Babylonian World Map (c.2300 BC) A set of tablets include a handful of maps showing how the Babylonians viewed the

world in the 6th century.The world is represented as a flat disk surrounded by water and the "world" is very much

Mesopotomia centered but there are symbols representing places beyond the known world.

Al-Adrisi’s MapThe Islamic cartographer Al -Idrisi's map was commissioned by King Roger II. He worked

on it for 15 whole years and compiled The Book Of Roger along with a 73-sheet world map whose mapping techniques are similar to the Greek.Originally engraved in silver it was destroyed in the 1160 riots .This is a relatively unambitious south oriented map reproduced

from the original.

(Babylonian World Map c.2300 BC cited in Harris 2002 ,p 8)

(Al-Idrisi’s World Map,1154 cited in Harris 2002 ,p 24)

Key Follow the rhumb lines

Peutinger Map (4th century)The original Peutinger map was 22 ft

long but and 13 in wide intended to show the roads and distances between settlements in an east-west direction.This map is a 12th century copy of the original and has been named after one of its owners a German scholar Konrad Peutinger.

Psalter Map(mid 13th century)The Psalter map is the English example of a mappamundi-a midieval world map combining

elements of geographical knowledge with religious symbolism. Here Christ presides over the world and Jerusalem sits at the centre.The earth is stll shown as a disc following the Babylonian tradition and other cartographic elements perist like the use of triangles to denote towns.The right handside of the map shows portraits of part-humans (current location of Africa) whose supposed existence

fascinated the Europeans for centuries.

(Peutinger’s Map 4th century, 2011 <http://www.inquit.com/images/uploads/Peutinger_Miller.gif>)

(Peutinger’s Map 4th century, cited in Harris 2002, p 13)

(Psalter’s Map 13th century, cited in Harris 2002, p 29)

Psalter’s Map 13th century, 2011 <http://www.lessing-photo.com/p3/030603/03060352.jpg>

Hereford’s Mappamundi (1280's)The largest surviving world map of the medieval type, primarily symbolic and didactic in

function.It was drawn by a cleric Richard of Haldingham and is appealing because of the "message from the author". For 700 years it is said to have hung in the Hereford Cathedral.

It is said that "the mappamundi contains such comprehensive biblical,mythical,geographical and legendary material that that it is considered as an encyclopaedia of medieval beliefs

compressed into a single picture" (Harris 2002, p.41)

Ranulf Higden's World MapHigden was a 14th century Bendictine monk from Chester,England.This mappamundi

is part of his Polychronicon which chronicled world history.This oval shaped illustration seems to be the closest compared to the lost Higden's map.Its wavy lines and bulging shapes if anything is even more schematically illustratious compared to the earlier

maps like the Hereford's mapmundi.

Higden’s World Map 14th century, 2010<http://munkwitzhouse.com/newworlds/wp-

content/uploads/2010/04/Hidgen-Map-Large.jpg>

Hereford’s Mappamundi 1280, 1998<http://nerissaafonso.com/blog/http:/nerissaafonso.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/hereford_mappa_mundi_big-862x1023.jpg>

Catalan Atlas 1375Popularly called the Catalan Atlas, its actually a very large world map( 27 inches

by 13 ft) produced by Abraham Cresques.The panels cover cosmological and navigational lore including the lunar calendar.The other sections is the mapping of the then known world with beautiful illustrations with gold foiling. It is drawn in the protolan chart style but one can see it was not intended to be used at sea but as a prestige item. It was presented by Pablo III of Aragon to King Charles

V of France in 1381.

Fra Mauro's Mappamundi 1459Fra Mauro was a renowned Venetian mapmaker. This map is a copy of the original, of which none survived, was

commissioned by Alfonso V of Portugal.While retaining the mappa mundi's traditional curricular and decorative charm Mauro made serious attemps to incorporate sound geographical information as well.The map spanning almost 6½ ft

across it was drawn on parchment and mounted to a wooden frame is crammed with information and illustrations.His work shows he had access to more sources than his predeccors with respect to the Far east since his Cathay(China)

shows an intricate and accurate river system.Consequently his work bridged the medieval and the modern worlds beautifully.

Fra Mauro’s Mappamundi 1459, 2010 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/FraMauroDe

tailedMap.jpg>

Catalan Atlas1375, 1996<http://cd94-upbc.creteil.iufm.fr/Histoire-geographie_cycle3/HG/Europecarte15_01.jpg>

Ptolmey's World Map by Johannes Schnitzerc 1482In the 15th century the largely forgotten works of the ancient Greek

philosopher Ptolmey's maps were translated to Latin and extensively studied.This map is the 1482 German edition which was printed using the woodblock technique, unlike the previous ones which used copper engrav-ing which gave the intricate detailing to the maps, for the single reason of aesthetics.It shows the earth in a trapezoidal shape being drawn on a projec-tion with lines of longitudes and latitudes based on Ptolmey's coordinates: such ingeniously brilliant concepts seem to have influenced future cartographers

after him.

