brothers began in 1923 and became prominently known for the first talking movie (The Jazz Singer in 1927) and Bugs Bunny cartoons in the 40s.Famous Players-Lasky Corporation merged from Adolph Zukors Famous Players and Jesse Laskys Feature Play in 1916. It became Paramount studios in 1927 and was officially named Paramount Pictures in 1935. Known for great stars like Mary Pickford, Rudolph Valentino, Bing Crosby, and Bob Hope.RKO evolved from the Mutual Film Corporation in 1912 and was established as a subsidiary of RCA in 1928 made up of RCA, Keith-Orpheum Pictures, and the FBO Company. Smallest of the Big Five, but known for top-grossing Astaire-Rogers musicals in the 1930s and King Kong in 1933.MGM formed in 1924 from 3 companies Metro Pictures Corporation, Goldwyn Pictures Corporation, and Louis B. Mayer Pictures Corporation. Famous for Gone with the Wind in 1939 and The Wizard of Oz also in 1939.20th Century Fox merged from 20th Century Pictures Company and Fox in 1935. Famous for Shirley Temple films.Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, and D.W. Griffith formed the United Artists Corporation to provide greater distribution of their films and thwart the efforts of bigger studios.3

CensorshipMotion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) requested that studios voluntarily submit story material for evaluation of decency and good taste (1920s)1930 Code of Production used ideas of MPPDA and oversaw the issues of vulgarity, obscenity, etc. in moviesBureau of Motion Pictures (BMP) FDR wanted just enough censorship to maintain national security (early 1940s)

Censorship ContinuedMPPDA changes its name to The Motion Picture Association of America in 1945Production Code lifts all restrictions in the 1950s except for nudity, etc.In 1968, Jack Valenti founded the voluntary film rating system. This system allowed writers to have creative freedom, while at the same time informing the public (especially parents) about the films content

Movie TheatersNickelodeons programs for a nickel that lasted 10-30 minutes (1910s)Shorts clip shown before movie that always ended in a cliffhanger to encourage audiences to come back the next week, such as the Perils of PaulineMickey Mouse Clubs for kids in the 1930s

Giveaways at movie theaters throughout the 1930s-1940s had to go each week to obtain new part of set (dish sets, etc.)

Movie theater attendance dropped in the 1930s and 1950s due, in 1930s, to the Great Depression. Movie theaters needed a way to boost their theaters attendance rates, so ideas such as the Mickey Mouse Club and weekly giveaways emerged. The train scene in the Perils of Pauline was filmed at the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad in Pennsylvania!!6Film LengthsUntil 1912, producers and exhibitors always insisted audiences couldnt sit through films longer than a single reel (15 minutes), but eventually..

longer films from Europe emerged and began to encourage more reels per film2-4 reel films began to replace 1-reel films, especially with the urging of Adolph Zukorthese longer films became known as Feature Films

Hollywood AbroadAfter WWI, 90% of all films shown in foreign countries were AmericanDuring the early 1940s, Hollywood begins to dub its most recent films in French/Italian for distribution after the warThroughout the 1950s, major Hollywood studios began to earn more abroad than domestically

Evolution of the Scary MovieDracula (1931)

The Wolf Man (1941)

Psycho (1960)

Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)

The Hills Have Eyes (2006)

Hitchcock filmed Psycho in black and white because he didnt want it to be too gory, just suspenseful. Psycho starred Janet Leigh and Anthony Perkins; Janet Leigh refused to take a shower after filming Psycho, and only took baths for the rest of her life. Dracula starred Bela Lugosi. The Wolf Man starred Lon Chaney. Nightmare on Elm Street starred Robert Englund.9

The Golden AgeTime period from the early 1930s to the late 1960sTransition from war-based materials to more light-hearted musicals (take peoples minds off the war)

The Wizard of Oz (1939)The Little Princess (1939)Royal Wedding (1951)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLgNR0_ck1E&feature=fvsrSingin in the Rain (1952)My Fair Lady (1964)

Wizard of Oz starring Judy Garland relates to the Dust Bowl/depressive era it takes place in. The Little Princess starring Shirley Temple refers to the war. An Royal Wedding starring Fred Astaire. (look for time 2:42) Singin in the Rain starring Gene Kelly. My Fair Lady starring Audrey Hepburn. It was bought by Warner Brothers for $5 million dollars and won multiple academy awards.10

Advancements in Special EffectsKing Kong (1933)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBmlaDBVRikThe Blob (1958)

Jaws (1975)

Titanic (1997)

Avatar (2009)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1_JBMrrYw8

King Kongs leading lady was Fay Wray. The technology was created by William OBrien. Stop-photography, 18 in. models, and trick-photography were used to create many of the scenes in King Kong. The expressions on King Kongs face were created using a 7 foot wide model that had 85 separate motors and was operated by 6 people. The scene where Ann Darrow (Fay Wray) is held in King Kongs hand is created by a giant model of the hand of King Kong. The Blob starring Steve McQueen. Part of The Blob was actually filmed at the Colonial Theatre in Phoenixville, PA, where there is an annual Blob Fest where re-runs of the Blob play and people re-enact the scene of running out of the movie theater. Jaws stars Roy Scheider. An animatronic shark nicknamed Bruce after Steven Spielbergs lawyer was used in the shark scenes of the movie, but it had many problems and was constantly breaking down. Titanic stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet. James Cameron had a specially-designed under-water maneuverable video camera that was able to withstand the pressure of the water above it because it was wrapped in titanium. For the scenes of the whole ship, they used computer-generated images. Avatar stars Sam Worthington. Avatar was filmed with a 3-D Fusion Camera that creates depth perception, the actors wore full skull and body suits covered with sensors so that their movements and expressions could be picked up by the computers and added to the digital characters, and a virtual camera system was developed where a screen showed the actors in real-time in the pretend Pandora setting. Both Avatar and Titanic were directed by James Cameron.11

