Valentine’s Day Cards

*Create a Valentine from yourself to a historical figure/event we have studied in class.

*Make sure to include a historical connection that shows you have an understanding of the significance of that person/event within history.

The History of Valentine's Day!

From these famous dictators to you….with love!

Example

Dear “ “,

Love,

WarmUp #3• What are 3 differences between the Classical &

Hellenistic Eras in Ancient Greece.

• Who won the Peloponnesian War?

• What was a long-term consequence of the Peloponnesian War?

Chp. 6: Self-read & study!

The founding of Rome• Etruscans (had kings/tyrants) THUS…• Romans (wanted republic)– Patricians– Plebeians• law: 12 tables (including trials!)• elect officials• veto power

Punic Wars: Rome was expanding: defeated Etruscan & Greek cities in southern Italy…then it went further south into Sicily & came up against the Carthaginians. Thus, WAR!!!

Punic Wars: 264-146 BC• wars between Rome & Carthage for control of

Mediterranean Sea• 1st Punic War: fought over Sicily…Rome won!• 2nd Punic War ~218-201 BC: Carthage, led by Hannibal,

engaged in a sneak attack on Rome. Using elephants, they came through Spain & over the Alps Mountains.– defeated the Romans but didn’t conquer Rome– Rome raised up a new army & slowly pushed the

Carthaginians out– Scipio invaded Carthage 3rd Punic War: Rome completely destroyed Carthage

Republic to Empire:~Senatorial Power:*Senators were patricians*took land from poor, thus the poor had nowhere to go…so they came to Rome~Gracchi Brothers *Tiberias & Gaius tried to pass reforms (i.e.-taking land from the rich & giving it to the poor.) *killed by Senators~Roman Army Interferes:*Marius recruited soldiers & promised land for service*poor could rise through ranks of society*soldiers loyal to general (not Rome)*generals used armies to attack Rome*civil war for 50 years

~60 BC: 3 leaders formed the First Triumvirate*Julius Caesar: general in Gaul (France)*Pompey: general in Spain*Crassus: richest man in Rome ~Crassus died & the Senate voted for Caesar to give up his command, but he refused = civil war between Caesar & Pompey ~Caesar won & in 44 BC, he became dictator: absolute ruler

*killed by Senators

Caesar & Pompey

Second Triumvirate:• After Julius Caesar’s death, 2nd Triumvirate formed:

– Octavian: Julius Caesar’s adopted son & heir– Marc Antony: Julius Caesar’s ally & friend– Lepidus: a priest

• ended in civil war: Octavian v. Antony & Cleopatra (they committed suicide)

• Octavian becomes Caesar Augustus– ruled 31 BC-14 AD & given title, Augustus (revered one)

• controlled army & politics• extended Roman power into Egypt & Europe

– always trouble w/ Germanic tribes

• emperors chose successor: not hereditary• emperors took power from Senate & became more corrupt

(Caligula, Nero)• Pax Romana: time of peace & prosperity under 5 Good

Emperors• expanded empire & built Hadrian’s Wall in Britain, but

eventually was too big & had to pull back• peace > increased trade > new items in empire > people

become richer• huge gulf between rich & poor

Pax Romana: ~14–180 ADMAP: analyze & questions on pg. 175

Roman Art & Culture

Roman Architecture• copied Greeks: statues (realism)• for architecture: used arches,

domes & vaults to create huge structures (Pantheon)

• aqueducts: hugely important to bring water to city for drinking, bathing, etc.

• had sewer system• road system: incredible, as over

50,000 miles paved

Pantheon, Aqueducts, Roads

Roman Literature• ideas copied from Greeks• height of Roman literature under Caesar Augustus (Octavian)• Virgil wrote Aeneid (pg. 182)

– founding of Rome– showed duty, piety & faithfulness

• Livy: main historian, as he saw history as series of moral lessons

Family LifePaterfamilias: dominant male in family…& controlled family business

Education in home until 16boys: formal school girls: got married

patriarchal: women always under protection of male guardian-adoption

Slavery:• slaves: people captured in foreign wars – Greeks, Carthaginians, Nubians, Germans, Jews, Syrians, etc.– slaves in home – slaves outside the home

• Gladiators:– slaves trained to fight to death

for the entertainment of Romans

• slaves not treated well,leading to many revolts (i.e. Spartacus)

Daily Life• Rome was overcrowded &

not safe at night• many public buildings: baths,

markets (forum), temples, theaters, amphitheaters (coliseum)

• most poor lived in insulae: huge apartment-like buildings

• Caesars tried to appease the masses with grain & entertainment– chariot races (Circus

Maximus), gladiatorial contests & theater productions

Entertainment:• …Already long ago, from when we

sold our vote to no man, the People have abdicated our duties; for the People who once upon a time handed out military command, high civil office, legions—everything, now restrains itself and anxiously hopes for just two things: bread and circuses…

• …iam pridem, ex quo suffragia nulli uendimus, effudit curas; nam qui dabat olim imperium, fasces, legiones, omnia, nunc se continet atque duas tantum res anxius optat, panem et circenses.

• (Juvenal, Satire 10.77–81)

WarmUp #4• Who were the two powers fighting the Punic Wars?• How did the Punic Wars finally come to an end?• In ancient Rome, senators belonged to which social

class? (two main social classes)• Who made up the 1st Triumvirate?• Why did people like the Gracchi brothers & Julius

Caesar get killed?

