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Using Information Technology
Chapter 6Hardware--Input & Output
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2Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hardware--Input & Output Taking Charge of Computing & Communications
6.1 Input & Output
6.2 Input Hardware
6.3 Output Hardware
6.4 The Future of Input & Output
6.5 Input & Output Technology & Quality of Life: Health & Ergonomics
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3Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6.1 Input & Output
Input hardware - devices that translate data into a form the computer can process
Output hardware - devices that translate information processed by the computer into a form that humans can understand
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6.2 Input Hardware
Keyboard - a device that converts letters, numbers, and other characters into electrical signals that can be read by the computer’s processor
Traditional keyboards…
Braille keyboard
One-handed keyboard
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How input is received from the keyboard
A key is pressed on the keyboard The keyboard controller sends the scan code
for the key to the keyboard buffer The keyboard controller sends an interrupt
request to the system software The system software responds to the
interrupt by reading the scan code from the keyboard buffer
The system software passes the scan code to the CPU
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Keyboards
Specialty keyboards and terminals:
Dumb terminalIntelligent terminalInternet terminal
Dumb terminal
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Keyboards
Specialty keyboards and terminals:
Dumb terminalIntelligent terminalInternet terminal
Examples of intelligent terminals:
Automatic teller machine (ATM)
Point-of-sale (POS) terminal
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Pointing Devices
Pointing devices - control the position of the cursor or pointer on the screen
Mouse TrackballPointing stickTouchpad Mouse for right-handed user
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Pointing Devices
The mouse and its variants:
Mouse Trackball Pointing stickTouchpad
trackball
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Pointing Devices
The mouse and its variants:
Mouse Trackball Pointing stick Touchpad
Pointing stick
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11Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Pointing Devices
The mouse and its variants:
Mouse Trackball Pointing stick Touchpad
Touch pad
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Pointing Devices
Touch screen - a video display screen that has been sensitized to receive input from the touch of a finger
Touch screen
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Pointing Devices
Pen input:
Pen-based computer system - allows users to enter handwriting and marks onto a computer screen by means of a penlike stylus rather than by typing on a keyboard
Touch screen
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Pointing Devices
Pen input:
Light pen - a light-sensitive penlike device connected by a wire to the computer terminal
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Source Data-Entry Devices
Scanning devices - imaging systems:
Scanners - devices that use light-sensing equipment to translate images of text, drawings, photos, and the like into digital form
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Source Data-Entry Devices
Scanning devices - bar-code readers:
Bar codes - vertical zebra-striped marks you see on most manufactured retail products
Bar-code readers - optical scanners that translate the symbols in the bar code into digital code
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Source Data-Entry Devices
Scanning devices - mark- and character-recognition:
MICR - Magnetic-ink character recognition. Reads the strange-looking numbers printed at the bottom of checks
OMR
OCR
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Source Data-Entry Devices
Scanning devices - mark- and character-recognition:
MICR
OMR - Optical mark recognition. Uses a device that reads pencil marks and converts them into computer-usable form
OCR
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Source Data-Entry DevicesScanning devices - mark- and character-recognition:
MICROMROCR - Optical character recognition. Uses a device that reads preprinted characters in a particular font and converts them to digital code
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Source Data-Entry Devices
Scanning devices - fax machines…
Types of fax machines:
Dedicated fax machine
Fax modem
Dedicated fax machine
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Source Data-Entry Devices
Scanning devices - fax machines…
Types of fax machines:
Dedicated fax machine
Fax modem
Fax modem
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Other Source Data-Entry Devices
Audio-input devices
Webcams and video-input cards
Digital cameras
Voice-recognition systems
Record analog sound and translate it for digital storage and processing
Require either an audio board or a MIDI board
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Other Source Data-Entry Devices
Audio-input devices
Webcams and video-input cards
Digital cameras
Voice-recognition systems
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Other Source Data-Entry Devices
Audio-input devices
Webcams and video-input cards
Digital cameras
Voice-recognition systems
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Other Source Data-Entry Devices
Audio-input devices
Webcams and video-input cards
Digital cameras
Voice-recognition systems
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More Source Data-Entry Devices
Sensors
Radio-frequency identification
Human-biology input devices
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More Source Data-Entry Devices
Sensors
Radio-frequency identification (track moving object. E.g Birds, cars etc)
Human-biology input devices
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More Source Data-Entry Devices
Sensors
Radio-frequency identification
Human-biology input devices (biometrics)
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6.3 Output Hardware
Softcopy - data that is shown on a display screen or is in audio or voice form
Hardcopy - printed output
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Softcopy Output: Display Screens
Display screens - output devices that show programming instructions and data as they are being input and information after it is processed
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Softcopy Output: Display Screens
Screen clarity…
Pixel (picture element) - the smallest unit on the screen that can be turned on and off or made different shades
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Softcopy Output: Display Screens
Screen clarity…
Dot pitch (dp) - the amount of space between the centers of adjacent pixels; the closer the dots, the crisper the image
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Softcopy Output: Display Screens
Screen clarity…
Resolution - the image sharpness of a display screen; the more pixels there are per square inch, the finer the level of detail
Standard resolutions(horizontal x vertical)
640 x 480800 x 6001024 x 7681280 x 10241600 x 12001920 x 1440
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Softcopy Output: Display Screens
Screen clarity…
Refresh rate - the number of times per second that the pixels are recharged so that their glow remains bright
The higher the refresh rate, the more solid the image looks (less flicker).
