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SMALL WARS BIANUAL UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

1940

CHAPTER I11 LOGISTICS

7UNCLASSIFIEDUNITED STATES

GOV EBN MEIT PRINTING OFFICE WASEINGTON:1UO

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Small Wars Manual, U. 8 . Marine Corps , 1940, is published in 15 ctlal>tt'rsas follows: CEAPTEE. INTRODIJCTION.11. ORGANIZATION.

111. LOGISTICS.IV . TRAINING.

VII. MOUNTED DETACHMENTS. "-".III. CONVOYS AND CONVOY ESCOPTaIX. AVIATION.X . RIVER OPERATIONS.XI. DISARMAMENT OF POPULATION.XII. ARMED NATIVE ORGANIZATIONS.XIII. MILITARY GOVERNMENT.XIV. SUPERVISION OF ELECTIONS.XV. WITHDRAWAL.

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SMALL WARS MANUAL U N I T E D S T A T E S M A R I N E C O R P S

---

LOGISTICSPar. PaseS E ~1.N ------N T R O D U ~ O N ..------...--.-1

XI. SUP PI,^-.~___---._----.---.-2 t o 3-17 3-14..--__111. TRAN~PORTATION --_-----3-18 15-30---------- &36

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INTRODUCTION3-1. Jagist ics is that br ancl ~ f tlre milittlry art ~isl~ichmbracestl,e ~leti~ilsf transportation and sopl~lies."The 'Fables of Equipnient, Snpplit:~, iilcl Tonnage, U. S. RIarineCorps," set forth the equipment and sul>plies lht are prescribed forMarine Corps expeditionary forces to take. the field. These tablesare a guide t o the fourth section of the comn~naoder'sexecutbvo staffin innking a decision as to the type and arnolnlt of tmnsportatio~land supplies required. However, the supply on lrand at the port

of einbarkation, the time allomed for preparations, the ship's storagespace mailable, the supplies in the theater of operations, t he distancefrom home ports, when replaceinents can be expected on tho foreignshore, and th e condition of the roads and the road net within theanticipated field of operations mill all be essential and controllingfactors in arriving a t the final decision.

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S EC T ~ ~N1SUPPLY

Par. Pageh~fluenco f s~l ql ly n a column.................................. 3-2 3

4458888

...........................................hain of respousihilit,y 5-10 9Accountal>ilit .............................................. 5-11 9............ 3-12 10

............ 3-13 11Supervkion of rctluisitioris ...................................... 5-14 11Acoumulatio~rof stor 5-15 12General.. . 3-16 12....................................mportarlee of sopply.. 3-17 12

3--2. Influence of Supply on a column.-The "big tlirce" of supplyare Ammunition, Food, and Water. Combat troops can operate i nthe field for a very limited time in actnal combat wi th only AMIhITT-NITION, but their continued existence requires the other two, FOODand WATER. Therefore, in order to conduct the advance inlaild,one of t h e first considerations in such a movement must be the meansof supply.Supplies inay be obtained as follo\vs:

(1) From the country en route, by requisition or other nuthorizeclmethod.(2) B y c,ontinuous resupply via convoys despatcllerl from the base.(a) B y taking sufficient supplies wit11 the column for its mainte-nance fr om the base t o its destination; resupply to begin a ft erarrival a t destination.(4 ) B y the establishment of fortified advanceil bases along t heroute. These advanced bases are established by detachments fromthe column initially and supplies built up a t them by convoys dis-patched from the rear o r main supply base; thereafter, the column

draws its supplies from these advanced bases direct.(5) By airplane, either in plane dmps or lan6ing of transportplanes on favorable terrain at the camp site of the column. (SeeChapter IX,Aztiatiom.)?63Q46-40--2 a

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(6 ) , In rliost sniall 5v:rss operations, :I a,nrhinatio~r f all t,hese metll-cnls \l.lll be usecl.3-3. Supply officers.-OiTicers charger1 \\.it11 supl~ly 1;~re dnalmission. They nlust first get the supplies, the11 supply tliein tn t l~ctroops. In order to carry out. t.llc*+>duties it is essential tlint tlreofficer responsible for supply has the follo\ving essential informatiorrat all times:

(1)The supplies and equipme.11t required by tlre force.(2) The supplies and equiplnenl the force h as oli 11:11!c1.(3 ) Where the rcqoirrtl items nlny he proc:ured, fro111whom,zinc1 when.(4) TVlle11, rn11ne~irld in.nht~tl~alrtilies epl:rcnric+ntswill bt!needed.

3-1. Storage.-(/. 'l'ho nlatter of siov;ige is vc1.y clost4y ~(~nnectetl~vitli he problem o f supply u~rclst:rrts at t l ~ rport of rlcharl

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SUPPLY

insure a continuous supply. This is especrally necessary wlten o l ~ r -ating in a theater tliibt has a rainy season.

o. The available transportation facilities will also be nn importantconsideration in determining the location of distributing points, a ndthe levels a t which they ,axe to be kept.d. Quartermaster department personnel mill be kept at the depots.These units mill ordinarily he organized to handle the main sttbdivi-sions with warrant officers or staff noncommissioned officers of t h e

department as assistants or section chiefs. A t tliese points theenlisted force should be augmented by civilian labor if available.e. Routine replacen~ents f depot stocks mill ordinarily be main-tained by timely req~~isitionsuhnlitted by officers i n charge to theproper supply depot in the United States or, in the case of ar t~cle iuot normally carried by tliese depots, by requi3itions snbmitted directt o the Quartermaster, Headquarters Marine Corps.

f . Th e foregoing re~~le~ iisl irr~euthould be augmented by local plir-chases of items available locally a t reasonable prices.g . It will be necessary to inspect existing local facilities regardingshelter fo r depot stocks and service uni ts in order t ha t proper reconl-mendations niay be made to Force Headquarters relative to prepara-tion of formal agreement fo r rental . Failing this, it mould beproper, in the event a long stay is anticipated, to recommend cctn-struction of suitable buildings for this purpose. Ordinarily, i n

tropical countries, service units may b e quartered in tents.h. The location of transportation units employed in the depotsupply plan will usually be controlled by the location of the depotor bases. Such units should be reasonably close to the depots andsubject t o depot control.,%5. Distribution.-a. Ordinarily, depots with force transporta-tion will supply as far forward as consistent with existing condi-

tions. Organization transportation, whether motor or pack, mil lcarry forward from this point either directly to troops or to positionsfrom which troops may be supplied by carrying parties. Force Head-quarters units and rear echelons of all organizations mill normallybe supplied directly by supply depots or bases.b. If fortified advanced bases are to be established, the decisionrelative to their location mill be influenced by the suitability of thesites as camps. The type of shelter utilized will depend on the avail-ability of buildings or construction material i n the vicinity or t h efeasibility of transporting shelter material to these sites from themain or intermediate base. In the latter case, the decision will be5

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SWM 3-5 5 ~ I ' I ' I cY

SUPPLY PROCUREMENT AND D!STR IBUTIO N CHART FOR SMAL L WARS MA NUA L

UNDER SUPERVISION OF QUARTERMASTERS DEP4RTM ENT HEAD QIIAR TER SMARINE CORPS WASHINGTON, D C

MARINE CORPS DEPOTS PURCHASE I N 'HE FROM STOCKS OF OTHERI. 1S A U S A SERVICE BRANCHES1

3. PART OF FORCE DEPOT.IF ONE

LOCAL4. MAIN SUPPLY DEPOT FORCE DEPOT.PURCHASES

5.

d

AOVANCED DISTRIBUTING POINTS\bCARRYING PARTIES\ m

TRM)PS IN COHBAT ZONES&

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influenced by the amount of trnnsportation available at the time thebases a re bring estnblisl~ed. I f local sl~elteror transportation forsuch construction nrateri:~l s not av t~ il~~ble, of the id-he ~ ic i r~ i tyvairced bases should a t least be cleared aud developed as a carnpsite. A n adequate na ter and fuel snpplg should he available.

c. The accompanying chart sho~vshow procurement nrrd supplywill normally exist in small wars.d. Dcmr ip twn of chnrt.-Step (1)-Procurement here and (2)

transportation to depot or forwarding depot is of course continuous,based on requisitions from the expeditionary force. Requisitions arevaried, cor~sistinwof periodical reqnirenients suhrni tt~don nslral?forms together 1771th letter and, in ~mergrncies,mdio, telegn~phic,o rcable dispatches. Decisions as to cluantitirs for, ancl places of, stor-i~ gc dr4l)encl up011 the particular situation and orissio~~. n someinstances thp porl of debi~rkation riight he selected as the site ofthe force depot. I f th e opertttio~~lecessitates the presence of thebulk of the force far inland, it is probable that onlr a forwardingdepot o r segregation point \rould be maintained a t the port of cle-barkation, and the main depot establisk~ed urther inland along theline of communications. There can he no set rule regarding thisarrangement. From t he depot or main hase, field distribution be-gins. Those nearest the main hase mould probably be suppliedthrough the mediun~ f ndvn~lced opply bases at wliich small stocksmould be maintained. If possible, a daily distribution would bemade to points beyond. Failing this, a periodical system of dis-tniution would be made, cnrrying forward to combatant units suffi-cient supplies and ammunition to meet their needs f o r stated periods.This would entail the establishment of additional advanced dumpsfrom which troops could be supplied either by means of their owntransportation, or in some instances, by pack trains. Carryingparties might be employed at this point.

e. It is doctrine that snpplirs are echeloned in depth to the rear,arid that some system be decided upon that results in a proper dis-tribution forward. almost every ae-n most small mars situatio~~scrpted principle of warfare on a large scale is subject to modificationdue to t he irregularity of the operation. It is this characteristictha t sets the "small war7' in a class by itself. It is obvious then, tha ta successful supply plan in any small war theater must be ready tomeet these irregular conditions. Here, the means offered by thespecific local country and used extensively by it, should most certainlybe exploited, modified, improved, where rimy,a n d adopted to the

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SUPPLY

use of our forces. This is particularly tr lw of methods of tmns-po rt . Supply officers of a small war operation shollld never over-look the fact tliat it is always possible to learn something from closoobservance of local facilities and custonu. They may need modifica-ti on and iinprovemeit in order t o meet our requirements, hut basicallythere will almost always be found x~metlii~igf value that can andshould be used.

