VA/US SOL Review of Unit 3:SOL 7

Civil War & Reconstruction

Causes of the Civil War

A. Sectional debate over tariffs- North favored high tariffs, South opposed them

B. Extension of slavery in the territories-Balance of free to slave states

C. Nature of the Union (States’ rights v. Federal Rights/ Power)

Causes of the Civil War…

D. Northern abolitionists v. southern defenders of slavery-Contradictions between slavery & democracy

E. Southern Fears:-Loss of political strength by the South in Congress-Southern fear that North was out to change/ destroy their way of life

F. US Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case

Causes of the Civil War…

G. Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

H. Ineffective presidential leadership in the 1850s

I. A history of failed compromises over the expansion of slavery in the territories

J. President Lincoln’s call for federal troops in 1861

The Civil War

• The secession of southern states triggered a long & costly war that concluded with a Northern victory and resulted in the restoration of the Union, and emancipation of the slaves. The Civil War put constitutional government to its most important test as the debate over the power of the federal government versus states’ rights reached a climax. The survival of the US as one nation was at risk, and the nation’s ability to bring to reality the ideals of liberty, equality & justice depended on the outcome of the war.

Lincoln elected: Nov 6, 1860

• However, only 40% of the US population voted for him. Before he was even inaugurated, the South started to secede from the Union because they feared he would abolish slavery.

• He was sworn in as our 16th President on March 4, 1861.

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the

War”

Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the

War”

23,000 casualties

23,000 casualties

September 17, 1862September 17, 1862

TheEmancipationProclamation

-issued after the Battle of Antietam

TheEmancipationProclamation

-issued after the Battle of Antietam

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

Gettysburg was a turning point of the Civil War.

Sherman’s

“Marchto theSea”

throughGeorgia,

1864

Sherman’s

“Marchto theSea”

throughGeorgia,

1864

1864 Election1864 Election

Pres. Lincoln (R)Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D)

George McClellan (D)

The Final Virginia Campaign:1864-1865

The Final Virginia Campaign:1864-1865

Surrender at Appomattox

April 9, 1865-Lee surrendered to Grant

Surrender at Appomattox

April 9, 1865-Lee surrendered to Grant

Presidents during the Civil War

Presidents during the Civil War

Jefferson Davis (CSA)Jefferson Davis (CSA)Abraham Lincoln (USA)

Abraham Lincoln (USA)

Military Leaders during the Civil War

Military Leaders during the Civil War

-Union Military Commander

(U.S. Grant)

-Became President of the US during most of Reconstruction

-Union Military Commander

(U.S. Grant)

-Became President of the US during most of Reconstruction

Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant

Military Leaders during the Civil War

Military Leaders during the Civil War

Robert E. Lee (Confederate)Robert E. Lee (Confederate)

-Confederate General of the Army of Northern VA.

-Opposed secession but couldn’t fight against home state of VA

-Lincoln’s 1st

choice for General

-After Appomattox he urged Southerners to accept defeat & rejoin the Union

-Confederate General of the Army of Northern VA.

-Opposed secession but couldn’t fight against home state of VA

-Lincoln’s 1st

choice for General

-After Appomattox he urged Southerners to accept defeat & rejoin the Union

Influential Leader during/ after the Civil War

Influential Leader during/ after the Civil War

Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass

-Former slave

-Prominent abolitionist

-Fought for Blacks to be allowed to join the Union army

-Became an Ambassador to Haiti after the CW

-Former slave

-Prominent abolitionist

-Fought for Blacks to be allowed to join the Union army

-Became an Ambassador to Haiti after the CW

“Words” of Lincoln

• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address said the US was one nation, not independent sovereign states. – Nation “of the people,

by the people & for the people.”

• Lincoln believed the Civil War was fought to fulfill the promise of the Declaration of Independence & was a “2nd American Revolution.”

Lincoln’s Words…• The Emancipation

Proclamation– Freed slaves in the

“rebelling” states (ones that had seceded)

– Made abolishing slavery a Northern war aim

– Discouraged any interference of foreign governments

– Allowed blacks to enlist in the Union army

• Gettysburg Address– Described the Civil War as

a struggle to preserve a nation dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal” and that was ruled by a government “of the people, by the people & for the people”

– Believed America was “one nation;” not a collection of sovereign states.

Put in Chronological Order• Dred Scott Decision• Abraham Lincoln elected

President• Kansas-Nebraska Act• Lee surrenders at

Appomattox• Lincoln gives Gettysburg

Address• Nat Turner leads slave

rebellion• Missouri Compromise

• Shots fired at Fort Sumter• South defeated at

Antietam• Uncle Tom’s Cabin

published• Emancipation

Proclamation issued• Lincoln’s call for federal

troops• Battle of Gettysburg• Fugitive Slave Law

6

2

1

8

10

4

11

9

12

3

7

5

14

13

Political Effects of the War

• Lincoln’s view that the US was one indivisible nation had prevailed

• Lincoln believed that since secession was illegal, Reconstruction was just a matter of installing governments loyal to the Union

• Lincoln didn’t want to punish the South. He said, “Act with malice towards none, with charity for all… to bind up the nation’s wounds.”

