STEAM, BAHAN BAKAR dan LISTRIK

Utilitas

UtilitasPada industri kimia, media pemanas yg sering digunakan adalah steamAda 2 macam steamSaturated steam: wet steam dry steamSuperheated steam

Superheated steamSub-saturated water

Utilitas

UtilitasEntalphy SteamEnthalpy of water (hf)Heat required to raise temperature from 0oC to current temperatureEnthalpy of evaporation (hfg)Heat required to change water into steam at boiling pointEnthalpy of saturated steam (hg)Total energy in saturated steamhg = hf + hfg

Utilitas

UtilitasWet SteamUntuk menghasilkan dry steam pada boiler sangat sulitPada wet steam, terdapat campuran droplet air pada steamKandungan air pada wet steam biasanya 5% steam dengan kondisi ini disebut memiliki Dryness fraction (x) = 0,95Wet steam memiliki kandungan energi yang lebih rendah dari dry steam

Utilitas

UtilitasEnthalpy of evaporation (hfg) dari wet steam :

Sehingga entalphy dari wet steam :

Utilitas

UtilitasSteam yang dihasilkan juga bisa dikelompokkan berdasarkan tekanannyaLow Pressure Heating Steam 15 psigUsed Mainly for Space Heating Systems and Single Effect Absorption ChillersMedium Pressure Steam: 15-150 psigUsed in Hospitals, District Steam Systems, Some Industrial HeatingHigh Pressure: Above 150 psigStrictly Industrial and Power Generating ApplicationsEach Class has Piping and Valve RequirementsIncrease in Expense with Each Higher Class

Utilitas

UtilitasSteam System OperationSistem operasi untuk menghasilkan steam dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 4 unit yaitu :Proses produksi steam ( steam generation )Distribusi steamUnit penggunaCondensate recovery dan Feedwater system

Utilitas

UtilitasSteam System Schematic

Utilitas

UtilitasProses Produksi SteamUntuk menghasilkan steam digunakan BOILER

Utilitas

UtilitasOUTPUT BOILERAda bbrp cara utk menyatakan output boiler:Boiler horse power (BHP)Panas untuk menguapkan 34.5 lb/jam air pada suhu 212F 1 BHP = 33475 Btu/jamUtk menghasilkan panas sebesar itu dibutuhkan luasan 10ft2 1BHP = 10ft2 heating surface

Utilitas

Utilitasms = massa steam yg dihasilkan, lb/jamh = enthalpy 1 lb steam pd T & P tertentuhf = enthalpy 1 lb air umpan pd waktu masuk boiler970.3 Btu/lb = enthalpy penguapan air pd 1 atm

Utilitas

UtilitasKapasitas boilerPanas yg diserap oleh air/steam

dimana Q = boiler output (kBtu/jam)

Utilitas

Utilitas UNEP 2006Boiler EfficiencyThermal efficiency: % of (heat) energy input that is effectively useful in the generated steamThe efficiency is the different between lossesand energy input

The energy gain of theworking fluid (water and steam) is compared with the energy content of the boiler fuel.

Utilitas

UtilitasPerhitungan direct methodEfisiensi boiler (b)

dimana: mf = berat total bahan bakar (lb/jam)HV = heating value (HHV) bahan bakar (Btu/jam)

Utilitas

UtilitasJENIS BAHAN BAKARBerdasarkan kemampuannya untuk dapat diperbaharui sumber bahan bakar dibagi menjadi:Renewable source (dapat diperbaharui)Non-renewable source (tdk dpt diperbaharui)Bahan bakar yang banyak digunakan di industri berasal dari non-renewable source yaitu bahan bakar fossil

Utilitas

UtilitasBahan bakar fossil berdasarkan wujudnya dapat dibagi menjadi:Bahan bakar padat: batubaraBahan bakar cair : minyak bumiBahan bakar gas: gas alam

Utilitas

UtilitasHeating ValueKandungan energi pada bahan bakar dinyatakan sebagai Heating ValueAda 2 macam heating value yg dikenal:HHV (higher heating value) gross heating valueLHV (lower heating value) net heating valueHeating value dapat dinyatakan sebagai :AR ( as received )MF ( moisture free or dry basis )MAF ( moisture and ash free )Analisa heating value menggunakan bomb calorimeter

Utilitas

Utilitas

Utilitas

UtilitasBahan bakar cair: minyak bumiBerbagai jenis bahan bakar cair dpt diperoleh dr minyak mentah dg cara distilasi: atmospheric / vacuumSetelah proses distilasi utk meningkatkan kualitas bahan bakar perlu dilakukan berbagai proses tambahan antara lain:Alkylation mengubah olefin isoparafinReforming mengubah struktur hidrokarbonCracking memperpendek rantai hidrokarbonBlending pencampuran berbagai jenis hk