3-6. Supply steps-From a study of tlie chart above, it \\ill beapparent that somp of these steps may, in certain situations, beeliminated, snch as the Forwarding Depot and cal~yingpartieswhew step Xo. 7 supplirs directly to step No. 10.3-7. Local purchases.-a. Local purchases ~riaybe made at anyof the five places shown along the chain of supp lj~, nd sent to troopsin combat areas.6 . Where local purt,hasrs are made hy other illan a regularly de-tailed purchasing officer, prior aothor~zationfor sncli practice must

be secured from Force Headqnarters.3-8. Requisitions.--a Ilequisitioris for replacements of equip-ment, supplies, ammunition, etc., are submitted to the nearest account-able or supply o5cer by the officer responsible, rrsually companycommanders, t o and through Bn 4' s. Sufficierit forethought must beemployed to permit procurement and distribution by the requiredtime.b. Close teamwork should exist between the Quartermaster De-partment and th e field commanders. It is essential tliat t he Quarter-master know wha t supplies can be procured by the field commander,and likewise th e field commander should know what supplies canbe furnished by tile Quartermaster.3-9. Depots, dumps, and dis tributing points.--a. The AdvancedDistributing Points may br at Area Headquarters or merely at aselected site close to combatant troops. I n countries where the wn-

dition of roads in forward areas will not permit a daily deliveryroutine, and such occasions will be common, it mill be necessaryto maintain small stocks of essential supplies a t these AdvancedDistributing Points. I n most systems of supply operating in thefield, there exists the necessity for establishing pennanent and tem-porary points of storage and points where distribution takes place.The terms commonly used to designate such points are "depot,""dump," and "distributing point." The word "depot" is used todesignate a place where supplies in bulk are storad permanentlyand from which the first step in field distribution takes place. Such

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a point requires shelter, security, and close proximity to some goodnleans of trt~nsportingsupplies. This point is usually establishedby t.he orgilnization carrying the bulk of replacement. supplies.

b. The ,wid "dist,ributing point?' signifies a position or site se-lected for ttle t.ransfer and disiribntion of supplies to consumirrg~units. I t is most often used in connection with the daily distrihu-tion of automatic supplies used by troops a t a fai rly uniform 'ate,such as ralions, oil; fuel, forage, etc. It simply Inenus a spot orarea, to w11icI1 supplies are brought. by one metuns and turned overt o another for purpose of i~~terorgailizatiorlalistributiou.c. Advanced supply bases are in reality subsidiary depots estab-lished inland to facilitate the forlrarding of supplies to the dis-tributing points.3-10. Chain of responsibility.-a. The usual chain of responsi-bility of individuals connec,ted with procurerneot and distributionof equipment and supplies in the field is:

.orce IIcndqonrters

nrlgades.Regiments.Battauon8.Companies.

F4.Force QM .Force Depot QM...M .R4. Bn4.Company commander.Plstoolls or detachments.................. latoull or detacl~mentcommander.

6. In each company is a company supply sergeant, whose dutiesinclude the preparation of wmpany requisitions a n d through whomrequests for replacements of any kind emanating from squads, sec-tions, and platoons should be sexit to the company commander.When t.hese requisitions are filled, the company supply sergeant isin charge of proper distribution of the new material to the lowerunits nnd individuals. Tlils man holds the rank of sergeant and isentrusted with matters of company supply.c. Company and detachment commnndess should exercise closesutpervision over requisitions and the issuing of supplies. This isparticularly true of rations.3-11. Aceountability.--u. Ordinarily, accountability, u~hen t ex-ists, extends down to the battalion in field organizations where thebattalions are administrative units. From there on down to theindividual, responsibility obtains.6 . There is no set rule by which decisions may be reached rela-tive to rewmmendirig the discontinnanm of all or part of accoonta-bility. I11 sny event., such discont,inuance will have to be authorized

9

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by tlie Q~~artemaster,eaclq~~arteriiMarine Corps, nnd apprmeclby the Major (;enern1 Comma~~d:n~t.O. There il l be om:~sionswher~ ome iriodifications of this systenrm i l l be clesirable and necessary, but. nor~lmlly he nd~ninistvalirarirrits of the force vill be able: to estnbfish xncl conc111ct the roiitineof t,heir rear echelons so as to lxr111it and justify the continuanceof :mountability and proper records involving responsibility.d.The absence of acco~untabilitypromotes carelessness ancl wistear~cfpresents a serious obstacle t o irltelligeilt a nd eco~xomicnl upply.Loose hnndliiig in the responsibility for weapous and amrr~unitionmakes it easier for these :irticles to get iuto un;~irtl~orizedands nndeven into the hands of the opposiug force.a. The exigencies of field conilitious ;u.o rc?cognized by everyoneconnected wit11 our service of supply ttnd consideration is alnnysgiven to sue11 conclitions. Headqnar te~~,T.9. Mn~iiicCorps, is fr~llycognizant, of hazards engeiiderccl by field conditions. U~rcler usti-

fiable circumstances, certificates of ~djiist~iie~lto accouutable officers'aCcoullts will t ~ e cceptable. The &uarternlaster's &partlnellt. rec-ognizes this f : ~ t nd acts accordingly but t, l~e oi:~t is, tlint in con-tinuing accountability, there must be $1 certified record of 2111 suchunusual occurrences.f. It may be entirely impossible for an administrative uuit toobtain proper receipts fo r its issues, but a record for such issues can

and should be kep t in order that requests for replacements within theunit can be intelligently supervised by the un it supply officer. Ift h e entire nd~ninist;rative nit has taken the field actively, such cordshould be kept by the ncco~~nL?blcfficer in t l ~ east step of t,he supplychain before it reaches tlie unit.3-12. Public funds.-u. Public fonds for proci~rement of suchmaterial and services as the force may fincl desirable and econo~niptl

are usually entrusted, through oficial cliannels, to an officer desig-nated as a disbursing assistant quarte.rn~ast,er.6 . These officers, when authorimd by competent authority, mayadvance public funds to officers i11outlying stations for certain localpurchases. When sue11 purchases nre mnde, standard forms ofvouchers are either prepared by the officer making the purehas., orordinary receipts are taken by him and furnished the disbursingassistant quartermaster concerned. I n order that such transactionmay have proper basic authentication it has been the usual prncticeto write into the orders for sucli officers, when detailed for duty at

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outlying points, a. specific designation a s agent f o r the disbursingassistant qnarter~nrrsterconceriiecl mhicl~ ecomes the authority foradvancement of public fi~nds.

c. A n officer receiving s11ch designation as agent sl~ould,beforeer~terirlgon his new ~ ~ i t huties, ~ o n f e . ~ tlie disbuising i~ssistaiitquartermaster in order t11:tt there mill be complete understandingof how the. money in the possession of the agent is to be accountedfor when espended. I f such a procedure is impracticable, the mattersliould be mnde the subject of in~mediatecorrespondence betweenthese two officers. There exists such a multit.ude o f i%g~lationsnddecisiorls governing the expznrlitnrct. of Goverirment. f~unds hat noone sliouM undertake disbi~rsing ven to the extent of a, very srnallsurn, without first learning the proper method to ptnrsoe. Such pro-cedure will avoid e.xplmiation and correspondence later, and inay bethe irieans of saving th e one concerned the necessity of making goodfrom perso~ral unds a n aniot~nt f pnblio f~unds pent in error, solelybecause of lack of sufficient m ~ d roper advnnce infomlation. It isdesired t o stress this point most. eu~phaticnlly.

5-13. Objective.-Tlie objective is the one colnnioii to nll ~nilitaryoperations, i. e., success in battle. The well tr:tilled and suppliedfighter needs but proper leadership to win; themfore the task of tliesupply officer becomes one of considerable importance from the com-mmider's point of view.3-14. Supervision of requisitions.-+. The most important fune-tion of a supply officer is the supervision of requisitions. To knowwhat, when, where, and how to get what the command needs, andthen get it nnd distribute it, is perhaps the whole story of supplyinsofar as it affects the one to be supplied. The remainder consistsof proper recording of what has been done; this is known a s account-ability.b. The requisition is the st:trting point of the whole process. I f

it be wrong, everything else can't help but. be wrong also. Xeverpad a requisition on the assumption that it will be c u t down. Soo~ieror la ter this mill become knowin and your requisit,ions will be worth-less to the one who revievs them. I f your real needs are cut bysomeone, find out why and, if you can, insist on what you ask for.Bnt be sure you h o l v what you want, and why. On the otherhand, a requisition should never be cut without s thorough investi-

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5-15. Aeeumulation of stores.-(1. Tl~eres R dcliente balance 111-twcen orersloc,king and nnderstoc:king. Ov,orstocking means forcedissues, wl~ile nderstocking means privation and possibly failnre.

b. Do not perniit tlie accurnuletion of slow-lnovinp stores, partico-larly c,lothing in extreme sizes. If i t fails t o more, lwport i ts presenceand ask for tlis1)osition. Someone, else~vlrere?m;ly v~ant ,l~e e1.ysizes tlrxt are in excess of your needs. Arwnge to turn over su~lisist-ence stores of a staple ~iatnret 1n:lst c,~~co Report.rery 90 days.your excess rlniuititics lo your nearest senior supply oKcer tl~ro~~gllofficial clia~inclls,3-16. General.-(/. The folloning general roles lnay h e of assist-ance to persons responsible fo r tlie 11andling i r ~ i c lstoring of sopplios:(1) As :I rule, providt? : t r l all stored articles.ir s11:lct. n ~ ~ d c r It,prevents dt?terioration.

(2) I n the absence of buifrlilrps for storage, rt.qncst tli :~ inccess:irgsecurity meastlres be hken to iafpguxr(1 yc111r stores.(3 ) Visit the units that you sopply.(4) Find kt IIO\ \ - your sySt(!ll: \r(irks :nld ailju~st t \ Y I I C ~ C I C C C S S I I ~ ~ .( 5 ) Watcll your stock of subsistence stortss.( G ) Beco~rle a~niliarmit,lr the dais containecl mrtler "IIini~rnunsafekeeping period" for subsiste~~eetores under article 14-54, Ml~ririeColps Manual. (Hate particularly the remarks in tliis table.)(7) Ask f o r an audience from time to t i n e mitll yonr conlmauder.Keep him apprised of the sr~pply ituation. Give hirn your picture,

clearly and briefly, and then reco~nmenddesirable. changes, if any.Ah v e all, make your sttpply system fit into his plans.(8 ) Keep i n close touch witli your source of supply. Know \~-llatis there and how long it will take yon t o ge t it.(9) Get a receipt for everytl~ing hat leaves your contl-01. If fieldconditions nre such that thi s is, in part, in~l,r:ictic:ihle, t l l a ~ eep arecord of all sncli trt~nsactions~tnrl set c1ov;n the reavoirs for not

being able to obtain proper receipts.(10) Keep your own sngply rea~rtls p-to-date and render necessaryreports regarcling tl~em.(11) Whe~i on need lrelp, ask for i t ti11r1~ t u , t ec l c t . ~ . C:~moliflage,or my attempt at it ill the supply game, is fatal. I f your best jndg-lnent hns failed, admit it. It is a huma~i liarecteristic and can rarelybe cloaked by a garment of excuses.3-17. Importance of supply.-Tlte importallce of the tlr~estionof

st~pply pon small wars is vvell set fort11 in the follov~ing xtract ttikenfroin S~rtallWars by Callwell:

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Tlle fact that small wars nrr. zenerally speaking, rxmpnipls rather agilirrstllil tt~re llilrl ilgsinst 111iStilt. arlnies ilas been :Iirelldy referred to. It constitutrsrsne of the rnost dis tincti re ch;tr:!eteristics of this clnss of war fare. I t eff~uctstll(! eonrse of 0lEr;ltiorrS to ill1 extent vnryirlg grentl?. nceordieg to circumsts~leer;,but so uitally :lt tilnrs ns to govern the ~ ~ l r o l rourse of the eamptligu from startto finiP11. I t arises nlllmst e rr ti re l~ ut of the dilfieultic~s s regards snp~,lywllicllthe t llentt trs of slllsll \r:tre geaerally 11rrsrllt. Ciimr$te effw ts the health oftroor>s, abscSnce of c~ ll ll ll l~ ll ic nt io ~~eta rds t h e 111orenlent of soldiers, the 51mglcnnd the bnsll e1nh:rrrass a comelander: but. if it mere no t for the difficulty a sregards food for man nad lieast rvhich rondless and iuhosliitxble tr ac ts opposeto the 01Ie1~~tiollsf a 1~rClll:lr ilrili)., gnod troops well led moaid milkc l ightof suck1 obstacles in tlrcir y:itli. It is not th e q!~estiorl of pl ~s l~ ingorward therum? or thrr lborse 01. th e g011, that ins to he t:lken illto itcrouot so much a sthat of ille ~lrorisinnof tlke necessities of life for the troops hen they Ilnrebeen 11ushecl forward.