Political Effects of the War

• The assassination of Lincoln after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox allowed the Radical Republicans to take over Reconstruction in a manner much more punitive towards the South. They put the South under military occupation.

• Radical Republicans wanted to guarantee rights to former slaves. The new President, Andrew Johnson, fought with them over the civil rights. They even tried to impeach him but failed.

The Civil War Amendments

• Remember: Free Citizens Vote– 13th Amendment = Abolished slavery • Slaves are now “Free”

– 14th Amendment = Citizenship & prohibited states from denying equal rights under the law• Blacks, who as slaves had been property, are now

“citizens”

– 15th Amendment = Allowed black men to vote• Black (men) can “vote”

Economic Impact from the Civil Warfor the South

• Left embittered and devastated• Farms, railroads & factories had been destroyed in the

South• Confederate money was worthless• Many cities and towns such as Richmond & Atlanta

were in ruins• Source of labor was changed due to loss of life during

the war & ending slavery• Remained an agricultural-based economy & really

poor for decades after the War

Economic Impact from the Civil Warfor the North

• Emerged with strong & growing industrial economies, laying the foundation for the sweeping industrialization of the nation

• Helped the US become a global economic power by the beginning of the 20th century

• The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad after the war ended intensified the westward movement of settlers.

Impact of the Civil War on People• African-Americans

– The Emancipation Proclamation allowed for the enlistment of African American soldiers.

• Common Soldiers– Warfare often involved hand-to-hand combat– War time diaries and letters home record this harsh reality.– After the war, especially in the South, soldiers returned home to find

homes destroyed and poverty. Soldiers on both sides lived with permanent disabilities.

• Women– Managed homes and families with scarce resources– Often faced poverty and hunger– Assumed new roles in agriculture, nursing and in war industries

The End of Reconstruction

• The Reconstruction period ended following the extremely close presidential election of 1876.

• In return for support from Southern Democrats in the electoral college vote, the Republicans ended military occupation.

• Known as the Compromise of 1877, this enabled former Confederates who controlled the Democratic Party to regain power.

• It opened the door to the “Jim Crow Era,” which limited the rights of blacks in the South.

Post-War Contributions of Leaders• Ulysses S. Grant

– Urged Radical Republicans not to be harsh with former Confederates – Elected President and served during most of Reconstruction– Advocated rights for the freedman– Opposed retribution directed to the defeated South

• Robert E. Lee– Urged Southerners to reconcile and rejoin the United States– Served as President of Washington College (Washington & Lee University today)– Emphasized the importance of education to the nation’s future

• Frederick Douglass– Supported full equality for African-Americans– Advocated for the passage of the 14th & 15th Amendments– Encouraged federal government actions to protect the rights of the freedmen in the

South– Served as ambassador to Haiti and in the civil service

Question Time!!!

Show me what you know

1. Which effect of the Civil War on the South is illustrated by this photograph?

A. Industrial pollutionB. Economic

devastationC. Political corruptionD. Agricultural

destructionRichmond, VA

2. Uprisings led by Nat Turner & Gabriel Prosser contributed to the Southern states’ decisions to-

A. Pass harsh fugitive slave lawsB. Accept the Missouri CompromiseC. Enact Jim Crow legislationD. Support the passing of higher tariffs

3. In the Gettysburg Address, President Abraham Lincoln rejected the idea that the country was---A. A federation of sovereign statesB. A society based on equalityC. Committed to unity at any costD. Founded on democratic ideals

4. The Battle of Gettysburg was a significant event of the Civil War because it---A. Caused states to secede from the UnionB. Was the opening conflict of the warC. Forced the surrender of the SouthD. Was the turning point of the war

5. Which man was a United States Senator who became the leader of the Confederacy?A. Robert E. LeeB. Jefferson DavisC. Nat TurnerD. Stonewall Jackson

6. This statement expressed President Lincoln’s plans for---A. Creating a strategy for a Union victoryB. Eliminating Jim Crow lawsC. Convincing Congress to abolish slaveryD. Readmitting the Confederate states

With malice toward non; with charity for all…let us strive…to bind up the nation’s wounds…

-Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address

7. One major economic impact of the Civil War was the ---A. Emergence of the South as a manufacturing

centerB. Increase in the number of laborers relocating

to the SouthC. Strengthening of the North and Midwest

industrial regionsD. Increase in tariffs imposed on French &

British goods

8. What failed to carry out the ideals expressed in the Declaration of Independence?A. Bill of RightsB. Dred Scott decisionC. 14th amendmentD. Voting Rights Act of 1965