Juan de la Cosa’s World Map 1492The first world map to feature Christopher Columbus's epoch-making discoveries was

made by this Spanish mariner Juan de la Cosa, who was aboard his largest ship the Santa Maria.De la Cosa's map reflects the detailed knowledge of the Carribean islands discovered by Columbus and a good account of North America and western Africa.Either due to misinformation or imagination there are gaping errors in the depiction of Brazil and the

relationship between America's and Asia.

Ptolmey's World Map by Johannes Schnitzer 1482, 2008 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Ptolémée_Ptolemy_map_15th_century.jpg>

Juan de la Cosa’s World Map 1492 2010 <http://www.esacademic.com/pictures/eswiki/49/150

0_map_by_Juan_de_la_Cosa-North_up.jpg>

Martin Waldseemüller's Carta Marina 1507Martin Waldseemüller a priest with apparent knowledge in design and painting made this particular

Carta Marina "the sea chart of Portugese Navigation"(Harris 2002, p 72) in 1507.He worked appar-ently in isolation in the Vosges mountain but managed to be very well informed about th world

expanding discoveries of his time.This map is unusual in combining the sea chart’s rhumb lines and coastal sea place names with a

wealth of detail and imagery in th old Mappamundi style.

Abraham Ortelius’s New World Map 1570Abraham Ortelius was a scholar and craftsman who worked as an illuminator of maps and later established

himself as a map seller.His Theatrum orbs terrarium, which appeared in 1570 seems to have gathered information by his own extensive travels in Europe and the British isles, also his large group of friends and correspondents

seemed to ahve contributed as well.The distinguishing feature of the Theatrum was the critical compilation of the existing maps to give a

comprehensive cover of the world in an uniform size and style especially developed for publication.

Abraham Ortelius’s New World Map 1570 2009 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/OrteliusWorldMap1570.jpg>

Martin Waldseemüller's Carta Marina 1507 2010 <http://www.portolan-karten.de/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&g2_itemId=174&g2_serialNumber=3>

Rumold Mercator’s World Map 1569Rumold Mercator is without doubt the most famous name in cartography. Gerradus Mercator, his father was

a master mapmaker, coined the term "atlas" and invented the projection that has since been used for many thousands of terrestrial maps.

Rumold Mercator completed his father's atlas to produce this world map which differs from his father's in the inclusion of the double hemispheres which was influenced by Italian cartographer Ruccelli's edition of Ptolmey.The large spaces left by the hemispheres was ornately filled in with strapwork by Rumold which

remained in vogue for the next 200 years.

Williem Blaeu’s World Map 1662One of the great names in the history of cartography,the Bleau family was unequalled

for ambition and decorative élan.Willem's showpiece map take in everything decorative from information laden

cartouches, sea pictures of ships and monsters, inset maps of the poles, celestial bodies, superb border panels filled with allegorical scenes and figures.These maps were meant to dazzle their clients in search of an atlas that would show of their wealth and good

taste.

Williem Blaeu’s World Map 1662 2010 <http://www.1worldglobes.com/images/Landmarks-Mapmaking/blaeu-world-map-1640.jpg>

(Mercator’s World Map,1569 cited in Crone 1978 ,p 81)

Henry Teesdale's New British Atlas 1831Colour conventions was also seen emerging in mapping.The use of pink or red to

denote the British empire began in the first half of the 19th century..Teesdale's map of the world was one of the first maps to do so.

The 1841 edition of this map was the first to use red convention for all British colonies, probably used because of the striking/eye catchy effect.The coloring of maps did not

come into general use until after 1850's with the development of colour printing.

John Reynolds’s Geological World Map 1849In the nineteenth century the atlas was nearly finalised and was used to not only

guide people to places but was also used as in this case to indicate geological/anthropological details of the world.This map appeared in 1849 illustrated by John Rynolds giving us an a provisional account of world geology.It was particularly noteworthy because it is an example of using the dying art form

in catography i.e illustrations.

(Henry Teesdale's New British Atlas 1831 cited in Black 2003, p 108-109 )

(John Reynolds’s Geological World Map 1849 cited in Harris 2002, p 240 )

Cotton Trade Map 1886An 1886 map of the raw cotton trade before,during and after (1858,1864,1865)

the American Civil War.It can be seen that the use of maps metorphosized into the a method of gaining information at a quick glance.