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S E ~ O BI1TRANSPORTATION

Far. E'agaGeneral .Railroild tr:rnspvrtiltioli. S19 16N o to r t m n s ~ < s t a t i o a 3-20 1 6

~ 1 8 1 5

T ~ a c t o r - t r a i l e r r : l n s ~ o r t n t i ~ ~ i . 3-21 1 6 Trunsportntiorl goalsAriat ion tmnspbrt . 17 W a te r t r a ~ ~ s p o r t n t i o n 1 7 A l l i l n a l t m ~ i s ~ m r t n t i o ~ 1 7 Iniportant poirtts i n i ~ n c k i n g . 1 8 Pack 111ules....... 1 9 P a c k h o r s e s. ? ~ 2 8 1 9 .K22 1 7

a b u l l .Phi l lips p ne k snddl 530 20 fi1cClellan saddle LZ1 21Pack equipment %32 22 N at ive pac ke r s %%$ 21f i larines as packers. :X34 26B u l l a r t s ?A5 26

3-29 It)

Tr ains with c o l n b a t c o l u n r ~ ~ s 5 3 0 303-18. General.-a. Th e types of transportation used in si i~al loarsoperations will vary widely, depending upon local conditions we11as roads, terrain, and distances to b e covered. In some cases theseasons of the year will be a controlling fwtor.b. Duringsmall wars i thepast e.ve.qposjbln type of tllmsporta-tion known to nlarikind has been used, from railroad, aviation, andmotor transportation t o dogs, ele pl~ ar t, amel, and porter wnriw,.o. It is safe to say that the type of transportat,ioh most snitritrle

to any specific col~ntrys bring utilized there. A skt~dyf these localmethods, togetlle,r with the local conditions, will aicl the commailciwin determining the type of t,ransportation to be usoil by tlm inter-venino fnrr~s.0 - - - - - -d. In countries where small wars usually take place, the rands are- "enerally bad and exist in only a few localities. When there is asct1a)n of l~eavy ain, it is nlnst 11rob:~blc lli~t111.acricnlly 2111 roi~d?nnd trnils rill become impi1r5nblafor tnleks nnd trr~cto~ttvilerrans-portation. For that reawn orlier means of transpo~~ari

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SWM 3-19

tlrey are a.vailable, will 11:lre to b e used for very slrort llanls. Aai-1na1, cart, boat, or porter transl~ortationwill llave to be 11sed whtxetirere a re no pass;~ble oads, tmils, o r railroeds..%19. Railroad transportation.+,. Xormal pril~ciples f loa,ding:ntd transporting troops : I I I ~s n p ~ l i r s\.ill ap l~ ly s thry do ilr sirni1:irir~overl~entslsa\vl~el.e,nr;lliirlg u s e of n.l~irtevi!r rail f:lcilities tlrecountry has to offcr.6. For the nsc of railroarls for morement inland sce chapter 5,p~r:~gmlilr, &Iovenrent by E~nil.3-20. Motor transportation.-a. This type of t,mnsportutionslrould be under the direction of officers sl)eci:illy qalifietl in it s mes.I t is not nlways knoxvn exactly mlli1.t. road conditiolrs can bc fouiiclin t l ~ cield, and the 111otor tr:msp yenrlf t llr ro:~ds, ile 1.0:xd uct, i ~ r i i [tl~(!SC:IS(IIISwill 11:tve to list? ingclrrrily ill cnrryil~g u t tlrr. tirsli assignc!d to 11im.b. Trucks slror~ldbe uf rrr~ifonn1:ype glb~~

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SWM 3-22

will xe,iglr approsimately :I tons, : tnns, :~nd itlitxr 7 or 8 tons. Allof tlrese are to be tho track-laying t)]x?s3-22. Transportation pools.-12.. Ii:~bitrtallyertain orgt~nizatior~rrequiring transportt~tionhnve vehicles long witll their operatorsand supplies attaclied t o them as e par t of their orgturic organization.Other organizt~tiurrs equest. transportation as i t is i~ecded.

b. I n some iirst:lnces i t will be more economica~lo oyevatc a trans-portation pool. This is done by placing all tmnsport:itior~ in t,heforce nuder the Force Motor Trrulsport Oflicer, ~vl ro rill assign the(lifferent vehicles to the different tasks as tlrcy arc reqnirc!rl.3-23. Aviation transport.-For transportetio~~f e~~ltl)liesndtroops b y :~iroraft, ee oliapier I X ("Avirltion").5-24. Water transportation.-a. 111 sane inst:~~icesircr Itoats andlighters can be useil to transport troops, :ininl:rls, an d snpplies fromthe port of (lebarkatiuz~nland.b. Wl ~ercakes or other inland ~vaternays xist w it l~iu .l~(? lreater

of operatiola, a. most va l~ ~ :~ h l eethorl of trnnsltort:ttio~inrtiy be opento the force., and every effort slroul

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SWM 3-27

3-27. Pack mules.-a. The niule is tlv forrleal pack ar~~nialsupply tmirrs, pack trains with foot patrols, and pack triuns ~vithdetachments mounted on mules. Tho rnl~leh:~s rrtaiu ailvantagesover the horse nlrich fit l ~ i mor this work, ilanlely:

(1) 'The mule withstands hot weather better, and is ICSSSIIS-ceptihle to colic and founcler than the horse.( 2 ) 9mule. takes better carc of himself, in the I~i~rrclsf a ni~~coml~etentriver, tlitln the horse.(3) 'The foot of the 111nle is less subject to disortlers.(4) Tl~emule is inv:lriably :L ,good Ivalker.(5) Age i~ndnfirlnity cot~ntess i~gi~ir~st~rilrle han a Ilorse.

b. I'aclc mules are l~nbitually riven and not led. . packo~vever~mriles carryitlg weapons and ilni~nunition rill, for pnrpii3es of safet,y,be lei1 in colunin by having the lender of each mule drive. tlie mi~lethat precedes him. H is n~r~ leill , i n turn, be driven hy the manuext in rear of it.3-28. Pack horses.-a. A~iv oor1 r ic li~~giorse o f ilonrltd co~~for-m:~tion,good disliosition, a~id onnal pits can be used as a paclihorse. T h e paclr aninials of a detachment niounted on horses sl~ ou ldalways be liorses. This is necrssary in order to ~nair ltainhe nobilityof tlie mounted detachment. Each pack horse is led itlongside aridden horse. On very n ar ro ~r rails and a t :my time when i t isimpossible for two horses to truvel abmast, tlie pack horse is led be-hind the riddeir horse.

6. Horses properly packed can march at the. samegaits as the riddenliorsr.3-29. Pack bulls.-a. Under cert:Gn conditions, bulls mn be usedto good admntage as pilck animals. A pack bull with its wide spread-ing hoof can negotiate rnnil in which a mule with its small hoof willbog down. While slower than mules, hulls can carry lrenvier cargoes

than the mules usually found in most small war theaters. Good packbulls can carry from two hundrecl (200) to two hundred and fifty(%O) pounds of cargo. They can make about fifteen (15) miles aday loaded but, after 5 days march, t h y vill require a rest of fr omfive (5) t o seven (7) days if they are to he kept in condition. I nemploying pack bells it is advisable t o hire native bd l keepers t ohandle them.b . IIixrd pack tn ~ i n s f 1111lls11~1I O I * ~ do 110t 01~'ratrSIII~WBIIIYdue to their diffr~ rntcharacceriativs.

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SWM 3-30

3-30. Phil l ips pack saddle.-n. Th e Phillips pnck saddle vas de-velopeil to supply t l ~ need for a n~ilitnry ack saddle of simple butscientific design-a silddle that could be handled b y nun.ly organizedtroops with only a shor t period of tr i~ in i~ ~g .he cllnracteristics ofthis sadcllo make it iileally suited for sn~allwars operations. It ismanufact,ured in one desip~ n four sizes, inld a l l shes are snit:~bl$for eit l~e r orses or mnles.

( 1 ) 6'a1yo-clrtilbryt,ype.-72-innn. pnck howitzer units ara equippedwit11 this size. U is designed for t he large American pack mule.(2) Caualry type.-A size designated for the average Americanciwalry horse.(3 ) Pony type.-A size designed for the Philippine arid ChinesePony.

(4) Ca1i66enn type.-A size clesigned for t11e Central Americanmules.b. This sndc1le is designed for either hanger or lash loarls. Hang-

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t7rs fop :111 sts~ i

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qnarter straps), or the quarter strttp I)-rings to 1101~1llc load c1on.n.3-32. Pack equipment.-a. The types of pack equipnient in corn-mon use by the inlutbitunts of counteies where pack trzinsportatio~lforins s basic part of the transportation system vary in tlifferentcountries, :nid solnetimes ~ ~ i t h i nconntry in different areas. This~~at,ive.qnipment, thougl~ rude, can be. converted to inilitary pnr-

W ~ O N N ~ S U &C*CHLSE Glix LOAD PACKSADDZ.&,X I 'zzII .L.~~,s POSYSI%E.d eornplete fighting un i t of go", tripod, ammunition, and spare parts roll. Quick release

devices urr

(1) Highly skilled sl>ecialists are required Lo use i t satisfac-torily.(2) Due to its crude construction it is very injurious to

animals.( 3 ) It cannot be adjusted easily on the trails.(4) Many military lonrls are extreniely difficult to pack on thisequipment.

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(5) T h e pads, cinches, ;111rlother attachm ents T ea r out. rapid11mlder consta nt. usi~ge.(6) P a c k i ~ i g and unpirclring rcquire a cor11p:lratively great.lengt11 of t ime.

b . T h e advall tagcs of Nat ive Equipm ent a re:(1) Generally ava ilable in q uan tities in o r nenr the zone ofoperation.(2) IIelatively cheap.(3) L i g h t in v e i g h t .

RaoTvslsc JI*uxrrsr; O u r IAAD.Trimd side.

o. Theso advantages a r e the only reasol ls vh ich m ig h t just ify theuse of na ti ve r)eek enuiomen t in rx sferen ce to the Phi l l i r>s~ n c knuiv-' . . . . .nlent. I I ~ ~ w o \ . e r , of 11i1tiveN ~ I I ~ ~ ) I I ~ ~ I I ~he c l ~ a a p n e ~ , is O I . I ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~ : L I I C P ~by the h ig h p r r c e ~ ~ t r ~ ~ rf ilniln t~ls llcnpacirnterl by its rise; i ts l i dr tweigl~t s noi ~~tx t.t!ssr~rilyn advtintilge :IS :a11 c~tltlnl t r yrcater. payload call he tx>~rrietl111 11t~nvi1,r ~ I I I I ~ I P I I I P I L ~11wlt*r11 \vitlr v ~ ~ ~ ~ s i d v n ~ l ~ l yless dama ba to the animal.

http:///reader/full/II~~wo/.erhttp:///reader/full/II~~wo/.erhttp:///reader/full/II~~wo/.er

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SWM 3-33

d. The nlmrcjo, o r l~rinritivr itck saddle, has maux sliapcs, beingtnade of leatlier d l 1 ometimes a ~vooderr ree or b:~clc ieces to stiEcni t itnd petlilil~gplaced eitllcr in the leather skirts or betweell tlieleatlier and the iunirnal's buck, or both. This type is rxtlier linrd topack, a s i t reqt~ires~ complicirtcd hitch :wound tlie loid and sirddle.

e. Anotlier forrn in general use by ciriliniis is th e savbr~ck ype.