Notable FilmsThe Great Train Robbery (1903)Gone with the Wind (1939)African Queen (1951)Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)Breakfast at Tiffanys (1961)The Kings Speech (2011)

The Great Train Robbery was the first ever Western movie. Gone with the Wind stars Vivian Leigh as Scarlett OHara and Clark Gable as Rhett Butler. African Queen stars Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. One of the actors in Invasion of the Body Snatchers is Kevin McCarthy. Breakfast at Tiffanys stars are Audrey Hepburn as the New York socialite Holly Golightly and George Peppard as the young man in her apartment building, Paul Varjak. The Kings Speech stars Colin Firth as King George VI and Geoffrey Rush as Lionel Logue. This movie won four Oscars.12

And the Oscar Goes toAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was founded in 1927 by 36 producers, directors, actors, etc. (Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks were two of the first founders) First Academy Awards were held at the Roosevelt Hotel on May 16, 1929The Oscars were first televised in 1953, and since 1969 have been internationally televised in over 200 foreign countriesThe number and types of categories for nominations have grown over the yearsThe awards were originally presented 3 months before the actual awards show. The results then used to be given to the newspapers ahead of time for publication at 11 p.m. the night of the ceremony but when the Los Angeles Times, in 1940, published the results early, the system changed. The new system is the one still in use today with the sealed-envelopes.13Major Innovations in Color and SoundSilent films were common until the 1920s, when synchronized sound products such as the Vitaphone and Photophone came into useThe Jazz Singer was the first full-talking film in 1927The ribbon microphone eliminated extra soundTechnicolor came to dominate the film industry throughout the 1930s-1940sWhite Christmashttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AB1ZD6JKxesKodaks Eastman Color replaced on a large scale during the 1950s

Actress Mary Pickford became so embarrassed after talking films came into use that she bought up all her old silent films because she thought she looked ridiculous in them. White Christmas was not only considered an example of VistaVision and Technicolor, but it also demonstrated the time period of WWII that it was based on. Has good example of Hollywoods canteen actors/actresses that volunteered to entertain the troops.14

Animated FilmsWalt Disney Productions was leader in animation, with cartoon shorts such as Steamboat Willie in 1928http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBgghnQF6E4Snow White first full-length animated film in 1937Pixar created from 1984-1986 features computer-animated films and shortsToy Story first full-length computer-animated film Geris Game animated short that demonstrates advancements in animated skin and cloth (1997)http://www.pixar.com/shorts/gg/theater/short_320.html

Show up to 50 second mark of Steamboat Willie.15

Bollywood took its name from Bombay (now Mumbai)Bombay first experienced the art of film in 1896 when the Lumiere Brothers first introduced Cinematography (6 short films) to BombayFirst actual filming in Bombay was by Harischandra Sakharam Bhatavdekar of a local wrestling matchBollywood

From Silent to TalkiesBollywoods transition into the talking era brought a continuing tradition of musicals.

Bollywoods first silent film was Raja Harishchandra (1913)The first talking film was Alam Ara (1931), which focused on singing rather than dialogue.

Raja Harishchandra is a mythical tale of a king, his kingdom, and his many hardships as he discovers what true moral and integrity means. It was directed by Dadasaheb Phalke. Alam Ara is a love story between a prince and a gypsy girl.17

The Introduction of Colored FilmsDespite the fact that colored films were introduced in 1937, they didnt become popular until the 1950s due to the existing popularity of black and white films.

Kisan Kanya (1937) was the first colored film to be made in India, and was made by the same producers of Alam Ara (1931)

Rural crime drama featuring an exploitative landlord (Gani) and a good peasant Ramu (Nissar) who is accused of murdering the landlord. Used a Cinecolour process.18

Singing and MusicLive musicians and singers were originally used for on-screen performances, but were eventually replaced by in-studio recordings.

On-screen performances were replaced by professional studio recordings so the music could become a better focus point for the filmsThis also allowed the actors to focus more on complex dance routineshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTPxqUtlLdo

Bollywood DancingAt first, only female leads in Bollywood films were expected to dance, but that changed to large group choreographed dances, which are still widely used today.Actors and actresses who can dance gracefully are the most popular choices for Bollywood filmsActresses like Aishwarya (starred in the Pink Panther 2), Madhuri, and Karishma are considered some of the best dancers in Bollywoodhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yh57vIcDqxU

ChangesThe film industry moves from the East Coast to HollywoodIndependent film companies merged to create the Big Five and other large film companiesFrom the Code of Production that censored movies to free artistic expression with film ratingsFilms went from 1 reel (15 minutes) to 3-4 reels (60 minutes)Hollywood movies began to be produced with foreign language subtitles for distribution in EuropeScary movies went from just costumes and sets to suspense and goreThere was a transition from war-based material to musicals (1930s)Special effects advanced from stop and trick-photography to 3-D computer generation, specialized cameras, and motion-capturing body suits

Changes ContinuedThe creation of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the growing number of Oscar categoriesThe replacement of Technicolor with Kodaks Eastman ColorThe invention of the ribbon microphone so extra noise was eliminatedFrom hand-drawn animations to computer-animated films and shortsFrom Bollywood being just introduced to film to it having sound and color filmsFrom only the Bollywood actresses needing to dance to large group choreographiesFrom live singing performances to professional studio-recorded performances

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