Utilitas

UtilitasSifat-sifat turunan minyak mentahDensitas (API)pengukuran pada suhu 15.6C

Heating value (HHV) Btu/lbFuel oil: HHV = 18650 + 40 (API 10)Gasoline: HHV = 18320 + 40 (API 10)

Utilitas

UtilitasSifat-sifat turunan minyak mentahFlash pointSuhu dimana uap yg keluar dari permukaan fluida langsung akan menyalaPour pointSuhu terendah dimana minyak masih dapat mengalirKandungan sulfurBila > 0.5% memerlukan proses lebih kompleksKandungan metalUmumnya terdapat pada residuKandungan vanadium dpt menyebabkan korosi

Utilitas

UtilitasBAHAN BAKAR GASMerupakan bahan bakar fossil yg relatif bersihDapat berasal dari:Minyak bumi: LPG (propana, butana)Gas alam: LNG (metana, etana)Proses penyimpanan lebih sukar dibanding bahan bakar padat & cair karena memerlukan tekanan tinggi

Utilitas

UtilitasLPG Specification

What are LPG properties?

PropertyUnitsCommercial Propane Commercial ButaneMixture 50% eachSpecific gravity of Liquid at 15 deg C (Water=1)0.5040.5820.543Specific gravity of Vapor at 15 deg C(Air=1)1.52.011.75 Vapor pressure at 38 deg CKg/sq.cm13.82.68.0Boiling point at atm pressureDeg C- 429+ 9 to - 42Ignition temperature in airDeg C495-605480-535480-605Latent Heat of VaporizationBtu/lb184167175

Utilitas

Utilitas

Utilitas

EASTERN NG

NATURAL GAS COMPOSITION (THAI GULF GAS)

COMPOSITIONSExisting Gas QualityEND OF YEAR 2000 - 2004 Gas Quality 1

NormalGSP1 shutdownGSP2 shutdownGSP3 shutdownGSP1,2,3 shutdown

MIN. 2NORMALMAX. 3

MethaneC172.4767.7871.4471.0865.3373.0973.6665.33

EthaneC26.577.916.856.958.605.536.228.60

PropaneC32.242.932.873.134.471.361.784.47

ISO - ButaneIC40.530.690.680.741.050.320.411.05

Normal - ButaneNC40.510.670.660.720.990.290.400.99

ISO - PentaneIC50.130.170.170.190.260.100.100.26

Normal - PentaneNC50.110.150.150.150.210.110.090.21

Hexane PlusC6 +0.090.110.110.120.180.100.060.18

CarbondioxideCO215.2417.6315.0114.8517.0415.8515.1317.04

NitrogenN22.111.962.062.071.873.242.151.87

Total100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

LHV(dry) : Btu/scf864873887896927819848927

HHV(dry) : Btu/scf95596397998910219069381021

HHV(sat) : Btu/scf 493894696297210038909221003

Specific Gravity(SG.)0.7850.8280.7970.8010.8550.7760.7730.855

Dew point temp. ( F) @ 630 psi24.5735.9834.5238.5256.8926.9717.1456.89

Wobbe Index (HHV(dry) / SQR.(SG.))1,0781,0581,0971,1051,1041,0281,0671,104

D WI0.00%-1.82%1.74%2.52%2.44%-3.60%0.00%3.50%

Reference condition at. 14.73 PSIA, 60F

Remark :

1. This gas quality forecast until year 2004 before GSP-5 commissioning.

2. In case of PTT received low HV. of NG. pools instead of high HV. of NG. pools. (unusual operation)

3. In case of all unit of Gas Separation Plant shut down, such as power off, etc. (not frequently, and DPCU

run at 60 F)

4. Heating value of sales gas for billing based on contract and calculate from saturated

with water vapor volume.

Conversion Factor :

HHV (dry) x 0.9826 = HHV (sat)

Btu/scf (sat) (60F) x 0.03797 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st) *

Btu/scf (sat) (15C) x 0.03796 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st)

* 1. For practical purposes, there is no difference between the two definitions of the British thermal unit. In the gas industry,

the 15C British thermal unit is the standard and is approximately equal to 1054.73 J

2. In the British system, measurements of calorific value are refered to conditions in which the gas is saturated and

measure at 60F and 30 in mercury (measured at latitude 53N). The 'metric standard conditions' are that the gas is

dry and measured at 15C (= 59F) at a pressure of 101.325 kPa.