M I C ~ ~ Z N B 1.01" U S I ' A c ~S.~DDLF,'USYSIZE.;us A\LI IUS~PI I ) IV I'I~ILLII'SSrvcn hundnid i r~ldBfly rounds on cneh aide with npnca on to p of snddlc for additional

enuipmont.It consists of a mooden tree forrnecl of two bars fittinn the saclille".place (betiring stlrfnces) and f o u r stri~iglitwooden pleces whir11form two crosses, orla a t tlie pornmel and orie aL the cnntle, fastenedto these b m . This typemiry be used with flat str aw pads or blanketsor both. It has the advantage of absoli~te igid ity in the f rame ortree, recluires little skill to co~lstruct f materials easily available,and less skill to pack than tlie aparejo described above.3-38. Native packers;-Xative packers lrave been used to good ad-vt~ntage. Two natives experience(1 in packing are generally hired

SWM 3-34

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~ r i ~ ~ l ~ > ~ s l ~ ~ l I i ' r . \ ~ r l ~ , - ! > ~fo r e.verj. l i j x1ril11:11>, sitice (I,-c1 eai:ii a ~ ~ i i ~ i : ~ l0 1 ~ 1 c i .lie bulls :ire hitched to it: to estimate the strain on the bulls\'11elt tiley are att:nohed t,o tlie cart,.(0) 011 the first day's 111ar(:l1,he Lrst cart, drivcrs slioolil be noted.This can be done by perso~n~lbscrv:ttion a.11~1rlrefnl spotting oftlre carts Illst are slow, trnil thoso that czinss most. delays. O n thonrorzring of the seci~id:t.y, o~ sooner if it c:ul b e do~re v i t l~ o r ~ tndue

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TI%ASSPORTTIOS

(17) I n travel ing t llrur lgh barren co ~~ nt ry ,t m a y be necessary tocarry food for tho z~nirnals nd , if t h i s is th e case , th e pay l o ~ dnust118 lc ss et ~e d n proportion. iis soon as respo ~isible latires cart he,founcl a n d nlierl tile 'oute along wh ich the supplie s have to b e tr a n s-ported is safe, i t i s wis e to allow t h e train to proceed ait l iout escort .The natives, if held strictly responsible f o r k)sses, will probably riotproceled if tlinro is danger t , l~nthe train will be captnrecl, as theyv i l l h av e been -warned of this clanger before the marines. Es co rtin gsnppl ies by s ~ l is l o x ~ ethod is very tedious a n d costly il l men.Ho\\*ever, ln~mrniit ion nd wenpolls must be escorted.

3-36. T r a i n s with combat columns.--n. Yrtck tr:lins nh icl l c a r r ytlie sup plie s, baggage, amm unition, an d weapons o f cornbut. colu mn sshould be ni:~de s mobile a s possible. Bo th the nu1nbt.r of anim al sand the cargo loads should be ;IS srnall as is corisistnit wit11 tliei~b solu te recls af tile column, If tlre,re, is a choice, it is better to in-crease tlie nnlilber of :~ni~nalsl ian to i~lcreasc l i e i~~ div ic l l ~e largoloads.

6 . 111 gaieral , the pack 1o:~dr; cco ~np angin g a combat columnshonld not exceed tw-e~lt,y-five ercent (25%) of t h e aeiglit. of thepack animal \r.lrich, fo r smal l mu l es a r~dhorses, would mean 21maxirnnm pay load of a b u t on e h un dr ed a n d t h i r t y (130) pounds.One hundred pounds is considwered an merage load. This is a g e n -era l ru le and the load must be var ied to meet t l ie condi tion of t r ai l sa n d tire coldition of t h e individual animal. Some combat loads millexceed th is percentage, and it mill h ecessary to select the strongestand best ~OllditiOIIedanimals to carry these special loads.

0

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SMALL WARS MANUAL UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

1940

CHAPTER IV TRAINING

4wwRwmmUNCLASSIFIED

& . .\ I I E D STATESGOVERNMENT PRINTISG OFFICE

WASHINGTON:1911)

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TABLE OF CONTENTSTl~c:Small Wars Mt~l~unl , ('orps,nitcd Stnlrss h , l as i~ ~c 19401 i sj):~blisheil n 15 cirapters as follows:

( ' A A P T E K I . INTHODt iCTION.11. OILGAXIZATlOiT.111. 1.OCISTICS. IY . T K A I N I N G . V. I S I T I A L O P E RA T IO K SV I . I N F A N T R Y P A T R O L S .VII. MOUXTED DLTACHMEh-TS.VIII . CONVOY8 AYD CONVOY ESCORTS.IX. AVIATION.X . R I V E R O P E R A T I O K SX I . D I S A R M A M E K T O F PO P UL A T IO N .X I I . A R M E D N A T I V E O R G AN I ZA T IO N S.

X I I I . M I L I T A R Y G O V E R N M E N T .XIV. SUPERVISION OF ELECTIOXS.SIT.W I T H D R A W A L .

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SMALL WARS MANUAL UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

T RAININGSECTION. CHARACTERND POIII'OSE par.F S ~ I A L L Page

Wan s T R A IX IX G............. 4- 1 to 44 3-811. TRA ININ GU II IX GON CE NT ~L~ ITI.- O N . 9 to 4- 9 111. TnarN1NG EN ROUTE:ON BOARD

SHIP....................... 4-10 to4-17 11-14 IV. T R ~ I N I N G O F O P E R -N THE THEATER

A T I O N R . . ......................... 4-18 to 4-23 15-17 V. TRAINING R O G I I A ~ ~ ~ YCHED-NDU L E S .......................... 4-24 to4-26 15-25

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4-2

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C I TAR~CTRR P ~ R PO S EOF S~IALT,m.ins ~ n ~ r s r s c ;(11) Meqsing. To inclu(1e the feeding of troops on tlie trai l and

in small groups in garrison.(12) Laying ambushes.(13) Attacking a ]louse.(14) Street fighting.(15) Riot duty.(16) Defense of garrisons.(17) fh rpri se attacks on ent.my c~~lcaml)ments. (IN) Stratagems nnd ruses. (19) Scouting and patrolling, including tracking.(20) Combat practice firing.(21) Sketclring n~id enal photograph map reading.(22) Marching, vith nttention paid to marching overrough, ~vooded trails, both d i r t and rocky, under varied ~wnthrrconditions. Trail cutting through clense tmderbrush and c011servationof drinking ~vatero be included.(23) Ri\rouacs and campi.(24) Sanitation, first aid, an d hygiene.(25) Hnndl ir~g f small boats on inlaiid waterways.(26) Air-ground linison.(27) Training of officers as aviation observers.(28) Rules of land warfare.4-2. Tactical training.-The current tmining manuals describe thocombat principles for the various arms nnd a re the basis of tacticalilistvuction for units preparing for or participating in a small war.These combat principles inay be supplemented or r~~odifiedo conformwi th the requirements of anticipated or existing conditions. l'heusual enemy tactics encoiurtered in small vars are those associatedwith the amb11s11 of patrols and convoys, river fighting, and surpriseattacks against garrisons and towns. Tliese operations are describedin cllapters V to X, inclusive.4-3. Rifle company.-a. The rifle conipany and it s subdivisionsnre often called upon to perfam1 independent mission. Such mls-

sions include the es(ab1ishment of small garrisons in isolated com-~nuni ties i ~d t strategic points along lines of communication andsupply, patrol operations coordinated with the operations of aviationand other patrol units, and independent operations that may carrythe rifle company and its subdivisions beyond supporting distanceof their bases o r friendly patrol units. Training for small marsoperations, therefore, must be conducted with a view to the probableassignment of the rifle company and its subdivisions to indepmcle~it

4-3

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CHAR.4CTER AXD PURI'OSE OF SMALL ' IVdRS TR.4IBISGmissions. 111 tile larger patrols, the pat:rol leader mill usually find itimpracticable, if not impossible, to direct the actioris of each sub-division of his patrol during action against the enemy. I n ~11~11cases, the leaders of tlre several subdivisions of the patrol-must con-trol their units in such manner as will best promote the known planof the patrol leader. Upon contact. \vith tlae cnemy in tho field, therevill often be no opportunity for the leaders of the several sobdivi-sions of the patrol to consnlt with and receive, orders from the patrolleader pr ior to committ.ing their units to action. They inust know,in advance, his plan of action in case contact is inacle with the eneiny2nd must be prepared to act indcl~cndently vit l~out he slightesthesitation. In the training of patrols. tile independent control ofsubdir,isions should always be stressed.6. The principal weapon of the combat organiz;itions is the riffe.'I'l~e nilrt so armed inust have complete confidence i n his ability t ohit bzrttlefield t~rgets nd must be t2loronghly imbued with the "spiritof the bayonet1'-the desire to close with theenemy in personal combat

and destroy hiln. The fact tli i~t nrilll wars operations mny be con-ducted in localities \shere the terrain and vegetat,ion will often pre-vent engaging the enemy in hand-to-hnnd combat does not removethe necessity for trai~ring n the use the b t~ro~~et .f It is onlythrougll such training that e:mh individual of the combat tea111 isirr~buedwith tire "will t o nin." Every man attached to a combatorgimization mnst be trained in tlre use of the rifle grenade and handgrenade, both of 1~11icl1 re important, weapons in s i ~ ~ a l lars opera-tions. The rifleman sliould be given n course of training in the otherinfantry \veilpons in order tht~t1e may know their employment andfunctioning. Machine L-IIIS~ mortars, and 37 inm. guns may, attimes, be issued the infantry coinpany to augment the fire power ofits rifles. Since additio1i;rl trt~inecl ersonnel will of ten not be avail-able to man the i~ddedwenpons it becomes the duty of the infantrycompany to organize squads for the operation of such weapons.

c. The rifle is an extremely aocurate shoulder weapon. I n t hehands of an experl rifle shot (sniper) it is the 11rosL i~nporlantweaponof t l ~ e ombat units. Other infantry ~vec~ponsanilot replace therifle. T he rifle is exceedingly effective in the type of fire fight con-nected with small wars operations. A course in sniper firing is ofgreat value in the development of il~dividuals s snipers. Such t~course may be readily improvised by placing vegetation before theline of targets on any rifle range o r by using growing vegetation,provided its locatio~imakes the method practicable. Silhouette tar-

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gets are shown for several seconds at irr@gular intervals and at differ-ent locations within the vegetation by the manipulation of ropes orwires from a pit or other shelter in t,he vicinity of the targets. Thistype of trgining develops fast;, accurate shooters.

d. While the development of expert individual rifle shots is highlydesirnble, it is even more important that comb& units receive R courseof training in t,he appliwtion of musketry principles to t,he eondit,ionsof combat ordinarily encountered in small wa~s operations. Wheel-ever facilities are wailable, the training program sl~ould devote con-siderable t,ime twombat rang6 firing. Every phase of netual combatshoul,d be included. in t,his trsining. To make the practice realisticwill require much ingenuity and skillful planuing but. there is noother method of training that mill develop effective combat tenms.Combat practice firing present,s the nearest approach to actual bat,&condit,ions that is encountered in the whole scheme of militsry training.Exercises should be so designed that leaders we required t,o make auestimat,e of the situation, arrive at a. decision. issue orders to put. thedecision into effect, end actually superviee the execution of ordersthey may issue. The degree of skill and teamwork of the unit issl~omn by the mamma in which the orders of the leaders are executed.The conser%tion of ammunitior~ should be stressed in all combatpractices.