(Cotton Trade Map 1886 cited in Black 2003, p 116-117 )

Harley.J. Brian and and Woodward,David (1987) The History of Cartography ,Chicago, 1987 et seq. 2v., 2nd vol. in 3 books (CH, Mar'93). Volume 3 (forthcoming

Books

Websites

Crone,G R. (1978) Maps and their Makers,5th Edition Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd,Kent, England.

Legend

http://www.mapforum.com/01/magazine.htm , viewed on 20th March,2010

Text

Harris,Nathaniel (2002) Mapping the World. Brown Patworks Ltd. London.

Black, Jeremy (2003) Visions of the World,Octopus Publishing house Ltd.London,England.

Peutinger’s Map 4th century,cartographic material, Inquit ,UK Viewed on 3oth March 2010<http://www.inquit.com/images/uploads/Peutinger_Miller.gif>

Psalter’s Map 13th century,cartographic material, Lessing-Photo ,UK Viewed on 29th March 2010<http://www.lessing-photo.com/p3/030603/03060352.jpg>

Fra Mauro’s Mappamundi 1459, cartographic material,Wikipedia,UK Viewed on 29th March 2010 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/FraMauroDetailedMap.jpg>

Hereford’s Mappamundi 1280,cartographic material, Nerissaafonso ,UK Viewed on 29th March 2010<http://nerissaafonso.com/blog/http:/nerissaafonso.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/hereford_mappa_mundi_big-862x1023.jpg>

Higden’s World Map 14th century,cartographic material, Munkitzhouse ,UK Viewed on 29th March 2010<http://munkwitzhouse.com/newworlds/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Hidgen-Map-Large.jpg>

Catalan Atlas1375,cartographic material, Creiteil ,UK Viewed on 30th March 2010<http://cd94-upbc.creteil.iufm.fr/Histoire-geographie_cycle3/HG/Europecarte15_01.jpg>

Ptolmey's World Map by Johannes Schnitzer 1482, cartographic material,Wikipedia,UK Viewed on 29th March 2010 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Ptolémée_Ptolemy_map_15th_century.jpg>

Juan de la Cosa’s World Map 1492, cartographic material,Wikipedia,UK Viewed on 29th March 2010 <http://www.esacademic.com/pictures/eswiki/49/1500_map_by_Juan_de_la_Cosa-North_up.jpg>

Abraham Ortelius’s New World Map 1570, cartographic material,Wikipedia,UK Viewed on 30th March 2010 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/OrteliusWorldMap1570.jpg>

Martin Waldseemüller's Carta Marina 1507, cartographic material,Portolan-Karten,UK Viewed on 29th March 2010 <http://www.portolan-karten.de/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&g2_itemId=174&g2_serialNumber=3>

Williem Blaeu’s World Map 1662, cartographic material,Worldglobe,UK Viewed on 30th March 2010 <http://www.1worldglobes.com/images/Landmarks-Mapmaking/blaeu-world-map-1640.jpg>

John Blaeu’s World Map 1662, cartographic material,Mapsales,UK Viewed on 30th March 2010 <http://www.mapsales.com/products/antiquemaps/images/thumb/world-1664.gif>

Image

Websites

Babylonian World Map, c.2300 digital image of cartographic material,In- Harris,Nathaniel Mapping the World Published in 2002 by Brown Partworks Limited

Al-Idrsis’s World Map, 1154 digital image of cartographic material,In- Harris,Nathaniel Mapping the World Published in 2002 by Brown Partworks Limited

Peutinger’s Map 4th century,digital image of cartographic material,In- Harris,Nathaniel Mapping the World Published in 2002 by Brown Partworks Limited

Psalter’s’s Map 13th century,digital image of cartographic material,In- Harris,Nathaniel Mapping the World Published in 2002 by Brown Partworks Limited

Henry Teesdale's New British Atlas 1831,digital image of cartographic material,In- Black,Jeremy Visions of the world Published in 2003 Octopus Publishing Group Limited

John Reynolds’s Geological World Map 1849, digital image of cartographic material,In- Harris,Nathaniel Mapping the World Published in 2002 by Brown Partworks Limited

Cotton Trade Map 1886,digital image of cartographic material,In- Black,Jeremy Visions of the world Published in 2003 Octopus Publishing Group Limited

Korean Map of theWorld c.1750,digital image of cartographic material,In- Black,Jeremy Visions of the world Published in 2003 Octopus Publishing Group Limited

Books