October 18, 2001

&L&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10FILE : &F / &A&C&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10&D&R&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10PAGE &P/&N

937 (C-DAY) --> 922

EXISTING AND END OF YEAR 2000 GAS COMPOSITION

COMPOSITIONSExisting Gas QualityEND OF YEAR 2000 - 2004 Gas Quality 1

Normal (C-DAY)GSP1 shutdownGSP2 shutdownGSP3 shutdownGSP1,2,3 shutdownMIN. 2NORMALMAX. 3

MethaneC172.4767.7871.4471.0865.3373.0973.6665.33

EthaneC26.577.916.856.958.605.536.228.60

PropaneC32.242.932.873.134.471.361.784.47

ISO - ButaneIC40.530.690.680.741.050.320.411.05

Normal - ButaneNC40.510.670.660.720.990.290.400.99

ISO - PentaneIC50.130.170.170.190.260.100.100.26

Normal - PentaneNC50.110.150.150.150.210.110.090.21

Hexane PlusC6 +0.090.110.110.120.180.100.060.18

NitrogenN22.111.962.062.071.873.242.151.87

CarbondioxideCO215.2417.6315.0114.8517.0415.8515.1317.04

Total100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

LHV(dry) : Btu/scf864873887896927819848927

HHV(dry) : Btu/scf95596397998910219069381021

HHV(sat) : Btu/scf 493894696297210038909221003

Specific Gravity(SG.)0.7850.8280.7970.8010.8550.7760.7730.855

Wobbe Index (HHV(dry) / SQR.(SG.))1,0781,0581,0971,1051,1041,0281,0671,104

Dew point temp. ( F) @ 630 psi24.5735.9834.5238.5256.8926.9717.1456.89

D WI0.00%-1.82%1.74%2.52%2.44%-3.60%0.00%3.50%

Reference condition at. 14.73 PSIA, 60F

Remark :

1. This gas quality forecast until year 2004 before GSP-5 commissioning.

2. In case of PTT received low HV. of NG. pools instead of high HV. of NG. pools. (unusual operation)

3. In case of all unit of Gas Separation Plant shut down, such as power off, etc. (not frequently, and DPCU

run at 60 F)

4. Heating value of sales gas for billing based on contract and calculate from saturated

with water vapor volume.

Conversion Factor :

HHV (dry) x 0.9826 = HHV (sat)

Btu/scf (sat) (60F) x 0.03797 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st) *

Btu/scf (sat) (15C) x 0.03796 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st)

* 1. For practical purposes, there is no difference between the two definitions of the British thermal unit. In the gas industry,

the 15C British thermal unit is the standard and is approximately equal to 1054.73 J

2. In the British system, measurements of calorific value are refered to conditions in which the gas is saturated and

measure at 60F and 30 in mercury (measured at latitude 53N). The 'metric standard conditions' are that the gas is

dry and measured at 15C (= 59F) at a pressure of 101.325 kPa.

August 16, 2000

&L&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10FILE : &F / &A&R&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10&D

937 (C-DAY) --> 922 (2)

EXISTING AND END OF YEAR 2000 GAS COMPOSITION

COMPOSITIONSExisting Gas QualityEND OF YEAR 2000 - 2004 Gas Quality 1

Normal (C-DAY)GSP1 shutdownGSP2 shutdownGSP3 shutdownGSP1,2,3 shutdownMIN. 2NORMALMAX. 3

MethaneC172.4767.7871.4471.0865.3373.0973.6665.33

EthaneC26.577.916.856.958.605.536.228.60

PropaneC32.242.932.873.134.471.361.784.47

ISO - ButaneIC40.530.690.680.741.050.320.411.05

Normal - ButaneNC40.510.670.660.720.990.290.400.99

ISO - PentaneIC50.130.170.170.190.260.100.100.26

Normal - PentaneNC50.110.150.150.150.210.110.090.21

Hexane PlusC6 +0.090.110.110.120.180.110.060.18

CarbondioxideCO215.2417.6315.0114.8517.0415.8515.1317.04

NitrogenN22.111.962.062.071.873.242.151.87

Total100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

LHV(dry) : Btu/scf864873887896927819848927

HHV(dry) : Btu/scf95596397998910219069381021

HHV(sat) : Btu/scf 493894696297210038909221003

Specific Gravity(SG.)0.7850.8280.7970.8010.8550.7760.7730.855

Wobbe Index (HHV(dry) / SQR.(SG.))1,0781,0581,0971,1051,1041,0281,0671,104

Dew point temp. ( F) @ 630 psi24.5735.9834.5238.5256.8926.9717.1456.89

D WI0.00%-1.82%1.74%2.52%2.44%-3.60%0.00%3.50%

Reference condition at. 14.73 PSIA, 60F

Remark :

1. This gas quality forecast until year 2004 before GSP-5 commissioning.

2. In case of PTT received low HV. of NG. pools instead of high HV. of NG. pools. (unusual operation)

3. In case of all unit of Gas Separation Plant shut down, such as power off, etc. (not frequently, and DPCU

run at 60 F)

4. Heating value of sales gas for billing based on contract and calculate from saturated

with water vapor volume.

