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1
Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Uterine Fibroid Uterine Fibroid EmbolizationEmbolization
Anthony Powell, HMS IVBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Gillian Lieberman, MD
September 2001
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Patient, CMPatient, CM48 yo F, pre-menopausal with unremarkable past medical historyDeveloped abnormal uterine bleeding 4 years ago, initially as heavy bleeding w/ periods (menorrhagia). Within past 1.5 years had progressed to consistent bleeding every day. Has had an associated anemia for 2 years.Over past 2 months she developed pelvic pain, worse with menstruation.Dx’d with large uterine fibroid approx 2 years ago. Was followed initially, and showed little change in size over 2 years. Pt bothered by worsening sx’s over last few months. She does not desire treatment with medicine, and is reluctant to undergo surgery
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Uterine FibroidsUterine Fibroids
Leiomyoma- benign proliferation of uterine smooth muscle cellsHormonally responsive to estrogrogenGrowth during pregnancyRegression during menopause
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
20% - 30% of women develop fibroids by age 403 to 9 times higher incidence in African-American womenIncreased incidence during pregnancyMalignant conversion to leiomyosarcoma is extremely rare
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
History and SymptomsHistory and Symptoms
50% - 65% of patients are asymptomaticAbnormal uterine bleeding most common symptom (+/- anemia)Pelvic pressure / painIncreased infertilityMass effect:– urinary symptoms– constipation
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Classification Based on Classification Based on LocationLocation
SubmucosalIntramural (most common)SubserosalPedunculatedParasitic (becomes attached to pelvic viscera and develops own blood supply)
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Common LocationsCommon Locations
Image: Callahan TL, Caughey AB, Heffner LJ: Blueprints in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2nd ed. Blackwell, 2001
Pedunculated
Submucosal
IntramuralSubserosal
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Ultrasound Imaging of Ultrasound Imaging of FibroidsFibroids
Most common diagnostic toolHypoechoic compared to normal myometriumHeterogeneousAppear somewhat circumscribedMust differentiate from Focal MyometrialContractions (FMC) isoechoic, transient, homogenous
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
US image of Fibroid US image of Fibroid
Images: BIDMC, Dept of Radiology, 2001
Sagittal
Fibroid
UterusFibroid
US image of Fibroid US image of Fibroid
Images: BIDMC, Dept of Radiology, 2001 10
Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Other Imaging OptionsOther Imaging Options
MRI excellent for determining size and position of fibroids pre-operativelyHysterosalpingogramHysteroscopy
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
MR Imaging of MR Imaging of CM’sCM’s Fibroids, Fibroids, Coronal SectionsCoronal Sections
Images: BIDMC, Dept of Radiology, 2001
Bladder
Fibroids
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Fibroid
Images: BIDMC, Dept of Radiology, 2001
Bladder
Uterus
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
MR Imaging of MR Imaging of CM’sCM’s Fibroids,Fibroids, Axial SectionsAxial Sections
Images: BIDMC, Dept of Radiology, 2001
Fibroids
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Images: BIDMC, Dept of Radiology, 2001
Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
FibroidsFibroids
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Traditional Treatment of Traditional Treatment of FibroidsFibroids
Depends on size, location, age, pregnancy status, desire for future pregnancyMedical (hormonal tx):
Provera (progesterone)DanazolLupron (GnRH agonist)
Surgical: Myomectomy (open, laproscopic, hysteroscopic)Hysterectomy
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
EmbolizationEmbolization TherapyTherapy
Deliberate blockage of blood vessels with embolic agentsUsually performed to stop hemorrhage (e.g. gibleed, post-partum hemorrhage)Also used as an adjunct to surgery in treatment of some benign and malignant tumors
