Using Running Records to Inform

Instruction

Today you will learn…

What is a Running Record How to score a running record Cueing System: Meaning, Structure, Visual cues How to analyze miscues Using running records to plan instruction Prompts to help students become strategic readers Effective ways to incorporate running records into a

balanced literacy program using Trophies and leveled readers

What is Reading?

“Reading is a meaning-based process, with readers bringing what they know and believe to what is presented in the text, and through that interaction creating an understanding.”

Pennsylvania Literacy Framework

NP Language Arts PhilosophyNORTH PENN SCHOOL DISTRICT LANGUAGE ARTS PHILOSOPHY

Research in the field of literacy indicates that reading, writing, listening, viewing, and speaking areinterrelated skills used as the foundation for acquiring knowledge and communicating

effectively.These skills empower students to explore the value of language and to develop their own uniquevoice. Students who have successfully engaged in learning the language arts will be informed, responsible and productive community members ready to assume a purposeful role in society.

The North Penn School District believes… Students develop thinking skills through the language arts - reading, writing, listening,

viewing, and speaking. Students use background knowledge, experiences, skills, and strategies to interact with

text and construct meaning. Students grow personally, socially, and intellectually while learning the language arts. Student experience with the process of learning to read varies with each child, since this

process is developmental. Students need to experience both traditional academic purposes and real world applications

while exploring the language arts. Students achieve success in the language arts in a climate which partners school, family,

and community. Students develop a lifelong appreciation and enjoyment of learning through the

language arts.

Source: Reading/Language Arts Curriculum Review Committee May 18, 2005

Three Cueing SystemMeaning, Structure, Visual

Young children need the following abilities to learn to read:

The concept that print carries meaningThe ability to attend visually to the print and

the distinctive features of printed textBasic concepts of print (directionality,

spacing, letters, words, etc.)Special features of sound

Readers Integrate Meaning, Structure, and Visual Cues

Reading is an interactive process in which the reader uses information in the text (visual), and applies his/her knowledge of the world (meaning), and knowledge of the language (structure), to help determine author’s intended message.

Relationship of the Three Cueing Systems of Reading

STRUCTURE

Syntactic Cues

What sounds right grammatically?

MEANING

Semantic Cues

What makes sense in context?

VISUAL

Grapho-phonic Cues

What looks right visually and sounds right phonetically?

Cross-Checking CuesTo Confirm a Response

Meaning

Does this make sense?

Visual

Does this look right?

Structure

Can we say it that way?

Letter/ Sounds Expected

What would you expect to see?

Put a grabber here

Cross Checking Example

TEXT: Yesterday, I walked the dog.

Child: Yesterday, I was the dog.( Meaning: Does that make sense?)

(Letter/sounds expected: What would you expect to see?)

Child: Yesterday, I saw the dog.(Visual – Does that look right?)

(Letter/sounds expected: What would you expect to see?)

Child: Yesterday, I walk the dog.( Structure: Does it sound right?)

The Three Cues and Decoding

Any one area cannot exist in isolation from the others if meaning is to be emphasized.

The interaction of the three cueing systems may occur so quickly as to appear simultaneous.

Effective readers use the three cues interdependently. Ineffective readers tend to rely too heavily upon

grapho-phonic cues. The objective of the teacher should be to encourage all

children to integrate the three cueing systems. R. Routmann, Transitions

Purposes of Running RecordsA Running Record Provides:

Diagnostic information about how the reader is processing print

An indication of what a reader knows and can do An accurate and objective description of what actually occurs

during the course of reading A record of change over time through qualitative and

quantitative information Insights to help guide future instruction Information to make informed decisions concerning

instructional needs, grouping, reading levels, and appropriate level of materials

Information for other teachers, administrators, parents, etc.

Running Record Procedure 1. Choose a book or text. Do not have the child read the

text prior to the running record ( “cold read”). 2. Book Introduction

Read the title and talk about the cover Provide a general idea of the content of the text Have child do a “picture walk” through the book to set the stage

for reading. Watch how the child uses this strategy independently to help her/himself read.