Conversion Factor :

HHV (dry) x 0.9826 = HHV (sat)

Btu/scf (sat) (60F) x 0.03797 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st) *

Btu/scf (sat) (15C) x 0.03796 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st)

* 1. For practical purposes, there is no difference between the two definitions of the British thermal unit. In the gas industry,

the 15C British thermal unit is the standard and is approximately equal to 1054.73 J

2. In the British system, measurements of calorific value are refered to conditions in which the gas is saturated and

measure at 60F and 30 in mercury (measured at latitude 53N). The 'metric standard conditions' are that the gas is

dry and measured at 15C (= 59F) at a pressure of 101.325 kPa.

September 25, 2000

&L&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10FILE : &F / &A&R&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10&D

- &907

RATCHABURI - WANG NOI P/L AND COMMON HEADER GAS COMPOSITION

COMPOSITIONSEstimate Ratchaburi-Wang Noi P/L Gas Quality (mole %) 1Forecast Common Header Gas Quality (JULY 16, 2000)

YADANA + YETAGUNYADANAYETAGUNMIN. 2NORMALMAX. 3

MethaneC171.3069.1676.9273.0974.2866.34

EthaneC22.720.907.505.535.717.75

PropaneC30.810.172.481.361.453.96

ISO - ButaneIC40.170.020.570.320.330.90

Normal - ButaneNC40.200.030.650.290.300.82

ISO - PentaneIC50.070.010.230.100.100.23

Normal - PentaneNC50.040.010.120.110.090.20

HexaneC60.040.020.090.100.100.22

HeptaneC70.000.000.010.000.000.00

OctaneC8 +0.000.000.000.000.000.00

NitrogenN219.2025.662.263.242.271.95

CarbondioxideCO25.454.039.1715.8515.3817.63

Total100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

LHV(dry) : Btu/scf730652935819835901

HHV(dry) : Btu/scf809723.5904742521032.9737431305906923993

HHV(sat) : Btu/scf 47957111015890907976

Specific Gravity(SG.)0.7150.7060.7390.7760.7690.847

Wobbe Index (HHV(dry) / SQR.(SG.))9578611,2021,0281,0531,079

D WI (Rat.-WN. P/L to normal)10.00%22.22%-12.41%

D WI (normal to minimum)-2.29%

D WI (normal to maximum)2.51%

D WI (minimum to maximum)4.91%

D WI (maximum to minimum)-4.68%

Reference condition at. 14.73 PSIA, 60F

Remark :

1. Estimate quality of natural gas in Ratchaburi-Wang Noi Pipeline.

2. In case of PTT received low HV. of NG. pools instead of high HV. of NG. pools. (unusual operation)

3. In case of all unit of Gas Speration Plant shut down, such as power off, etc. (not frequently, and DPCU

run at 60 F)

4. Heating value of sales gas for billing based on contract and calculate from saturated

with water vapor volume.

Conversion Factor :

HHV (dry) x 0.9826 = HHV (sat)

Btu/scf (sat) (60F) x 0.03797 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st) *

Btu/scf (sat) (15C) x 0.03796 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st)

* 1. For practical purposes, there is no difference between the two definitions of the British thermal unit. In the gas industry,

the 15C British thermal unit is the standard and is approximately equal to 1054.73 J

2. In the British system, measurements of calorific value are refered to conditions in which the gas is saturated and

measure at 60F and 30 in mercury (measured at latitude 53N). The 'metric standard conditions' are that the gas is

dry and measured at 15C (= 59F) at a pressure of 101.325 kPa.

March 10, 2000

&L&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10FILE : &F / &A&R&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10&D

- &907 (2)

RATCHABURI - WANG NOI P/L GAS COMPOSITION

COMPOSITIONSEstimate Ratchaburi-Wang Noi P/L Gas Quality (mole %) 1

YADANA + YETAGUNYADANAYETAGUN

MethaneC171.3069.1676.92

EthaneC22.720.907.50

PropaneC30.810.172.48

ISO - ButaneIC40.170.020.57

Normal - ButaneNC40.200.030.65

ISO - PentaneIC50.070.010.23

Normal - PentaneNC50.040.010.12

HexaneC60.040.020.09

HeptaneC70.000.000.01

OctaneC8 +0.000.000.00

NitrogenN219.2025.662.26

CarbondioxideCO25.454.039.17

Total100.00100.00100.00

LHV(dry) : Btu/scf730652935

HHV(dry) : Btu/scf809723.5904742521032.9737431305

HHV(sat) : Btu/scf 47957111015

Specific Gravity(SG.)0.7150.7060.739

Wobbe Index (HHV(dry) / SQR.(SG.))9578611,202

Reference condition at. 14.73 PSIA, 60F

Remark :

1. Estimate quality of natural gas in Ratchaburi-Wang Noi Pipeline.

2. Heating value of sales gas for billing based on contract and calculate from saturated

with water vapor volume.