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Key Steps for Safe Key Steps for Safe EmbolizationEmbolization
Quality preliminary angiography anatomy, planningConsider collateral pathways carefullyUse shortest, straightest approachAlways secure stable catheter positionVerify catheter position before introduction of embolic agentUse continuous floroscopy during embolization
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Mechanical Embolic AgentsMechanical Embolic Agents
Coils:– Provides permanent occlusion– For medium to small arteries– Mechanically occludes and promotes thromboembolism
via intimal damageBalloons:– Permanent occlusion of large vessels– Rarely used, requires experience
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Particulate Embolic AgentsParticulate Embolic Agents
Gelfoam– Temporary occlusion lasts a few days to weeks– When used for hemorrhage, will give vessel time to
healPolyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)– Permanent occlusion– For multiple small arteries, arterioles, or capillaries – Wedges in vessel causing thrombosis and fibrosis
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Liquid Embolic AgentsLiquid Embolic Agents
Act as sclerosantsMost difficult to control and least forgiving of error; requires considerable experienceSodium Tetradecyl Sulphate (SDS)– Used in embolization tx of varicocoeles
Absolute Alcohol (EtOH)– Causes cell death via dehydration thrombosis– Painful to patient
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Uterine Fibroid Uterine Fibroid EmbolizationEmbolization (UFE) (UFE)
Alternative to traditional medical and surgical txfor palliation of sx’s assoc w/ leiomyomaRavina first reported UFE in 1995Subsequent studies (Spies et al, Goodwin et al, Bradley et al, Worthington-Kirch et al) have shown UFE to be effective in controlling sx’s in 80%-90% of pts, as well as effective in substantially reducing fibroid size
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Indications for UFEIndications for UFE
Heavy menstrual bleeding (+/- anemia)Pelvic pain or pressureCompressive urinary symptomsFailure, refusal, unsuitability of medical txUnsuitability or undesired surgical tx?For pts who desire to maintain future fertility:– Failed previous myomectomy?– Last resort before hysterectomy?
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Uterine AnatomyUterine AnatomyBladder
Cervix of Uterus
Cardinal Ligament (transverse cervical lig)
Uterine artery
Internal Iliac artery
Images: Netter, FH: Atlas of Human Anatomy, 2nd ed. Novartis, 1997
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Arterial AnatomyArterial Anatomy
External Iliac artery
Internal Iliac artery
Obturator artery
Umbilical artery
Uterine artery
Images: Netter, FH: Atlas of Human Anatomy, 2nd ed. Novartis, 1997
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Arterial AnatomyArterial AnatomyAbdominal Aorta A.
External Iliac A.
Internal Iliac A.
Common Iliac A.
Obturator A.
Umbilical A.
Uterine A.
Superior Gluteal A.
Inferior Gluteal A.
Internal Pudendal A.
Images: Netter, FH: Atlas of Human Anatomy, 2nd ed. Novartis, 1997
AnteriorPosterior
The uterine artery is the 3rd anterior branch of the internal iliac artery
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
ProcedureProcedure
1. Pre-procedural imaging US vs. MRI 2. IV antibiotics (skin flora and gram – coverage)
and conscious sedation3. Femoral arterial access4. Angiography for visualization of arterial
anatomy and fibroids5. Bilateral selective uterine artery catheterization
with 5 F catheter under fluoroscopic guidance6. Catheter placement into transverse portion of
uterine artery (in cardinal ligament)
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
ProcedureProcedure
7 Identification of arterial anatomy and branches feeding fibroids using angiography
8 Embolization with PVA particles (mixed w/ lidocaine and contrast) until stasis or near stasis
9 Final arteriogram to ensure adequate embolization (like to see residual flow to normal myometrial branches)
10 Post-procedure observation (usu overnight stay)11 Pain control12 Follow-up clinic, and possibly f/u imaging
Pre-embolization angiography
Images: BIDMC, Dept of Radiology, 2001
Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
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Internal iliac artery
Catheter in external
iliac artery