44. Machine gun company.-The mschine gun company is or-ganized as a unit for administ,rative purposes to effect uniformity ininstruction, and to proltwte efficiency in training. Daring act.iveoperrttions in the field, however, it will often be found necesswy toassign platoons, sections, or even single guns to either permanent ort,emporwy clut,y with gzwrisons, patrols, or other units. In some ,CILS~Sit may be necessary t,o arm the personnel as riflement to augment thenumber of men avnilable for pat~rol duty. Machine-gun personnelare, therefore, given the course of training with the rifle as outlinedin paragraph &3, G and d.

4-5. Mortars and 37 mm. guns.-a. These ~~~espouswe eml~loyedto augment the fire power of other weapons. They we of particularvalue in t,lre organization of the defensive fires of small garrisons.J3ecrtuse of their bulk and t.he difficulty of effective employment inheavy vegetation, they are not normally carried by small, highlymobile~patrols in the field. In an attack on BII organized position, theneed for both weapons is apparent.

b. The 37 mm. gun is employed against definitely loei& automaticweapons and for the destruction of light, field works. It delivers6

P-6

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CMAIIACTER h S T l PUILPOSE OF $li2\I,I, l i 7 A R S r rR~ls IXGfir% rorn a e~askecl osit ion by useof t ile qoitdrant si g l~ t . IVhen t ir t ~ eis an innp ortn~ lt lement, direct layin g is used (11. f ire i r~i ig e con d~ w te df m m a. r r~asked os it ,ion h a ~ i n giglrt defilacle only. Since i ts ti ~ ct ic alemployment i n s ~ n a l lTars does not v a r y fro111 it s 1urrmt11use i n l r r i~ j o rrvsrfare, there is no need for special trairi ing i~p pl ic t~ hl errly to s~ i l a l lwars si tuations.

c. The ability of t h e m ortar to five fro111 n-ell-concealed p os it io nsitgains t targets on rev erse slopes ancl under cover ~r la ke s t a v i ~ l u n b l ew eapo n fo r s m t ~ l lw ars operations. Rec:tuse

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CHABACTI~ IL, \XI1 I ~ J I L POS I ?O F S\ISI,I, WAR'S TR , \ IN I xGbattalion or higher echelon. Graduates of suc.11 classes are particn-larly vt~luahle s instructors in ne-\rly organized units.

(2) A course conductetl for t l ~ e JUrpose of teaching troops themechanics and techniqoe of their work ard equipment. It does notconcern itself with the developnlent of qnalified instructors. As arule, tl~ese lasses will be condocted by companies, the course beingsoine\vhat shorter than tilo course designed for developing inst,n~ctors.a. The group method of instrnction may he used in the tmining ofany group, rgarclless of its size or orgmiization. I t provides care-fu l systematic instrnction under t l ~ eirect supervision of an instructor,and cer~tralizes o~~ t ro lvithin the group for t l ~ e urpose of teachingthe ~nec l~ai~i cs The group method of instruction isf any subject.preferable for introiluctory training and is especially adat~tedo ill-strtrctiol~n basic military subjects. It consists of five distinct steps,as follows:

(1) Expla~~ation instructor.f the subject or a(>tion y t l ~ e(2) Demolrstrat,ion of the suhject or action by the instn~ct,orntdassistants.(3) In~itation ~~l)plic:ttion)y :dl undergoing instruction.(4 j Exl~ltmationn1n1 de,monstrtltion of colllrnon errors by the in-structor and his assistants.(5) Correction of e,Yrors by the instrl~ctor nd his assistallts.Instruction should be clear and precise. Every error made by th est,uclent doring th e applicatory step should be, corrected immediately

in order to p r e w ~ ~ tlre formation of faulty habits and wrong im-pressions. I t is often easier to instruct a new recruit than t o clxingethe fin11t.y Ili~hits f B man who ha s been longer in the service.

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SELTI~N1TRA ININ G DURING CONCENTRATION

1'8tc. I*?ecTrainir,r objretir nS C ~ I ~ Ff tl '.airl !Uireilllinnrs t r .-.--... $4&7. Training objective.-a. of tllc! training coil.The c,ll:~r;~ett?rducted during eoncerit~atio~~epends upon tho time svailnble, th estate of t r i ~ i ~ l i ~ ~ gf the inttividi~i~luits ~o~~cen tratocl,ile niiture ofthe country in \vhic11 operations are to lie conducted, tho clrarncterand armament of the forces likrly to be e~~ cou ~~ tere d,nd the type ofoperations that may be necessary.

b. Training doring co~rcentration is primarily concerned withpreparation for tlre follo\~iogoperations:(1) Sllip-to-shore moventent, agtlinst organized opposit,ion a n dwithout opposition.(2 ) Iteurga~~i%:~tiorrrelirninnry to move~nentrrla~~d.(3) Movement inland, including the seirure of defended cities andto\ms, and operations against guerrilla furces wlrose tactics includesurprise attacks and ambushes.48 . Scope of training.-. 1')uring concentmtion it is necessaryto verify the readiness of troops for the conduct of small wars opera-tions. Deficiencies in training nlust be corrected, particalarly if thedeficiency is socb as t o hazard the successful prosecution of con-templated operations.6. For subjects to be stressed during training for small \Tars opera-tions, see paragraph 6 1 , 0.65).Disciplinary training.-Wherc ti~rreis $11ol-t, a11 training inceremonies and close order dril l should ire rednced to :I minimum.The. disciplinary value of close order tlrills rnay be achieved throng11the efficient con$uct and close sul>ervision of field exercises, duringinstruction in bayonet fighting, and i n training in the ese, function-ing, and care of \verLpons :u~de~~ttipmne~~t. .martness, prompt c t k d i -ence, and orderly execution can he exacted of troops during st~chexercises, thus increasing the value of the instruction as well as cle-

veloping a higher degree of battle efficiency in the individual.

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S~c.rros111T RAINING E N RO UTE ON BOARD S H I P

I'itr. l'weG~ncrn l . 4-1il 114-1 1 11Time i t rn i lne ie fo r 4-12 124-13 12Sire of elrau

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6. Mess facilities on board ship are usnally limited. Troops ail1j>robtbbly eat ctrfeteria style, using them individual mess equipment.Xonnally 1 Ilour u-ill be ample time for tlie troops to be served andto complete any nleal. This includes sufficient tirne for thern toprocure their nless p a r , be serretl, ~vash heir mess gear, and stow it.c. Working parties will be required for serving the food, work inthe galley, tu11d lian(l l~ng tores. In order that i~~terference ithtraining 111t1ybe redlleed to a minimanr, it is desirable that a completeunit, s~~clis a pIato(111or company, be detailed daily for such duty.The duty sl~oulil e assi,mled to troop u ~ ~ i t sn rot at'1011.rl . Emerge~lcy rill5 \\il l also interfere with tl ie ~rhedule f tmin-ing. These clrills i ~ r cn important part of the routine. Theyinclude a h a ~ ~ d o ~ ~ dr~lls.hip, colli>ion, fire, iln(l fi re a~id escueEveryone on board will participate in these ilrills.

4-19. Time available for troop training.-'l'lrv t111ie rai lable forwhich dofiriltr scliecl~~lei may I I P 111:lili~up ib lin~itedr~ ttrool~rai11111glo two ihlll) pei.io~lh,0900 10 1130 &lurl13i10 L o l(iOi1, :I tut:~lof 5thhours. 811iroolrly 4 full days pe r week can be (lefi~ritt~ljrlredaled,the wc>eklysclredule is lmlited to 22 hours vf instrr~ct~oii.f Fridt~ymay be used for training, another 5% hours will be available.4-13. Troop schools on board ship.--a. Classes are organized tocover instrut~tion n such subjects as may best prepare each memberof a conrrna~ld o become a more proficient member of his combatteam. Due to lack of space and facilities, the establislvner~t f troop

schools, employing tlie group rtletlioil of instruction, is the acceptedmetl~od or shipboard training. Classes covering essential subjectsare organized for officers, onco commissioned officers (iuclnding selectedprivates) and privates.b. Formations are usually limited to assemblies for quarters andinspections. At such formations, it is often possible to carry outexercises such as the manual of arms, setting-up exercises, and physi-cal drill under arms.4-14. Size of classes.-Training on board ship is generally at-tended by a liunrber of distracting and a~inoying eatures su ch asseasickness, wet paint , scrubbing of decks, heat, etc. It is, thel-efore,desirable tha t classes be orgarrized in small groups. Groups of 20are the largest that one able instructor can be expwted to handleefficiently. I n the instruction of groups in the mechanics of theseveral types of weapons, care should be taken to avoid assigning

too many individuals to a single weapon. Not more than two mexishould be assigned to one automatic rifle and not more than threeto a machine &all.A nian learns very little about the mechanics of12

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il weapon by ~vatchi i~gomeone else assenible aiicl disassemble tlieweapon. He rriust 11ave the weapon in his own liands unrl performthe v o r k liinrsdf its it is only through this nietlxorl that lie aata.insproficiei~cy.415. Assignment to classes.-a. iln extui~pleof the assignment.of the personnel of a rifle company to tlre several classes of a troopscl~onlon board ship is trs follows:

c lass St'percision . t t e # B a n ~ e.%ntonlatic rifle (:

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- - -

4-16. Subjects covered.-a. I'atagral~h 4-1: c, lists a n~ullberofsubjects that are suitable for sl~ipbonrcl nstn~ctiolr. Deficiencies intraining of the troops on hoard, as i~rfluei~cedy the tactical sitna-tion likely to be encountered, will govern the selection of subjectsthat are to be stressed. Having determined the tr:iining 11eecIs o fthe several units, the subjects t,o be stressed mrky be selected andschedules prepared sccorclin,ply.

6 . In addition to the sobjeCts lister1 in pamgr:tl)h 4-1: c, tl ~n ol-lox7iirgsubjects :ire particularly inrporta~lt nrt should be emphasizedenro11te to the theater of operations.(1) Information of the country of destination; its ppoplr, lan-guage? topography, political arrcl nlilitary si tuatio~i

(2) Enerily tactics likely to be encountered. Tactics to be nclopteclby our o ~ r nroops.

(3) Relations with i~~l ~a bi ta ri tsf tllo co~llktry f (lestination.6 1 7 . Essential training-a. St.\\.ly organized units will often

inclurle nlen ~ l r ore only partially tlainecl in llnndling their weapons.After forrr~atioitof tlre i~nit,here inay he only a short period forinstruction r~ ri or o embarkation. In some cases. tht?re will be notime for any instruction nhatsoe~rer. While enronte to the country

i~~.eaponwith which he is arn~ecl, hcfs increasing his value to hisorgainzation :IS a member of the con~bateam. Permission may bereadily secured from the commai~dingofficer of the ship to firet l ~ earious infantry weapons from the deck ~ ~ h i l ehe ship is underway. Targets may consist of articles fk ~at ing t or articlestllrown overboard (tins and boxes from the galley). F o r safety,shootinz is condilcted onlv froin the stern of the shin. I f therec, are no articles available to be used as targets, "white-caps" may beused as aiming points.