Conversion Factor :

HHV (dry) x 0.9826 = HHV (sat)

Btu/scf (sat) (60F) x 0.03797 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st) *

Btu/scf (sat) (15C) x 0.03796 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st)

* 1. For practical purposes, there is no difference between the two definitions of the British thermal unit. In the gas industry,

the 15C British thermal unit is the standard and is approximately equal to 1054.73 J

2. In the British system, measurements of calorific value are refered to conditions in which the gas is saturated and

measure at 60F and 30 in mercury (measured at latitude 53N). The 'metric standard conditions' are that the gas is

dry and measured at 15C (= 59F) at a pressure of 101.325 kPa.

&L&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10FILE : &F / &A&R&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10&D

EASTERN GAS

NATURAL GAS COMPOSITION (EASTERN GAS)

COMPOSITIONSPREDICTION GAS QUALTY IN CASE OF GSP SHUT DOWNEND OF YEAR 2000-2004 Gas Quality 1

GSP 1 S/DGSP 2 S/DGSP 3 S/DGSP 1,2,3 S/DMIN. 2NORMALMAX. 3

MethaneC167.7871.4471.0865.3373.0973.6665.33

EthaneC27.916.856.958.605.536.228.60

PropaneC32.932.873.134.471.361.784.47

ISO - ButaneIC40.690.680.741.050.320.411.05

Normal - ButaneNC40.670.660.720.990.290.400.99

ISO - PentaneIC50.170.170.190.260.100.100.26

Normal - PentaneNC50.150.150.150.210.110.090.21

Hexane PlusC6 +0.110.110.120.180.100.060.18

CarbondioxideCO217.6315.0114.8517.0415.852.1517.04

NitrogenN21.962.062.071.873.2415.131.87

Total100.00100.00100.00100.0099.99100.00100.00

LHV(dry) : Btu/scf873887896927819848927

HHV(dry) : Btu/scf96397998910219069381021

HHV(sat) : Btu/scf 494696297210038909221003

Specific Gravity(SG.)0.8280.7970.8010.8550.7760.7730.855

Dew point temp. ( F) @ 630 psi35.9834.5238.5256.8926.9717.1456.89

Wobbe Index (HHV(dry) / SQR.(SG.))1,0581,0971,1051,1041,0281,0671,104

D WI-0.80%2.79%3.58%3.50%-3.60%0.00%3.50%

Reference condition at. 14.73 PSIA, 60F

Remark :

1. This gas quality forecast until year 2004 before GSP-5 commissioning.

2. In case of PTT received low HV. of NG. pools instead of high HV. of NG. pools. (unusual operation)

3. In case of all unit of Gas Separation Plant shut down, such as power off, etc. (not frequently, and DPCU

run at 60 F)

4. Heating value of sales gas for billing based on contract and calculate from saturated

with water vapor volume.

Conversion Factor :

HHV (dry) x 0.9826 = HHV (sat)

Btu/scf (sat) (60F) x 0.03797 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st) *

Btu/scf (sat) (15C) x 0.03796 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st)

* 1. For practical purposes, there is no difference between the two definitions of the British thermal unit. In the gas industry,

the 15C British thermal unit is the standard and is approximately equal to 1054.73 J

2. In the British system, measurements of calorific value are refered to conditions in which the gas is saturated and

measure at 60F and 30 in mercury (measured at latitude 53N). The 'metric standard conditions' are that the gas is

dry and measured at 15C (= 59F) at a pressure of 101.325 kPa.

27/02/2001

&L&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10FILE : &F / &A&C&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10&D&R&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10PAGE &P/&N

WEST GAS

RATCHABURI - WANG NOI P/L GAS COMPOSITION (WESTERN GAS)

COMPOSITIONSEstimate Ratchaburi-Wang Noi P/L Gas Quality (mole %) 1

YADANA + YETAGUNYADANAYETAGUN

MethaneC171.3069.1676.92

EthaneC22.720.907.50

PropaneC30.810.172.48

ISO - ButaneIC40.170.020.57

Normal - ButaneNC40.200.030.65

ISO - PentaneIC50.070.010.23

Normal - PentaneNC50.040.010.12

HexaneC60.040.020.09

HeptaneC70.000.000.01

OctaneC8 +0.000.000.00

CarbondioxideCO25.454.039.17

NitrogenN219.2025.652.26

Total100.00100.00100.00

LHV(dry) : Btu/scf730652935

HHV(dry) : Btu/scf8097241033

HHV(sat) : Btu/scf 27957111015

Specific Gravity(SG.)0.7150.7060.739

Wobbe Index (HHV(dry) / SQR.(SG.))9578611,202

Reference condition at. 14.73 PSIA, 60F

Remark :

1. Estimate quality of natural gas in Ratchaburi-Wang Noi Pipeline.

2. Heating value of sales gas for billing based on contract and calculate from saturated

with water vapor volume.