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Softcopy Output: Display Screens
Two types of monitors:
CRT - a vacuum tube used as a display screen in a computer or video display terminal
Flat-panel display
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Softcopy Output: Display Screens
Two types of monitors:
CRT
Flat-panel display - made up of two plates of glass separated by a layer of a substance in which light is manipulated
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37Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Softcopy Output: Display Screens
Active-matrix versus passive-matrix flat-panel displays…
Active-matrix - each pixel on the screen is controlled by its own transistor
Passive-matrix - a transistor controls a whole row or column of pixels
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Softcopy Output: Display Screens
Color & resolution standards:
SVGA
XGA
SXGA
UXGA
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Hardcopy Output: Printers
Printer - an output device that prints characters, symbols, and perhaps graphics on paper or another hardcopy medium
Dpi (dots per inch) - resolution measure for printers. Specifies the number of dots that are printed in a linear inch
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40Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hardcopy Output: Printers
Impact printer - forms characters or images by striking a mechanism such as a print hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon, leaving an image on paper
Non-impact printer - forms characters and images without direct physical contact between the printing mechanism and paper
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Hardcopy Output: Printers
Nonimpact printers:
Laser printer - creates images on a drum which are treated with a magnetically charged toner, and then transferred from drum to paper
Replacing a laser toner cartridge
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Hardcopy Output: Printers
Nonimpact printers:
Ink-jet printers - spray small, electrically charged droplets of ink from four nozzles through holes in a matrix at high speed onto paper
Thermal printers - use colored waxes and heat to produce images by burning dots onto special paper
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Hardcopy Output: Printers
Plotter - a specialized output device designed to produce high-quality graphics in a variety of colors
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Hardcopy Output: Printers
Multifunction printer - output device that combines several capabilities, such as printing, scanning, copying, and faxing
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Other Output
Sound output - devices which produce digitized sounds, ranging from beeps and chirps to music
Voice output - devices which convert digital data into speech-like sounds
Video output - photographic images which are played at 15-29 frames per second to give the appearance of full motion
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6.4 The Future of Input & Output
More input devices in remote locations
More refinements in source data automation
More output in remote locations
Increasingly realistic--even lifelike--forms of output
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Toward More Source Data Automation
More refinements in source data automation:
High-capacity bar codes3-D scannersMore sophisticated touch devicesSmarter smart cardsMore sensors
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Toward More Source Data Automation
More refinements in source data automation:
Better voice recognition
Smaller electronic cameras
Pattern-recognition & biometric devices
Brainwave devicesComputer-read emotions
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Toward More Output in Remote Locations
Electronic news tablet - a textbook-sized device for downloading a newspaper and then carrying around to read
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Toward More Realistic Output
Display screens--better and cheaper
Audio--higher fidelity
Video--movie quality for PC’s
Three-dimensional display
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6.5 Input & Output Technology & Quality of Life: Health & Ergonomics
Health Matters:
RSIs Eyestrain & headaches Back & neck pains Electromagnetic fields Noise
Carpal tunnel syndrome
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Ergonomics - a field devoted to making working conditions and equipment safer and more efficient
Ergonomic keyboard
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Concept Check
Which type of scanning technology reads the special characters printed at the bottom of checks?
Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)
Hard
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54Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Concept Check
What is the smallest unit on the screen that can be turned on and off or made different shades?
Pixel (short for picture element)
Hard
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put
& O
utp
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55Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Concept Check
Which pointing device resembles a pencil eraser protruding from the center of the keyboard?
Pointing stick
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Concept Check
What is the measure specifying the number of times per second that screen pixels are recharged?
Refresh rate
Hard
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utp
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57Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Concept Check
How is screen resolution specified--vertical x horizontal, or horizontal x vertical?
Horizontal x vertical
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Concept Check
What is the measure of resolution for printers?
Dots per inch (dpi)
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59Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Concept Check
What is the debilitating condition caused by pressure on the median nerve in the wrist?
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
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Concept Check
What is the name of the vacuum tube used as a display screen in a television, computer, and video display terminal?
Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
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Concept Check
What is the amount of space between the centers of adjacent pixels?
Dot pitch (dp)
Hard
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put
& O
utp
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62Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Concept Check
What type of scanning technology is used to read pencil marks, such as those made by students on examination forms?
OMR (Optical mark recognition)
Hard
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Concept Check
What is the name of injuries to the wrist, hand, arm, and neck resulting when muscle groups are forced through fast, repetitive motions?
RSIs (Repetitive stress injuries)
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64Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Concept Check
Which type of flat-panel display produces a brighter and sharper image--active-matrix display or passive-matrix display?
Active-matrix display
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Concept Check
What is an example of an impact printer?
Dot-matrix printer
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Concept Check
Which type of printer produces the very highest-quality color output?
Thermal printer
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Concept Check
What is the science of working conditions and equipment with the goal of improving worker safety and efficiency?
Ergonomics
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Concept Check
What type of software describes the shape and position of characters and graphics to a laser printer?
PDL (Page description language)
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Concept Check
What type of input device consists of a small, flat surface over which you slide your finger, using the same movements as you would with a mouse?
Touchpad
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Concept Check
What type of input device collects data directly from the environment and transmits it to a computer?
Sensor
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Concept Check
What circuit board installed inside the computer’s system cabinet provides fax capability to the computer?
Fax modem
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Concept Check
What type of terminal has its own memory and processor, as well as a display screen and keyboard?
Intelligent terminal