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Right Internal Iliac Right Internal Iliac CatheterizationCatheterization
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Selective Right Uterine Artery Selective Right Uterine Artery CatheterizationCatheterization
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Left Internal Iliac Left Internal Iliac CatheterizationCatheterization
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Selective Left Uterine Artery Selective Left Uterine Artery CatheterizationCatheterization
Images: BIDMC, Dept of Radiology, 2001
Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
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Left coronary iliac aa
Left external iliac aa
Left internal iliac aa
Images: BIDMC, Dept of Radiology, 2001 51
Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Note: Post embolization obliteration of arterial supply to the fibroid
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Risks / ComplicationsRisks / Complications
Vessel dissection or injuryPost-embolization syndrome severe pain, fever, n/v, and myalgias (secondary to systemic inflammatory mediators from tissue infarction)Non-target embolizationEndometritis, sepsis, or abscess formationMenstrual irregularity, transient ammenorrheaSpontaneous passage of fibroid material Premature menopause
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Major Studies of UFEMajor Studies of UFESpies, et. al. b/l UFE in 61 pts w/symptomatic fibroids:
– 89% pts had improvement of menstrual bleeding (mean f/u 8.7 mo)– 96% pts had improvement of pelvic pressure/pain (mean f/u 8.7 mo)– Median uterine vol. reduction of 48% (mean f/u 12.3 mo)– Median dominant fibroid vol. red of 78% (mean f/u 12.3 mo)– 95% of pts were satisfied w/ procedure
Goodwin, et. al. UFE in 60 pts w/symptomatic fibroids:– 81% pts had improvement of sx’s (mean f/u 16.3 mo)– Mean uterine vol. reduction of 42.8% (mean f/u 10.2 mo)– Mean dominant fibroid vol. red of 48.8% (mean f/u 10.2 mo)
Worthington-Kirsh et. al. 53 pts w/symptomatic fibroids:– 88% pts had marked improvement in menstrual bleeding (mean f/u 3 mo)– Mean reduction in fibroid volume of 78% (mean f/u 3 mo)
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
ConclusionsConclusions
UFE is a promising and effective alternative to surgical tx in that:
1. Appears effective in controlling symptoms of fibroids (80%-95% of pts experience improvement)
2. Appears effective in substantially reducing fibroid volume
3. Appears to result in a high level of patient satisfaction 4. Appears to be a safe treatment with relatively few
risks and complications(Spies et al, Goodwin et al, Worthington-Kirch et al)
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
Future ConsiderationsFuture Considerations
Need for long-term f/u from ongoing trialsUnderstanding potential impact of UFE on future fertility/pregnancy?Determining whether symptoms / fibroids may recur long-termBetter collaboration with gynecologists (most pts now are via self-referral)Ultimately, the need for a randomized controlled clinical trial to compare UFE with myomectomy (gold standard)
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Anthony PowellGillian Lieberman, MD
ReferencesReferencesNetter, FH: Atlas of Human Anatomy, 2nd ed. Novartis, 1997Kessel D, Robertson I: Interventional Radiology, a survival guide, 1st ed. Churchill Livingstone, 2000Callahan TL, Caughey AB, Heffner LJ: Blueprints in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2nd ed. Blackwell, 2001Spies JB, Scialli AR, Jha RC, et al. Initial Results from uterine fibroid embolization for symptomatic leiomyomata. JVIR 1999; 10:1149-1157Goodwin SC, McLucas B, Lee M, et al. Uterine artery embolization for the treatment of uterine leiomyomata. JVIR 1999; 10:1159-1165Bradley E, Reidy F, Forman RG, Jarosz J, Brause PR. Transcatherter uterine artery embolixation to treat large uterine fibroids. Br J Obstet Gyn 1998; 105:235-240Worthington-Kirsh R, Popky G, Hutchins F. Uterine arterial embolization for the management of leiomyomas: quality-of-life assessment and clinical response. Radiology 1998; 208:625-627Hovsepian DM. Uterine Fibroid Embolization: Another Paradigm Shift for Interventional Radiology? JVIR 1999; 10:1145-1147Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Dept of Radiology, Teaching Files, 2001