Conversion Factor :

HHV (dry) x 0.9826 = HHV (sat)

Btu/scf (sat) (60F) x 0.03797 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st) *

Btu/scf (sat) (15C) x 0.03796 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st)

* 1. For practical purposes, there is no difference between the two definitions of the British thermal unit. In the gas industry,

the 15C British thermal unit is the standard and is approximately equal to 1054.73 J

2. In the British system, measurements of calorific value are refered to conditions in which the gas is saturated and

measure at 60F and 30 in mercury (measured at latitude 53N). The 'metric standard conditions' are that the gas is

dry and measured at 15C (= 59F) at a pressure of 101.325 kPa.

September 25, 2000

&L&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10FILE : &F / &A&R&"DilleniaUPC,Regular"&10&D

Siam CoCoa Products

NATURAL GAS COMPOSITION (EASTERN GAS)

COMPOSITIONSExisting Gas QualityRANGE of Gas Quality

NormalGSP1 shutdownGSP2 shutdownGSP3 shutdownGSP1,2,3 shutdown

MIN.NORMALMAX.

MethaneC172.4767.7871.4471.0865.3373.0972.4765.33

EthaneC26.577.916.856.958.605.536.578.60

PropaneC32.242.932.873.134.471.362.244.47

ISO - ButaneIC40.530.690.680.741.050.320.531.05

Normal - ButaneNC40.510.670.660.720.990.290.510.99

ISO - PentaneIC50.130.170.170.190.260.100.130.26

Normal - PentaneNC50.110.150.150.150.210.110.110.21

Hexane PlusC6 +0.090.110.110.120.180.110.090.18

CarbondioxideCO215.2417.6315.0114.8517.0415.8515.2417.04

NitrogenN22.111.962.062.071.873.242.111.87

Total100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

LHV(dry) : Btu/scf864873887896927819864927

HHV(dry) : Btu/scf95596397998910219069551021

HHV(sat) : Btu/scf 493894696297210038909381003

Specific Gravity(SG.)0.7850.8280.7970.8010.8550.7760.7850.855

Dew point temp. ( F) @ 630 psi24.5735.9834.5238.5256.8926.9724.5756.89

Wobbe Index (HHV(dry) / SQR.(SG.))1,0781,0581,0971,1051,1041,0281,0781,104

D WI0.00%-1.82%1.74%2.52%2.44%-4.58%0.00%2.44%

Reference condition at. 14.73 PSIA, 60F

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Yutthana Sitthison:

WAN THAI (LPG)

LPG COMPOSITION

COMPOSITIONSExisting Gas QualityLPG Quality

NormalGSP1 shutdownGSP2 shutdownGSP3 shutdownGSP1,2,3 shutdown

NORMAL

MethaneC172.4767.7871.4471.0865.330.00

EthaneC26.577.916.856.958.600.04

PropaneC32.242.932.873.134.4757.44

ISO - ButaneIC40.530.690.680.741.0521.70

Normal - ButaneNC40.510.670.660.720.9919.44

ISO - PentaneIC50.130.170.170.190.261.11

Normal - PentaneNC50.110.150.150.150.210.19

Hexane PlusC6 +0.090.110.110.120.180.00

CarbondioxideCO215.2417.6315.0114.8517.040.00

NitrogenN22.111.962.062.071.870.08

Total100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

LHV(dry) : Btu/scf8648738878969272,685

HHV(dry) : Btu/scf95596397998910212,845

HHV(sat) : Btu/scf 493894696297210032,836

Specific Gravity(SG.)0.7850.8280.7970.8010.8551.776

Wobbe Index (HHV(dry) / SQR.(SG.))1,0781,0581,0971,1051,1042,135

Reference condition at. 14.73 PSIA, 60F

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M.C. Aluminum

NATURAL GAS COMPOSITION (EASTERN GAS)

COMPOSITIONSExisting Gas QualityEND OF YEAR 2000 - 2004 Gas Quality 1

NormalGSP1 shutdownGSP2 shutdownGSP3 shutdownGSP1,2,3 shutdown

MIN. 2NORMALMAX. 3

MethaneC172.4767.7871.4471.0865.3373.0973.6665.33

EthaneC26.577.916.856.958.605.536.228.60

PropaneC32.242.932.873.134.471.361.784.47

ISO - ButaneIC40.530.690.680.741.050.320.411.05

Normal - ButaneNC40.510.670.660.720.990.290.400.99

ISO - PentaneIC50.130.170.170.190.260.100.100.26

Normal - PentaneNC50.110.150.150.150.210.110.090.21

Hexane PlusC6 +0.090.110.110.120.180.100.060.18

CarbondioxideCO215.2417.6315.0114.8517.0415.8515.1317.04

NitrogenN22.111.962.062.071.873.242.151.87

Total100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

LHV(dry) : Btu/scf864873887896927819848927

HHV(dry) : Btu/scf95596397998910219069381021

HHV(sat) : Btu/scf 493894696297210038909221003

Specific Gravity(SG.)0.7850.8280.7970.8010.8550.7760.7730.855

Dew point temp. ( F) @ 630 psi24.5735.9834.5238.5256.8926.9717.1456.89

Wobbe Index (HHV(dry) / SQR.(SG.))1,0781,0581,0971,1051,1041,0281,0671,104

D WI0.00%-1.82%1.74%2.52%2.44%-3.60%0.00%3.50%

Reference condition at. 14.73 PSIA, 60F

Remark :