Homework (previews future…)• Chp. 6 Section Assessments– Section 3: #1-2 (pg. 182)– Section 4: #1-4 (pg. 187)– Section 5: #1-3 (pg. 191)

Rise of Christianity:

Roman Religion:• basically borrowed from

Greeks, but changed names

• polytheistic, added gods/goddesses over time (Isis from Egypt)

• emperor (Caesar) worshiped as a god

• believed this kept empire strong & peaceful

Jewish Background:• monotheistic• Rome (under Pompey) directly ruled Palestine/Judea

– ~60 BC• Jews differed on how to relate to Romans– Pharisees: completely opposed to Rome & lived apart– Sadducees: worked with Rome to gain power– Essenes: lived apart from everyone

• never a peaceful co-existence, as Romans tried to force Jews to worship emperor, leading to an open rebellion

• 66-70 AD: the Roman army fought the Jews & defeated them under Titus: completely destroyed Jerusalem & temple 70 AD

Destruction of Jerusalem

Life of Jesus:• born ~4 BC in Bethlehem near Jerusalem• grew up in Galilee (northern Palestine)• traveled in Palestine, teaching & performing miracles• main teachings:– God’s transformation of a person: most important, not rituals– people should love God first, then others– humility, charity & love for others

• very controversial: crucified by Pontius Pilate (Roman governor in Palestine) for possibly being a revolutionary vs. Rome

• rose again & appeared to His followers (disciples)– Christmas: celebrates His birth– Good Friday (3 days before Easter): celebrates His death– Easter: celebrates His resurrection

Jesus' message to others- Love Your Enemies

Teachings of Christianity:• monotheistic: God of Judaism• Jesus is God’s Son & came to die for sins of humans• people who believe in Jesus will be saved & after

death, be in Heaven forever• people who do not believe will be separated from

God forever (in hell or in the “lake of fire”)• cannot earn salvation: God’s gift• personal relationship with God through Jesus

Maps: Palestine during time of Jesus & modern day Israel/Palestine

Document: “New Testament” pg. 185Map: analyze “Spread of Christianity” on pg. 186 & answer questions

Beginning & Spread of Christianity• Jesus’ followers: disciples & leaders: apostles• at first, considered just to be another sect of Judaism• spread by disciples as they went around Roman Empire– best known are Peter & Paul (Jewish, formerly Saul)

• biographies of Jesus (Gospels) & Pauline letters of theology• at first, tolerated by Romans, but soon persecuted because

Christians would not worship emperor (fed to lions, Nero, etc.)• people were killed because of beliefs :– martyrs

called Jesus “Christ” from Greek word Christos meaning Messiah (restoring Kingdom of David)

Triumph of Christianity:• persecution lessened under 5 Good Emperors

– Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius– picked up again with Diocletian

• persecution forced Christians to organize• only those truly committed, would convert

• people interested because of spiritual equality & strong community (strong sense of help)

• Constantine: 1st Christian emperor (battle in 312 AD)• issued Edict of Milan: giving religious toleration to Christians

• Theodosius made Christianity, the official religion of the Roman Empire in ~391 AD (outlaws non-Christian sacrifices)– polytheism started disappearing throughout Empire

Judaism Buddhism Hinduism Christianity

Beliefs:(afterlife, creation, main concepts etc)

Founder, gods, people:

Holy books/ texts:

Location:(where it was founded & where it spread)

Comparing Religions

WarmUp #5

• Give two differences between Roman polytheism & Christianity.

Decline & Fall of Roman Empire

Decline of the Roman Empire:• 79 AD: Pompeii destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius

– some saw this as judgment

• death of Marcus Aurelius ended Pax Romana ~180 AD

• followed by time of chaos– power struggles for emperors– Invasions– Germanic tribes revolting

• from 235-284 AD: 22 emperors (all but 1 assassinated)

• economic troubles & inflation (rapid increase in prices)• plague

• began to hire Germanic tribes for military

Late Roman Empire:• Diocletian ruled 284-305 AD– divided empire into 4 sections

• most income: to administration or the military• when Diocletian died, civil war commenced

• Constantine won civil war– became emperor ~312 AD & consolidated power

• created new capital at Constantinople (formerly called Byzantium)

• divided empire into 2 sections:– West centered @ Rome– East centered @ ConstantinopleIstanbul, not Constantinople

Fall of Rome:• 1. Germanic tribes became problematic• 2. from north/east:

– Huns moved from Asia & pushed Eurasian tribes into the Roman Empire– Vandals moved into Roman territory & revolted ~378 AD

• causing senseless destruction

– Visigoths (led by their Christian king Alaric): sacked Rome ~410 AD• “strange & uncouth peoples milling about”

• 3. from south:– Vandals moved through Spain & North Africa to sack Rome again: 455 AD

• 4. from north:– Romans joined Visigoths to fight Huns in Gaul (France)

• defeated Attila, the leader of the Huns, in 451 AD

– Attila tried to attack Rome, but left b/c of Pope Leo I

• finally Rome fell 476 AD when Odoacer, Germanic head of army, deposed last Roman emperor

MAP: pg. 189 & Questions

Fall of Western Roman Empire

Theories as to the Fall of Rome:• Christian emphasis on spiritual kingdom weakened Roman

military state

• traditional Italian values slipped as more non-Romans gained citizenship & power

• lead poisoning weakened people’s mental state

• plague wiped out 1/10 of the population

• Rome did not advance technologically b/c of slaves

• Romans could not put together a good political systemForensics in History: pg. 190

No one theory can completely explain why the Roman Empire fell: it was a combination of reasons…

Assignment: Create a BUMPER STICKER advertizing the theory YOU THINK played the LARGEST role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Be sure to add visuals, a catchy slogan, utilize color, be creative & neat…& it should be the size of an actual bumper sticker.