3. Child reads unknown text Why unknown text? Using an unknown text reveals the child’s

ability to make meaning of new text and use that meaning to help integrate strategies independently when encountering difficult text.

4. Teacher records all miscues 5. After reading, the teacher analyzes the running

record making inferences as to the child’s use of cues.

Conventions

Accurate Reading √ √ √

Substitution* went (child)

want (text)

Repetition R or √ √ R

Self-Correction (SC) went SC

want

√

Conventions

Omission* very

Insertion* little

Told ( T)* thought T

Appeal sometimes A

Try That Again ( TTA) ( TTA)

Running Record Scoring Guidelines

Substitution Count as 1 error Multiple attempts at a wordCount as 1 error Omission Count as 1 error Insertion Count as 1 error Tolds Count as 1 error Repeated error on a name Count as 1 error Repetitions Not counted as error Self-corrections Not counted as error

To Determine Accuracy Rate

Subtract the number of errors from number of running words( all words in text except title)

Divide the remainder by the number of running words. Round to nearest whole number.

Example: 71(Running words) – 5(errors)= 66 ;

divide 66 by 71(Running words) Multiply by 100 = 93%

Independent = 95% or aboveInstructional = 90=94 %Difficult = 89% or below

Analyzing the Running RecordMEANING CUE - Substitutions

ponies Text: I like to see horses at the farm.

Analysis: There were pictures of horses and colts on the page. The intended message is almost the same. The substitution is not visually similar, but it is an acceptable language structure (noun). There is often an overlap of meaning and structural cues.

Teacher prompt: Does that look right?

Analyzing the Running Record

VISUAL CUE – SubstitutionThe visual cues in text are simply what the letters and words look like. Does this substitution look like the word

in the text?

√ √ √ √ heres √ √ √ Text: I like to see horses at the farm.

Analysis: The substitution looks similar. It is not an acceptable English sentence. It does not make sense. There is no concern for meaning.

Teacher prompt: Does that sound right?

Analyzing the Running Record

STRUCTURE CUEThe structure of the text (up to and including the substitution)

should be acceptable English language construction. Does it sound right to say it this way?

√ √ √ fly √ √ √ √ Text: I like to see horses at the farm.

Analysis: “ I like to fly…” is acceptable English language construction. It is not visually similar. It does not fit the meaning of the total text.

Teacher prompt: Does that make sense?

Analyzing the Running Record

SELF-CORRECTION In analyzing a running record it is also important to

determine what cues were being used when a self-correction was made.

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ fair SC

Text: I like to see horses at the farm.

Analysis: What cues do you think this child used to self-correct?

Let’s Watch a Child Read

Use the handout to identify the errors noted when viewing the first child read a sample from Angry Old Woman.

Now It’s Your Turn…

While viewing this video, use the text to mark the miscues of the child reading Houses.

After viewing TURN and TALK to your neighbor. What did you learn about the child?

Report out to the group.

D:\VIDEO_TS

Resources For You To Use

Teacher Prompts Questions to Help Guide the Analysis of

Running Records Conventions Scoring Guidelines Retelling forms Reading Errors practice sheet Teaching for Strategies

Points to Remember

Authentic assessment should result in improved, more effective teaching

Readers must use meaning, structure, and visual cues and must learn to self-check.

Independent readers integrate all three strategies. Analyzing a student’s errors helps a teacher give the student the

support needed. Comprehension can be checked by retellings and reader response. Students with similar needs can work in a flex group. Using running records to help place your students in guided reading

groups and to inform your instruction

Bibliography

Guided Reading: Good First Teaching for all Children, Gay Su Pinnell and Irene Fountas

Observation Survey, Marie Clay

Becoming Literate, Marie Clay

Reading Recovery: A Guidebook for Teachers in Training, Marie Clay

Classrooms That Work: They Can All Read and Write, PM Cunningham and R. Allington

Early Childhood Assessment Framework, Pennsylvania Department of Education