1. This gas quality forecast until year 2004 before GSP-5 commissioning.

2. In case of PTT received low HV. of NG. pools instead of high HV. of NG. pools. (unusual operation)

3. In case of all unit of Gas Separation Plant shut down, such as power off, etc. (not frequently, and DPCU

run at 60 F)

4. Heating value of sales gas for billing based on contract and calculate from saturated

with water vapor volume.

Conversion Factor :

HHV (dry) x 0.9826 = HHV (sat)

Btu/scf (sat) (60F) x 0.03797 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st) *

Btu/scf (sat) (15C) x 0.03796 = MJ/m3 (dry) (st)

* 1. For practical purposes, there is no difference between the two definitions of the British thermal unit. In the gas industry,

the 15C British thermal unit is the standard and is approximately equal to 1054.73 J

2. In the British system, measurements of calorific value are refered to conditions in which the gas is saturated and

measure at 60F and 30 in mercury (measured at latitude 53N). The 'metric standard conditions' are that the gas is

dry and measured at 15C (= 59F) at a pressure of 101.325 kPa.

October 18, 2001

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Dasar-dasar tenaga listrik

Utilitas

UtilitasEnergi listrikEnergi yg fleksibelEnergi yg mudah ditransfer

Utilitas

UtilitasArus listrikAda 2 jenis arus listrik:Arus listrik bolak-balik (AC) sinusoidalArus searah (DC)Arus AC maupun DC dpt dihasilkan dgn generatorUtk generator DC diperlukan komutator utk memutuskan siklus sinusoidal

Utilitas

UtilitasDirect current (DC)Alternating current (AC)

Utilitas

UtilitasARUS LISTRIK ACLebih banyak digunakan karena :Sebagian besar peralatan menggunakan arus ACArus AC dapat dg mudah diubah menjadi arus DCTegangan arus AC dapat dinaik turunkan dengan menggunakan transformator

Utilitas

UtilitasSingle phaseThree phase

Utilitas

UtilitasFrequency - cycles per second [units=hertz (Hz)]1 Hz = 1 cycle/sec

Utilitas

LAMPU dan PENERANGANDiperlukan diseluruh bagian bangunan industriDaya yang digunakan bisa mencapai 3 - 10% dari seluruh daya yang digunakan di pabrikUtilitas

Utilitas

JENIS-JENIS LAMPUBerdasarkan prinsip kerjanya untuk menghasilkan cahaya, lampu dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelompok yaitu : IncandescentFluorescentHigh Intensity Discharge ( HID )Lain-lain diluar ketiga mekanisme utamaUtilitas

Utilitas

ISTILAH DALAM PENERANGANUtilitasLumen 1 lumen = the photometric equivalent of the watt 1 lumen = luminous flux per m2 of a sphere with 1 m radius and a 1 candela isotropic light source at the centre 1 watt = 683 lumens at 555 nm wavelengthLux metric unit of measure for illuminance on a surface: 1 lux = 1 lumen / m2

Utilitas

ISTILAH DALAM PENERANGAN

LUMEN: A unit of light flow, or luminous flux. Thelumen rating of a lamp is a measure of the total light output of the lampLUX (LX): The metric unit of measure for illuminance of a surface. One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter. One lux equals 0.093 footcandles.Utilitas

Utilitas

ISTILAH DALAM PENERANGANUtilitas

Utilitas

FOOTCANDLE (FC): The English unit ofmeasurement of the illuminance (or light level) on a surface. One footcandle is equal to one lumen per square footCANDELA: Unit of luminous intensity, describing the intensity of a light source in a specific directionEFFICACY: A metric used to compare light output to energy consumption. Efficacy is measured in lumens per watt. Efficacy is similar to efficiency, but is expressed in dissimilar units. For example, if a 100-watt source produces 9000 lumens, then the efficacy is 90 lumens per wattUtilitas

Utilitas

Utilitas

Utilitas

*Steam?? vapor of water, invisible atau visible?white cloud its not steam but a fog of minute liquid particles formed by condensation finely divided condensate exposure to a temperature lower than that corresponding to its pressureSaturated steam?? steam of a temperature due to its pressure, Wet steam steam containing intermingled moisture, mist or sprayDry steam A measure of the "wetness" of steam is >called quality. Quality varies from 0 to 1, with a quality of 0 being a >saturated liquid and 1 being a saturated vapor. When steam has a quality of >1, it is considered "dry" steam. If the quality falls between 0 and 1, it >is considered "wet" steam. Superheated steam steam heated to a temperature higher than the boiling point corresponding to its pressure. It can not exist in contact with water, nor contain water, and resembles a perfect gas; -- called also surcharged steam, anhydrous steam, and steam gas