6. Instruction in tactics should be sufficiently adequate to give allenlisted r~ersonnel~ knowlcdpe of sco~~tiup,r~trolling, ecurity meas-ures, andtroop leading problems, apluropna& o their rank. Methodsof Instruction include sketches on blackboards (the best method),chalk rketches o n the deck, and matchei; laic1 out on deck. Thei t ~ s t r ~ ~ r t o r?tpl:~il~,lte sirlr:ltion orcling~.i~lr~sketvh) iind ~tsk:dif-ft.re11t I I I ~ I Ifor thr i r (lecisi~~ns for tI>vir11ecisions.11t1~ ~ H S I I I I S Initi:~.rive : I I I ~cliscossioi~ l~o~rltlx el~co~lrage.rcl.11 ilnull wlrs situations,t l ~ eno~~conin~i>sio~~t*clffivrr n ~ l dl~ri\.:lreare often fitc.~.(lwith prob-It111rj reql~irillgdecision and subse(jl~t.~~tlametliute rxecl~tion.

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S E C I ~ O XVTRAINING IN THE THEATER OF OPERATIONS

l'itr. 1'11pcI d151513I Fl i

4-18, System of training.-a. I;~)OIIrrival ill tile tlreater of o11-eratiorrs, i~nm edin te teps xrtr t :~lrrrr to continue t ire t r a it ~ i~ r gl011gr~ietl lodicallnd 1~rog ressive.ixles. T h e tr:tining is gorererlerl by tr a i n -ing progr:lols t lntl sche(l111es rep are d by the \-a rious o~ pn n iz at io ~ ls .b. F o r each t r a i ~ r i ~ rg 111rits(sq~t i tds?l ibject f~rr~ ct ion t t l sections, a 1 ~ 1pla too ns) are 'I ' l~is pl i~ c es lre res1)onsibility~ t ~ p l o y t ~ l . f o r t ra i n-ir~gp m g ~ s s all t r t~ ir ri l ~ g~ I ' O I It ile 1111it c t i d ~ r . l : ~ ~ f i ~ r t ~ l ~ t a t e l y , SIZIJ-jects cannot b e so hilndled. I n I I I ~ I I ~l l s tances , s~~bjectsI I I IS~ JX1t un g l~ t y "asses ~ m " ~ l o ~ " d froxn s e ~ e r a l u b d i ~ i s i o ~ l ~f i ~ t d i ~ i d ~ ~ t t l sof :I i111it.4-10. Facilities.-As early as possible af ter t h e force is es tab -l i s l~edon sllore, orgn.niaa t,iol~orn ~n an de rs f 11igl:ller eclrelor~s l ~ o u ldprov ide their respective corr~mnx~dsi t l ~ile fac il i t ies necessary for

the condu ct of tra inin g. IVhenc ver pracricttble, these f:tcilitiesshould inelode the estahlislrment of trt~itiitrgcenters, troop schools,rang es for l tractice a n d record firin g of in fa nt ry wetrpons, ri~thgcsfo r cornbut prac tice firing, til~ d er ra in suiliible f o r t11e cotrdltct offield exercises.4-20. Subjects covered.-+. P ; ~ ~ . a g n t p I ~ s b ,1 , e , and &it;, lists~ lh je ct s uitnblt : for trainin g colrdnctrt l i r r tlie t11e:tter of o1)eratiolls.O. A l l trainin g slrotrld i t~clu (leield erel.cise; i ~ ~ v i> I ~ ir l : rile titcticalemployment of t roop s in ~r l i l i t a ry i tna t ions pec[~ l ia r o the t e rm ina n d ellemg resistance likely to bc e;~couotcred in differelrt seetiot~eof the country.4-21. Training centers.-& irrlprovingVc?nl)oirs t~vc.c < ~ n s t . a ~ ~ t l yand m inor powers u r e progressively arrnilrg tl~c!lnselx.eswith s g rea t e rn n ~ n b e rof im pr ov ed ~ eii po rr s. 'J:liiu indica tes the necessity fortnriliect t m p s i f our operations a r e to stlcceed ~ ri tl ro r~ txcessir7e

castull t ies to personnel. Wllell partinlly trairted troops composcIL la rg e part of th e un its of the force. tlre estob lisl~m ent f a t r a i n i n gcrwter is highly imp ortau t.

15

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b. Tlre nst abl ishn ~rn t of a t r ;~ inir ig c ~ n t e r ffers t ho f ol lo1~- inga d ~ x n t a g e s :(1) I t p ro ri cl cs f or ~ ~ le t l~ m l ic s l , a nt1)rogressive! coordi~vate~lt ra in ing .(2 ) It is the ce ntral agen cy for the re ceip t anit clisse.miuation ofinformation ~vit11 espec t to t h e u ~rn s t~ a lea tures of the canrpa ig~ la s tbey develop du rin g op errttio us in tlre fielcl.(3 ) It m ay b e made snfficie~rtlyestensi.i ,e to include terrain forfie ld exercises a n d rang es f o r comnliat. pr ac tic e firing, tlrus pr ov idi ng

fac il i tie s tha t snig11t o t l re r~ ~ is ee denied to iletnched companies andbatta l ions.(4 ) It is nn ideal agency f o r the tra in in g of replacemc?nts. A llreplacenier lts, bo th crficers an d Inn:, d ~ o u l d e put throug b a n inten-s iv e a ln r se of t r a in ing be f or e the y t lre a s r ig ~ ~ e do tlctive m li ts in th efield.(5) I t s u p p li es a lircatiorr f o r trf:s~prlrools.(6 ) I t p r r ~ v i ( l e silo ranges n ece snry fo r tlrr record fir in g of a ll

infant ry n-eapo~ls .c. A t ra in ing centel. inclui lrs the fol lo vin g act ivi t ies:( 1 ) 1

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Fir st aid. Ilygie~~e,ielcl sarritatiorr. (AIL i l~~:~~t~:c(lourse.) IIorseshocing. Saddlery. (Leather norking.) Cooks and bakers. (To include hutclrering ancl cooking for smallunits on the ~ I R I ~ I Ind in garrison.) Aviation observers. (For all officers.) 423 . Organization of troop schools and training centers--a.Instructors for troop schools that a re conducted by the various gar-rison units are supplied by the unit s themselves. The st,udents for

such t,roop scltculs i ~ wire members of tlie unit. anrl duties are so:trranged that the tmop sclrool does not. interfere ~r itlr he normalroutine of the garrison. At times, theunit. will be called opon t o per-form some emergency type of duty tha t may necessitnte the temporarysuspension of the troop school. Instrnctors fo r a tmining centercome from the unit i n cl ia rp of the twining center and from the nnitor units undergoing instruction. Ordinarily, uni ts such as completecolr~paniesare as sig~~ed In addi-o t.rai11ing ce~iters or instruction.tion, in placements are orgnnizod into casual units in the order inwhich they arrive fo r duty from t he co~itinentalUnited States. Att.imeq it. >sillbe ndl-i~nti~geous individualso assign certain c~u;~lifit!damong the replscements to receive spcciitl ilistr~~ctionn one of thetroop school classes conducted a t training centers. Troop school in-structors :we me~nbe.~sf the nnit in charge of the training center.6. The tr~~iningnit is the. company. Instructio~lmay be by~~latoons, Companies uliderf

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S ~ c r ~ o xTRAINING PROGRAMS AND SCHEDULES

Far. 1'nf.eTraining'Lir:lining

i n s t r u~ t l o n sproprnms....r a in in g schedules. 4-24 194-2.5 194-26 2s

4-24. Training instructions.-Trailling programs and tra iningschedules are the means generally user1 to orlt,line tlle training f o rthe. various nnits, thus providing un i fo ~~n i ty Trainingn training.~~le~noranda supplement programs and trainingnay trainingsclre~l~~les.6%.raining programs---a. Training pin gr a~ ns re issued byall cnrnmands down to and including the company. They expressthe general plan of training of the command over a considerableperiod of tirne, usually a training cycle of 1 year, but may he issuedto cover periods of 6 months, 3 months, or 1month.b. Th e essential elements of the training program include t h etraining objective or objectives, the time available in which to ac-complish the mission or missions, and such special instrl~ctions elat-ing to the conduct of the training as may be necessary. A featureof the training program with which unit commanders are primarilyconcerned is the total amonnt of t ~ m e llotted for the training oftheir own units. The authority issuing a training program shouldindicate clearly the time available, allether the training periodcovered by the program is 1year, 6 months, :3 months, or 1month.

c. Pr io r to the preparation of a training program, a carefnl esti-mate is made of the entire training situation. The following factorsmust be taken into consideration: (1) Analysis of order from higher:l.uthority; (2) mission (training objective) ; (3) essential subjects;(4) time availahle; (5) eqsipment and facilities available; (6) per-sonnel; (7) local conditions (climate and terrain) ; (8) existingstate of training; (9) organization for training; and (10) obstaclesto he overcome.(I. Th e amormt of information that should appear in the training1)rograrn(ur(ler) tlt.prn(ls I I ~ ) I I I Ithe size of tllr 1111it and the p:1rtic111.1.sitnatiol~. A d ~ ~ u l l :I training imocranl in lntlre clrtailrclnit req~iires . . .forln than clue, a lal.ger unit. A sitl~atiol~ nlobiliza-ertui~lingu u

I I clen~antl nlore crntralin.d control t l l u ~ l i l l a si tunt io~~

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nor ina l to peacetime t ra in ing . Doring peacet , inre tmining, briefo r d e r s c o n ta i n in g only esselit ial inforinr~tionmay be considered satis-factory! s ince tlre vwious units ~ v i l lnsual ly contain a i r~ r i ~ rb e rfexperienced officers.

e. It is assunled that the First Battal ion, Fifth Marines , 118s re-ceived tlre r e g i n ~ e n t a lra in in

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c. Tr ai ni ~t g og.-Nonually, 4 lronrs, 0730 o 1130. Dirring F ri od s devotedto mrrrks~nassl~iy,ire trairiillg wiil bc 7 hours. OiW to 1'200 and 1%Klto 1500.No limiting hours are pres crik rl for field exercises. Cn lc uh tioi ~s or field cIIoois, an d ceremonies. Rifie cour &~uies iil de ro teone afternoon each week t o iostrnctioe il l rifle alarksmanship. This luay toketile f m n ~ f gallery i,ractire anil eotni*titions. No tr ni si ng will be scheduledfor Wed~lesday or S;tturdar afternoons, except tha t d uri ng marksmanship;trkd field cxerrisc i,eri

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.3. sehrtl~llrof inslrnrticnn ftir tifir. afflct-rs' school ,,,ill be icsrled by thisIte;td,]onrtrua ex-cry 2 !?--eelis. The n:lures of offlccrs who mill act :is instrlle-tors it , the strveri~l ubjwts will he in dt td ~d n the schedule. Sp+rialist eollrsrsfor erllisted l~rsonnelwill be ronductrd I>? thc heilds of tht'ir respectire srr-tiells; tllilt is. eolllmuriicntinll ofneers will eonrfnct tire hlstroction of commnl,i-ration persolieel, giosecr offirers will eolldllct tile instmetion of giolwer ilrr-son11~1, tc. Wi th th e esrcption of tile sl,crialist conrsr?, all "tiler Caltrses ofinstructiou for enlisted ~rr~rsonneimill be condnctcd nuder the direction andsujxrvision of contpany eo~nmnodr:rs.c. stun(1ordr o f profirio,c~,.-AIl mnteriai to be inspected shall be complet~.immirmiatel~clenn, :lad servicPitble. In :r11 trz iining covered hy 1111blisI~ec1r~xuli ttions , llr stillldi~fd or rill rauks is :I(!CIT~:~CP its to krrowledgr nnll irrts-c i s i o ~ ~IS to executiolt. I n tact ical trninil,g, the objretive is the dnvelopnlentof the tacticnl judgment of all lertdrrs nllrl thFir replilerments by the appli-cntion of ;~ret.pted tilctieztl principles n r ~ lmrtl!o~I; to it wriety of t;$rtic;llsituations.

