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Floating Production Technology
Topside (Production) Systems
Specialist Diploma in Marine & Offshore Technology
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Functions of Processing Facility
Separate the reservoir fluids, oil, gas and water from
eachother
Treat the fluids as necessary
Store fluids (dead crude and produced water) in tanks
Export (dead crude) or dispose (produced water) of them
efficiently and safely
http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/greater_plutonio/
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FPSO Layout
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Falcon FPSO - Layout
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Schematic of Processing Systems
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Primary Recovery
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FPSO Functions
Design of a processing facility requires:
knowledge and understanding of the composition
(organicchemistry),
physical properties of the reservoir fluids to be produced
(both on start-up and with time) and
specification of the product to be produced.
http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/yoho/
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Primary Recovery
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Conversion Factors
Volume and Production rate
1 barrel = 0.1589873 m3
1 bpd = 0.0066239 m3/h
1,000,000 bpd = 6623.875 m3/h
1 sfc/bbl = 0.178 (m3/m3) Gas to Oil ratio
1 bbl/mmcf = 5.61 (cm3/m3) Liquid to Gas ration
Heating value
1 btu/scf = 39.3807 kJ/Nm3
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Relative Composition of Well Fluid Types
Mol %
Component Black Oil Volatile Oil Condensate Gas
Methane CH4 48.83 64.36 87.02 95.85
Ethane C2H6 2.75 7.52 4.15 2.67
Propane C3H8 1.93 4.74 2.20 0.34
Butane C4H10 1.60 4.12 1.70 0.52
Pentane C5H12 1.15 2.97 0.83 0.08Hexane C6H14 1.59 1.38 0.60
0.12
Heptanes C7+ 42.15 14.91 3.50 0.42
TOTAL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
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Properties of Well Fluid
Property Black Oil Volatile Oil Condensate Gas
Mol Wt of C7+ 225 181 112 157
GOR
(SCF/BBL) 625 2,000 182,000 185,000
Liquids/Gas Ratio
(BBL/MMSCF)1,600 500 55 95
Oil Gravity
(API) 34.3 50.1 60.8 54.7
Colour Black Brown Straw
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Typical composition of Black Oil
from North Sea (example)
Mole %
Nitrogen 0.12
Carbon Dioxide 0.92
Methane 37.61
Ethane 8.22
Propane 6.13
Isobutane 1.05
N Butane 3.44
Iso Pentane 1.14
N-pentane 1.87
Hexanes 2.42
Heptanes 4.42
Octanes 4.85
Nonances 3.65
Decanes 2.92
Undecanes+ 21.31
Total 100.00
Molecular Weight 106.3
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Physical Properties of North Sea Black Oil
Arrival Pressure 12 bara
Arrival temperature max oil, no water 60C
Arrival temperature oil, max water 80C
Arrival temperature, minimum 50C
Wellhead flowing pressure 35 to 80 bara
Wellhead flowing temperature 70C to 90C
Wellhead shut in pressure 160 bara
Pour point range 15C to 12C
Cloud point Range 40C to 50C
Gas to Oil Ratio (GOR) Range 500 to 700 scf/bbl
API Gravity Range 35 to 38 @15C
Example
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Typical Product Specifications
Crude Oil Product Specification (on-loading)
Associated Gas Export Specification
Water Injection Specification
Produced Water Specification
Fuel Gas Specification
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Typical Specification of (Dead) Crude Oil
Flow rate : 60,000 BOPD
Temperature : 50C minimum @ shuttle tanker
Pressure : 10 bara
TVP : 0.73 bara @ 38C (10.6 psia @ 100F)
RVP : 0.46 bara (6.7 psi)
BS&W : 0.5%
Salt Content : 1900 milligramme/litre (mg/l)
H2S Content : 1.0 ppm
Total sulphur : 0.3% wt
CO2 Content : 0.005 mole %
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Typical Specification of Export Gas
Flowrate : 40 mmscfd (No fuel gas take off)
Gas Lift Flowrate : 5.0 mmscfd/well
Temperature : 51C
Pressure : 175 bara
Water dewpoint : 26C @ 76 bara
Hydrocarbon dewpoint : 1C @ 97 bara
H2S Content : < 1.0 ppm
CO2 Content : 1.7 mole %
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Specification for Water Injection
Flowrate : 80,000 BWPD
Temperature : 10 to 30C
Pressure : 205 bara at FPSO
Pressure 201 bara at well
O2 concentration : 0.10 mg/I (without O2 Scavenger)
O2 concentration : 0.01 mg/I (with O2 Scavenger)
Solids content : 95% removal of microns
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Specification for Produced Water
Handling capacity : 70,000 BWPD
Discharge temperature range : 50 to 80C
Oil content : 40 ppm (free oil)
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Specification of Fuel Gas
Flowrate (average) : 5 mmscfd
Temperature range : 50C to 80C
Pressure : 7.9 bara
MW range 27 to 29
Gross heating value : 1595 BTU/SCF
Net Heating value : 1456 BTU/SCF