*We will now look at boiler efficiency.Thermal efficiency of a boiler is defined as the percentage of heat energy input that is effectively useful in the generated steam. There are two different methods to assess boiler efficiency. (Click once) They are direct and indirect method.(Click once) In the direct method, the energy gain of the working fluid, that is the water and steam, is compared to the energy content of the boiler fuel.(Click once) In the indirect method, the efficiency is calculated as the difference between the losses and energy input.We will start with looking at the methodology of the direct method of calculating boiler efficiency.* LHV (lower heating value) or NHV (net heating value) or LCV = low calorific value HHV (higher heating value) or GHV (gross heating value)The higher heating value (HHV;also known gross calorific value or gross energy) of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat released by a specified quantity (initially at 25C) once it is combusted and the products have returned to a temperature of 25C where: HHV - LHV = the heat of vaporization required to vaporize the water produced by the combustion of the fuel

The higher heating value takes into account the latent heat of vaporization of water in the combustion products, and is useful in calculating heating values for fuels where condensation of the reaction products is practical (e.g., in a gas-fired boiler used for space heat).The higher heating value is experimentally determined by concealing a stoichiometric mixture of fuel and oxidizer (e.g., two moles of hydrogen and one mole of oxygen) in a steel container at 25C. Then the exothermic reaction is initiated by an ignition device and the chemical reaction of the components is completed. This test device is known as a bomb calorimeter. If hydrogen and oxygen are combined, water vapor emerges at high temperatures. Subsequently, the vessel and its content are cooled down to the original 25C and the Heat of Formation (or the "Higher Heating Value" HHV) is determined by measuring the heat released between identical initial and final temperatures.

The lower heating value (also known as net calorific value or LHV) of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat released by combusting a specified quantity (initially at 25 C or another reference state) and returning the temperature of the combustion products to 150 C.The lower heating value assumes the latent heat of vaporization of water in the reaction products is not recovered. It is useful in comparing fuels where condensation of the combustion products is impractical, or heat at a temperature below 150 C cannot be put to use

The difference between the two heating values depends on the chemical composition of the fuel. In the case of pure carbon or carbon dioxide, both heating values are almost identical, the difference being the "sensible" heat content of CO2 between 150C and 25C ("sensible heat" exchange causes a change of temperature. In contrast, "latent heat" is added or subtracted for phase changes at constant temperature. Examples: heat of vaporization or heat of fusion). For hydrogen the difference is much more significant as it includes the sensible heat of water vapor between 150C and 100C, the latent heat of condensation at 100C and the sensible heat of the condensed water between 100C and 25C. All in all, the Higher Heating Value HHV of hydrogen is 18.2% above its Lower Heating Value LHV or in absolute numbers, 142 MJ/kg vs. 120 MJ/kg for the two cases. For hydrocarbons the difference depends on the hydrogen content of the fuel. For gasoline and diesel the HHV exceeds the LHV by about 10% and 7%, respectively, for natural gas about 11%.*Mixture of various hydrocarbons with different boiling points.Refining is by distillation.Gasoline aviation fuel heating oil diesel grease asphalt is last

*Crude Oil gooey, smelly liquid fossil fuelConsists of hydrocarbons, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogenOften found with natural gasUsually under rock dome several miles undergroundDispersed in pores of rock like a spongeGushers are extremely rarePumped to surface takes energy input

*Sometime between 6,000 to 2,000 years BCE (Before the Common Era), the first discoveries of natural gas seeps were made in Iran. Many early writers described the natural petroleum seeps in the Middle East, especially in the Baku region of what is now Azerbaijan. The gas seeps, probably first ignited by lightning, provided the fuel for the "eternal fires" of the fire-worshiping religion of the ancient Persians. Natural gas is lighter than air. Natural gas is mostly made up of a gas called methane. Methane is a simple chemical compound that is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. It's chemical formula is CH4 - one atom of carbon along with four atoms hydrogen. This gas is highly flammable. Natural gas is usually found near petroleum underground. It is pumped from below ground and travels in pipelines to storage areas. The next chapter looks at that pipeline system. Natural gas usually has no odor and you can't see it. Before it is sent to the pipelines and storage tanks, it is mixed with a chemical that gives a strong odor. The odor smells almost like rotten eggs. The odor makes it easy to smell if there is a leak. *Arus AC lebih banyak dipakai karena:Sebagian besar peralatan menggunakan arus ACArus AC dapat dg mudah diubah menjadi arus DCTegangan arus AC dapat dinaik turunkan dengan menggunakan transformator