(1. Il!sprefiotl.--A proticit'rrrg t rst rviil bc held n t the conclusioo of eaell[rhicsc of tricining. It is to be csprctcd tlint tile rer(nilm stnndnr~l f 1~ mt ic lr r~ r~will haire ~ PPL Idc'i .el~~~x~(i11 the lnst d;!!- of twining in ilny girm snbject and it,i s OIL tbilt. day that the fionl test will hi? ronduetr~tl. Hurpel'rr, iustrurlion ill ngireri sr~biect. nny he diiicuntitrur(1 at :>1rrtinti. that it beconren ;rr,p:~rrnt thatHIP desired itmr(l;lrrl ltils ilel?11 rc>ncherl. Tl lr tirrle tbns .;;ired nt;ly be utiliat3rlfo r other instruction. Uoit ilrogrcss Chi~rt sWill be kept by eiicll eotnl,ali).comnmnder . I~ is~n~t iooso test prrlfieiellcy in n subject will be 1lmctinIl atidinfowal iu niltuze allrl will not interfere with the trailling.

4. SI~xom~.~ lr~aus .-a . rogranbn and schedules.-(1) Tvni?~i? ,gpro(,rnrnff.--Cornploy c l ~ ~ r l ~ w %

d. .ltklr t i v n . - I ' i t r l i r l ~ n ~ f l ~ ~ ~ ~1, ( 'otalu#~~y11I~lvrlri* ~tslur~titry. cr,rm$r;ti>(lc.r*will t~l icsuruyr i ~ ~ t vr c u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : tu ytlrd Tier bnt-lu,rla cum~,uu). vumpri liu~r.

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TANINGPGRM

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UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS1940

CHAPTER V INITIAL OPERATIONS

U N IT E D S T A T E S G O V ER N M E N T P R IS T IN G O F FICE

WASEINGTON :1940

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TABLE OF CONTENTSThe Snrall Wa r s ~ I \ . l ; i ~ ~ u : ~ l , Cur l~s ,1910, i s poblislied ill. S. AI;~r.i~ro

15 chapters a s follolvs:C'I~APTEBI. 1NTRODI;CTION.

11. OIlGASIZhTIOS.111. 120GISTICS.IV. TIIAXEAT OF POI'L'I,ATIO1\

SII. ARi\ll>I>NATIVIG OlI(~ASIZ.I'~IOSS.SIII. hII1,ITARY G0VB:ItNhlNjNTSIV . STJPBRTISION OR ELECTIOSS.

XI'. \VITIII)RAWAL.

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UNCLASSIFIED-SMALL WARS MANUAL

U N I T E D STATES M ARINE CORPS

INITIAL OPERATIONSPar. Pa@

SE~TIOX %xF.@--------------.--o 5-6 1-4. NEIJTRAL 5-111. JIOW,~SENT ----..___-----o 5-12 5-12SLAND 5-7111. MILETABYT E R R ~ R I A LRGAWUA-

TIOX..__------------------.-18 to 5-16 13-16IV. MLTIIOUSF PACIFIUAT~ON_----.-- 17-201 7 to TwJ.5

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NEUTRAL ZONESI'#,c, l>:bR"Gencml-----_--.............--. 1

2Basic .orders.nstrllctions

337,ne force comls:tnder's 3.............. .1

5-1. General.-a. h ueutral zone is an tur.a in \\ll~cll10 liostilitiesarti permitted. The establisli~nentof neutral zones is not of ~r~centor~gin;he system has been en~ployednot ouly by civilized nationsbut also by early American Ind~ans nd by African tribes. Theprocedure at the begiiming of :i sn~allwar operation often followsa sequenw that is more or less tt matter of routine. Fi rs t, oue or moreof our cruisers arrive off a foreign port in consequence of actual orpotential danger to our nationals and their property. Then if thesituation requires it, a ship's li~udillg orce IS sent asliorc at this portto suppress d~sorder,provide a goax1 for our nationals and theirproperty in the port, including our legation or co~ iw la r uildings,and, in addition, certtiin local government buildings, such as custon~Ilouses. I f t l ~ e ~ es a prospect of fighting bet\veeil the local factions,the cruiser's comn~and~ror seuior naval officer in comma~~docally)forbids combat in areas where the lives and property of our nationalsnligllt Iw erld;u~ge:ered. This ic, done by the establishment of neutralzones; tind this procedure frequently results in the cessation of 110s-tilities; the ~~mtuallyestructive strife may become so %rere thati~bsolote haos is inlminent, and neither faction is capnble of para l l -teeing the security of li fe arrd property. Then the ~~ e u t r a lorces maybe fomed to enbrge their sphere of action by a movement ialand.b. The foreign policy of the United States relative t o dornestic dis-onlets in unstable countries is oue of nonintervention. H~ \~e ver .s:I nleilslcve 10 our n;~tionals ~nd , ~~ (. id ~~ lt aIdfe~q~i~nl tl~rreto,otherforeign nutio~c:tli, I~nvensof rvfnge \\.ill 110 clo~rhr )e r~tnhlishrdatcertnil~~eupuvts f 1111 ~~nfiti~ble \vl~t~tl(!\.erO U I I : ~ ~ 111e don~c,stic iis-onler r l~ rpat e~ ~s To pruvide prnrectiul~l ~ rives of r 1 1 c . s ~ ~ s t i o ~ ~ a l s .

SWM 5-2SEUTRII, ZOSE S

ell mute to t l ~ e l i t rc~~f refuge, cer tai~r oute-5 of evacuat,ion, suclla s rail~:onds, rigIi\rays, and rivers leading to tlre seaports may also

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be designated as a part of the. rleut,ral zones. I n socll cases, a defiuitet ime limit may be set for refugees to clear tlre routes. Situxtiolran~~iloubteil lyill arise \\-llere our individual 'rntiorrals mill not seeksafety mithin tlie i~cntralzone establisliecl a t the seaport, but. millelect to re~nahlwit11 their property and goods in t,lle interior . I nsllch cases the respr~llsihilityof the colrl~naniler f the United Statesforces at tile seaport neutrill zone sl~ould e considereti to be at ane ~ l d vit11 regard to any protect.ion to be irfforded these. nationals.Slrould ally lrarrrr coule to tliese nationals ml~ o lect to remain ~vitl lthe ir 1)ropert.yand goocls in the interior of the corcnt,ry, recourse nlostbe had later to diplomatic actiou for redress, and recompense forloss of goorls and property lr~ust e rnxcle ill the case of those nationals\\-I10 seek safety ill tl ~e reutral zone seaports and al)anilon theirpx'operty in the interior.(,. Tlie estahl ishmt~~t : ileoLral zone, 111ay not, rrecessarily \E fol-flev-ed by furtlrer inilit:~rgoperations; lio~vererhe prolongation of thel~lisettletf o~itlitionn the country ,nay ~~ecess itateuch action, in~~olr-i n g a moven~ont inland fro111 those zones. Accordingly, NeutralZones and Morement, Inland ar e presn~ted ~ rhat order in thischapter.

. i 2 . Purpose, occasion, and circumstances.-a. Z4.crpose.-(l)Protect treaty rights.

(2) Assist in maintaining the e x i s t e ~ ~ c ~f, o r the independence, of,21 governrne~ltll accordirnce with treaty provisions.(3) Protect lives mid property of our natiol~alsocated ill disturbed:Ireas and uufortified cities.

(4) Further the provisions of our national policy.(5) Protect and preveilt depredations on ite~ltral ex~itory f adja-

cent com~tries.6. Occax im- (1 ) 111time of revolution, dur ing riots, or when thelocal governrneut has ceased to fu~rtion.(2) 111time of war between two nations.

6 . CC i ~ c um t ~wx a . - ( 1 )At the request of n recognized goverllment.or a t the insistence of regular local offioinls.

(2) At the request of the opposing factions.(3) By forces of xnotlier power, or group of posers, m i t h o ~ ~ the

invitation of any faction.(4) By agreement between contending states o r forces.

SWM 5-3 SE[,'TII:LI, Z03ES

%:I. Basic orders.-Tl~t? tlrc establ is l~n~ei~tnr(lP,rs lirecti~~ii. ofneutral zone sllonld be brief :~nd olicise? and shonld contain the fol-

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lol~ingnformation:(1) Desig11:rtion of the militacy force to be e~nployecl n the estnb-lishment nncl innir~terlt~ricef the zone, nncl tlie zonc force commander.(2) The mission of the force.(3) Information relative to the purpose, occnsio~ltnrl circumsriu~ccsnecessitatirlg the estitblislnnent of the neutral zone.(4 ) T11e emct time after 1rhicl1 xi1 are* shell be coiisiderecl as a

Itcut rill zoile, ~.t.lntireo n~o~c~lrnirt sy lnird, \rater and air.( 5 ) The liniits of the ncutl.i~l oire.(6) Logistic provisions, includiilg tliose pertai~ling o the require-ments of refugees.(7) Reference to tlie commtmicatioi~plan and notification of thelocation of the zone force commarrdt!r.6-4. Instructions-i\dditional infor~nntion equired sl~lloulil ac-company th e Basic Order in the form of an allnex, or if there are

exisf.ir~g e~~ei~alnstructicms reletive to tlie establishment of neutmlzones, reference should be made to them i n the order. Theso instrnr-tions sho~~ldontain, \~lrerrnl~plicable, tipulations covering the fol-lowing matters:(1) Cont,rol to be exercised by t l ~ e o~re orce cornmander and thelocal civil authorit,ies.(2) Restrictions placecl on opposing force(s) within limits ofneut,ml zones at the time of establishment.(3) Instructions relative to local authorities and civiliarrs bearingarms mithiii the zone.(4) Acts to be prohibited, such as t h e delivery from, or passagethrough tlie zone, of supplies destined fo r the contending forces .idloare prohibited the use of the zone.(5) Type of .ixeswls and also laud a nd air transportation c:~rriersprohibited elitranoe to or passage througl~he zone.(6) Rest,rictions upon tlie communication facilities.5-5. Zone force commander's order.-The operation orders ofthe zone force cornmander sht~uld ontain so ir~uch f the infc~rmatioiif~~rnishedim in his orders from higher authority ns will be of valueto his subordinates, ttnd also any additional illformation that magbe pertinent. The order sliould contain detailed instructions for enchtask group of his force. I f general instructions for the establishment.of neutral zones have been iswed by higher authority, those partsthat are applicable to the immediate situation sl~ould e promulgated

S W M 5-7

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SECTION1MOVEMENT INLAND

rar . Pagej1,ui11t of d ~ l ) s ~ r t ~ ~ r e . . . ~ ~ ~ . - . -..--..---.r-i~Mobile eolulrllls alirl tisilrg ralum -I'rotectivr nleasures eovoriog movrlncrit 8Establishment of ridri~licetlbases I)Slurement by rail.^ - 5-E 10

5-7. Point of departure.-cr. 21s in :ill forms of \nufare, logisticreqoirements irmst be given carefill corlsideratiorl in preparing st.r;1-tegic and ti~r:tic:tl plans; in fact. snch r'qui~wnents are frequently thetletennining factor. Before :I inovernerlt inlt~nd s undertaken ananalysis and estimate of the local transportation and supply facilitiesmost be made in older to insore n ieasonable rate of :idvttnee with~eplacement f supplies.6.The movenrent inland will not ulways be a movement from aseaport to the interior. Frequently the movement mill be made fromthe capital or principal city, located at the termir~us f a railroad atthe hettd of navigation on the. upper part of a lilrge river, or on a~vell-developed high~vay,with well-defined lilies of comn~u~licatio~iconilecting it vrxith the seacoast. In any case the point of departurebecomes a base of opevatio~~ss well as a base of supply until otherbztses Inore ttdvanced are established. Should the small-war opera-tions be initiated by the establisllmerlt of neutral zones, one or moreof them may later become n base for extended operations.c. I f the point of departure for the rm~vernent nland is to be otherthan a seaport, the movement to the point is made by the most con-venient means. The ~novelrlent vill be of tlle same general nature

as an advance in mujor warfare in the presence of the enemy. Thespecial features of n movement by inland ~~atermaysre presentedin chapter XII.5-8. Mobile columns and flying columns.-a. When, t he success-ful prosecution of the campaign requires the execution of measuresbeyond and/or supplementary to the establishment of neutral zones,the control of seaports, or key cities along lines of communication inthe affected areas, mobile colunms must be projected inland from the

SWM 5-6

t o the task groups of the 1oc:ll zone force either i n the zone force coln-mander's order o r as an annex thereto. Logist,ic pro~~isions,om-

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lnunication plan and location of the zone force coln~nauder houldcomplete the order.5-6. Proclamation.-The civilian popuh~tionof the neutral mne:tnd its r~ieinity, s well as the factions to be prohibited the u s f t l ~ ezone, sl1o111d be illformed of its establish~nentas early as practicable.This may be accomplisl~ed y the delivery of a written ~nemornndurnt o t l ~ eocal authorities and to t he heads of t,he contellding factions,

o r by the. publication of a mod am at ion in the locnl newspapers nit11a delivery of same to the local authorities and to the. lieads of thecontending ft~ctions. Snch memoraitdnm or proclamation sl~ould e~)ublishecl oth in Enpiis11 and in tire locnl language. The delireryof the menlorartdurn or 1>roclamntiuii nay be made direct or throughthe diploinntic agent of the country represented by the zone forcecornmarrder. Regardless of the. rnetllod of transmission or it s form,the proclamation should contain stipulations rr .prdi~~g he follorringiilatters :(1) Precise clat,e and hour a t which the establishnrent of the neutralzone becomes effective.(2 ) Area included in the neutral zone,, wit11 the t)oundaries orlimits clearly defined by terrain features.(3) Relationship of arn ~e d orces of contending factions with theneutral zone.

locnl authorities within the zone.

(8) Conduct o r status of urnled vessels within tile zone.(9) Such other information a s may he necessary for a clear under-

stailding of the exact circurnst,ancesupon which the establishment oftile zone is based, the purpose to be accomplished, and the means tobe used.

SWM 5-8~ ~ O ~ l ~ > l F , X ' ~s I , . ~ ~ l ~

points of de pa rt nre, fo r Ll l~ nrpose of pnrsuing, rouncli~rg-up.c a ptltl.iirg, or ~iisl>rr.sillgill)' exis t ing i rregl i l i l r forces; of c~vt?ri~ig11.0-

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duct i re a reas ; or of establis lling ch;lins of protecie tl ad.i-:nrcecl l~as csllt h e inter io r .6. Mobile colum ns a s snch difie,r fro m th e so.callc~lflying eoln~nnsi n ~ I I Pgr ea t essential-supply. A flyi ng colum o i s clefinecl as n er:ttioi~.;h a s been found to be a reinforced battalion.

d. When fortified posts .ivit11 permanent garrisons are establisl~r(1.flying columns should ope rate therefrom. Tlr is is t lre m os t ar~ln (m so f all opernt iol ls ; the idea bein g to combat t h e native gueri lla a t h iso w n ga m e o n l li s o m ground. At th e beginning of suc l~ perat ions ,t h e c olu m ~ lm a y be of considerable strengtli-a company o f iiif nn tqaccompanied by a machine giul and ilomitzer detacl~ment.recetlecl byu lnomltecl detachm ent. As t lre gl~e ril la orce s are dispersed, combatpatrols (mounlted or dismonnted) consisting of two or nlore squ:111sm ay suffice. T l ~ rmission of t h e flying colu mn %ill be to se ek out thelrosti le groups, at tack them energetic:tl ly, i ~ n dhen pul-uc tlle111 t oth e l imit. Therefo re, there should be nothing in i ts composit ion ora n n a m e n t t h a t mould tend t o reduce i ts n~olr~i l i tyr indepe~ldencc:ofaction beyond tha t: absolutely necessary fo r combat an d subsistence.Excep t fo r suppl ies which ca n be carr ied t )y tlre men, tlre c o l ~ ~ m nsa rule mill de pe nd upon the permrtnent gnrrisons. These. posts mastbe established i n sufficient numbers t o pe rm it of soell sopply-a postalways being m itl i in 1o r 2 days' march of i ~ ~ ~ o t i i e ro s t .

e. A flying column slrould never ho dispatclred to rlrly uren n~llesc;it is amply suppl ied wi th CARII. \\'it11 avtlikab le fullds, n o t ollly ma?.

JIOTEJI1:ST ISIANU

s~~lrsistencee yurch:rsed, but often illforxrrat,ion of the hostile forces;111(1 the terrain (guides and interpreters). The i~loney upplied thrt

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flying cohunn should be in Sh r . 1~1 , (lt!~io~~~iiiatioiis,rincipt~lly sil-\.er; i t is rlifficult, frequently inrposible, to e1l:lnge hills i i r ruralcommunities.5-9. Strength and composition of columns.-a. 'Tile strcngtl~ ~ tdeornl>ositionof mobile colnm~~sill depend npon the probable resist-allice to be rtncountered, the terrain to be traversed, the t,ype :lncIco11c1itic)n trf cxisli~rg ~~:tnsporlation,tild the rrle:tns of con~m~urica-tio~r. Ni~~.nr:rlly,Ire addition of ~nounted eti~chrr~ents,tnnored cars:

:111cl aircraft is de.5il.ablc i l l s11c11 colu~~lirs.f n inercli tliro~lgl~ilextensive. :rroa of u~r~l c~~elopec l an engineerouiitr.,~ s cc~~~templnte(I,1111itshould be iilcluded. Tlre use o f liglrt fielcl pieces 11::s bc

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c. By trirnnn o f ill?i r i , w l t ~ r 1 1 ~rttrtni~liripl i t 1-ire1io sets (one of s1ticha t It.tl~t ~ ~ l l l t l l t l ~ 0 ~ ~ 1 1 1 1 1 ) (.Ollt~lCt ]ll:lll~~.SSipllt'd t l l t l l ? t l t ld ilcolttmtr cart l,i% ~ ~ l r t l ~ t CO~~IIIII~S 1110villgrvnl i lyP~IIF~)I-C(VI II~*I:~PSIIV~.in 11168 8:tnrr geilrrnl nrts:i t i r t * krc1tt.r :lblc, tlue to t b t ~ , rrcsnn o f root-I I I I~: I~~II . c I s s p p r t t11ur11 and to reader rn~,~ttl: i lt l ~u t ti~ :llr tit. ' i i t tht- r,tfcnsivt* s llpln~rt .nv:1ilrrble frolov i ~ t i , I I ~ sic in i le t~rn~ i r t i t rg a~t r r~msi t ic r~r ihe n ~ ~ dstrc~rigtlio f tin: ccilt~~nn.

f . Hndio r n l r i t.ont:ict 1tl:lnt~s liny ltc the otrly relinhln lirrnris o fc ~ o n i t ~ i u ~ ~ i c n t i t ~ ~ i o f ii I.Ioxv~vt-r,d1IP~St the i w g i ~ i n i ~ ~ g OICIP~I~.o f c~r~iirrr~rrrit~ation hc c;r~rrsitlt~~r~l, only in dericling tr~nirltost trotttrn str

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v:ti~r frrtrt~w l i i c l i lt c IIIII~11tiic.t Io-,:cs (I~I~I~II~II.t1io11 t l t ~ ar id t l t i - n t l -vantage of s r i l t r r i< ~r r .lt ratrrct&t : t r i t l :rrr.rir;tc!. o f fin, r~r:, ixt t!iin rrl 1111 w c i i t ttlli* r q q ~ v w n t r r~r r r c,lrr,*irry i i r t o t * f f i c t i r v r:trrgtx (of Itis orvtr\\~~:lIKtll1" t.t.rt t1tt111glr tic!. t ~ . ~ i t r ~ r r i ~ ~ . i ~ : ~ l l y .IIIM~T~OP

/I. l ' l tc t i i~t l i re,uf t i r e t e r r z i i l ~ I & S:I ~ r ~ t t r k t ' d OII~ r i l i t c ~ r i ~ ~ e e c i ~ r i t ytrtc~n.ii~re$.Oftrsrr i r r ttrc, tlrctrtrrs i t f o pe rn tio lr e, t l ~ i c ko \ r hr~rsl~n t e r -nle rw i'l wit11 ca rti ls extclril.; :%long lrr! t n ~ i i r rtvn ils n ~ l doncls a r n k i r ~ ~nrr trlt rrost i t r r~~c!trr trntr lc . fo r t ltc- t r lovrrr lc*r it i t h t ~ r e i ~ rl ~ lr g le , l ~ o h i c ko f IW~II so lnl l c~int l) :t t grorqis. I r r ~II(I~I:rst.i tlw trsn o f f l nnk gun rdsfo r s ~ r ir in . lr ir tgcrolnrnn is 1 1rn ctic nlly irlrlicr ssil~ le: ltrs 1:tr:h- of i s t l i c l ~rt~ i t r t e ~ r ; ~ ~ r r i r i l s :ilonirl t r l i o i il i li ? o rce l o os ta l~ l i s l rS :~ v r ,~ x l , l r ~ ~ t r i r i t s l ~ ~ ~ s~IICIII rolllc!.

d. AII n r t iv e i lost i lo forc.t. bcrrt. o n stn al l dcl~ rr( l : t t in i is :rn il a rotct lwit11 riHc,s itr rt l i t~ ito et trt ic v.erltlars w i l l 11:rve rt ~i tl .~ lr : t o11p1irt1111itynntbl ls l t t l re rnni~rkx~ lpo f R CO~~ a f t e r t l r c R~T:~IIC ~ r~ t r o lv\-illit. arr~t i r i t r : i l lyfn il i i rg kn*Itirrcl. 'I'l lis rtecessit:~tessw~dittpor i t f r i~ l t