U.S. TUNDRA BlOME

OPEN LITERATURE AND DISSERTATIONS

September 1977

U.S. TUNDRA BlOME

Ecosystem Analysis Studies

U.S. International Biological Program

U.S. Arctic Research Program

PREFACE

The U.S. Tundra Biome program can divided into three phases:

Pre-Biome planning and initiation of field studies (1968-70)

2. Formal field activities (1971-1973)

3. Post-field activities (1974-present)

The phase included planning ~ participation in inter-national , and organization of data bases. This phase started informally in the late 1960's and included field season. Three objectives were formulated and governed the of the program: 1) to develop a ctive understanding of how the tundra system operates, particu­larly as cAc~.~~-~fied by the wet coastal tundra of northern Alaska; 2} to obtain the necessary data base from a variety of cold-dominated ecosystems represented in the United States so that their behavior can be modeled and simulated and the results with similar studies underway in other circ·wnpolar countries; and 3) to basic environmental kr:mdedge to bear on problems of degradation, maintenance, and taiga

and restoration of the temperature-sensitive and cold-dominated tundra These objectives were related to both the U.S. National

IBP objectives and the international Tundra IBP projects.

3y the field season, the integrated research was recognized nationally as a full-fledged Biome program. During this second data were collected over three summers of intensive field investigations at Barrow, and at lesser intensity and levels at Eagle Surr~it and Prudhoe in Alaska and Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Included in phase 2 were numerous and international and national

Phase 3 in 1974, the last formal year of the IBP. It initiated the ~.S. synthesis activities for preparation of the aquatic and terrestrial books or: arctic tundra, included completion of some field work in l974, and empha-sized open-literature cation ~~d internal report

The published or open literature and the dissertations prepared under the U.S. Tundra Biome program offer a reasonably complete record of the work accomplished to date. additional papers are still in press and a few dissertations remain to be , the following is an compre-hensive list of individual papers and dissertations. Some of these have been accomplished in cooperation with other agencies and institutional and resources and are so indicated as cooperative cor:tributions (*). The list is periodically updated.

Our compilation also to cross-reference the entries to other sources since it is not our intention to provide reprints of each paper or dissertation to the of this list. Most dissertations are acces­sioned by University Microfilms and our list contains the UM order number. Abstracts of almost all papers are available through the Oak Ridge ~fational Laboratory publication entitled "Abstracts -U.S. International Bi Pro-gram, Ecosystems Analysis Studies. 11 Computerized searches of these abstract

files and the Abstract publication can be obtained from Julie Watts, EDFB Data Center, Oak National Laboratory, P.O. Box X, Oak Ridge, TN 37830. The open literature list is also being accessioned in the 11Bibliography on Cold Regions Science and Technology" and numbers set off by I I indicate these ci­tations. The Bibliography is published annually as CRREL Report 12, and is available fror:1 the Jlational Technical Information Service, Springfield, Vir­ginia 22161 at a price of $15.00.

In addition to this open literature list, a number of books on the Tundra Biome, both national and international, are available. Titles, prices, and ordering information are as follows:

1. Proceedings, IV International Meeting on the Biological Produc­tivity of Tundra, Leningrad, USSR, October 1971 (F.E. Wielgolaski and Th. Rosswall, Eds.). Stockholm: IBP Tundra Biome Steering Committee, April 1971. (Available from: Swedish IBP Committee, Wenner-Gren Center, Sveavagen 166, 15 tr, S-113 46, Stockholm, Sweden, Sw.Cr. 20- Approx. U.S. $4.75.)

2. Proceedings of the Conference on Primary Production and Production Processes, Tundra Biome, Dublin, Ireland, April 1973 (L.C. Bliss and F .E. 1-lielgolaski, Eds.). Stockholm: IBP Tundra Biome Steering CorrJnittee, December 1973. (Available from: Dr. L.C. Bliss, De­partment of Botany, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, $4.oo.)

3. Soil Organisms and Decomposition in Tundra (A.J. Holding, O.W. Heal, S.F. MacLean, Jr. and P.W. Flanagan, Eds.). Stockholm: IBP Tundra Biorr,e Steering Committee, October 1974. (Available from: Swedish IBF Committee, Wenner-Gren Center, Sveavagen 166,

tr, S-113 46, Stockholm, Sweden, Sw.Cr. - Approx. U.S. $6.00.)

4. Structure and Function of Tundra Ecosystems (Th. Rosswall and O.W. Heal, Eds.). Ecological Bulletins, NFR 20, Stockholm, August 1975. (Available from: Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Wenner­Gren Center, Box 23136, S-104 35, Stockholm, Sweden, Sw.Cr. 50 -Approx. U.S. $11.90.)

5. Ecological Investigations of the Tundra Biome in the Prudhoe Bay Region, Alaska (J. Brown, Ed.). Biological Papers of the University of Alaska, Special Report Wo. 2, October 1975. (Available from: Biological Papers, 202 Bunnell Building, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701, $10.00.)

6. Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, Canada: A High Arctic Ecosystem (L.C. Bliss, Ed.), ~977. (Available from: The University of Alberta Press, ~50 Athabasca Hall, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E8, $20.00 plus $1.00 postage and handling.)

7. Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems: Part I. Plants and Mucroorganisms (F.E. Wielgolaski, Ed.). Ecological Studies 16, Springer-Verlag, New York

ii

8. Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems: Analysis (F.E. Wielgolaski, Ed.). Verlag, New York ($57.00).

Part 2. Animals and Systems Ecological Studies 17, Springer-

The U.S. Tundra Biome is in the process of publishing three books which should be available in 1978:

An Arctic Ecosystem: The Coastal Tundra of Northern Alaska (J. Brown, F.L. Bunnell, S.F. MacLean, Jr., P.C. Miller and L.L. Tieszen, Eds.). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Philadelphia, Pa.

Limnology of Tundra Ponds, Barrow, Alaska (J.E. Hobbie, Ed.). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Philadelphia, Pa.

Plant Ecology of the Alaskan Arctic Tundra (L.L. Tieszen, Ed.). Springer­Verlag, Inc., New York.

A fourth book on the international Tundra Biome is also in final stages of preparation and is entitled Tundra and Related Habitats (Cambridge Uni­versity Press).

Finally, a number of Tundra Biome papers will appear in a volume entitled Environmental Chemistry and Cycling Processes (D.C. Adriano and I.L. Brisbin, Jr., Eds.), ERDA Symposium Series.

Additional information on publications and the internal report series of the U.S. Tundra Biome can be obtained from J. Brown. Reprints of journal articles are best obtained directly from the author. Bound sets of the U.S. Tundra Biome internal reports, newsletters, proposals, and other documentation are on file at: USACRREL; University of Alaska, Institute of Arctic Biology; National Science Foundation, Ecosystem Section and Division of Polar Programs.

iii

JERRY BROWN, Director U.S. Tundra Biome USACRREL Box 282 Hanover, N.H. 03755

U.S. TUNDRA BlOME OPEN LITERATURE AND DISSERTATIONS

( 31 August 1977)

Alexander, V. (1974) A synthesis of the IBP Tundra Biome circumpolar study of nitrogen fixation. In Soil Organisms and Decomposition in Tundra (A.J. Holding et al., Eds.). IBP Tundra Biome Steering Committee, Stockholm, p. 109-121. (24ll) /Bib 29-3353/

Alexander, V. (1975) Nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae in polar and subpolar regions. In Nitrogen Fixation by Free-Living Micro-Organisms (W.D.P. Stewart, Ed,). IBP Series, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 11, p. 175-188. (2412) /Bib 30-3669/

Alexander, V. and D.M. Schell ( 1973) Seasonal and spatial variation of. nitrogen fixation in the Barrow, Alaska, tundra. Arctic and Alpine Research~ vol. 5, no .. 2, p. 77-88. (2414) /Bib 28-154/

Alexander, V., M. Billington and D.M. Schell (1974) The influence of abiotic factors oh nitrogen fixation rates in the Barrow, Alaska, arctic tundra. Report Kevo

·Subarctic Research Station 11, vol. 11, p. 3-11. (2413) /Bib 30-11/

Alexander, V. and R.J. Barsdate (1977) Studies of nitrogen cycle processes in arctic tundra systems. Proceedings of the Circumpolar Conference on Northern Eeology~ Ottawa, 1975. National Research Council of Canada, Scientific Com­mittee on Problems of the Environment, p. III-53 to III-64. /Bib 31-2564/

Allessio, M.L. and L.L. Tieszen (1974a) Leaf age on translocation and distribu­tion of Cl4 photoassimilate in Dupontia fisheri at Barrow, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research~ vol. 7, no. 1, p. 3-12. (2415)

Allessio, M.L. and L.L. Tieszen (1974b) Patterns of translocation and alloca­tion of 14C-photoassimilate in situ studies with Dupontia fisheri R. Br., Barrow, Alaska. In Primary Production and Production Processes~ Tundra Biome (L.C. Bliss and F.E. Wielgolaski, Eds.). IBP Tundra Biome Steering Committee, Stockholm, p. 219-229. (1774) /Bib 31-1223/

Allf'?SSio, M.L. and L.L. Tieszen (1975) Patterns of carbon allocation in an arctic . tundra grass, Dupontia fisheri (Gramineae), at Barrow, Alaska. American

Journal of Botany~ voi. 62, no. 8, p. 797-807. (2416) /Bib 30-1778/

Atwater, M.A. and J.P. Pandolfo (1975) Tundra environmental changes induced by urbanization. In Climate of the Arctic (G. Weller and S. Bowling, Eds.). Proceedings of the AAAS-AMS Symposium, Fairbanks, Alaska, August 1973, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, p. 312-315. (2417)

Banks, E.M., R.J. Brooks and J. Schnell (1975) Radiotracking study of home range and activity of the brown lemming (Lemmus trimucronatus). Journal of Mammalogy~ vol. 56, no. 4, p. 888-901. (2418)

~.

*Includes cooperf~ive research directly related to Biome research, but par­tially or totally funded by non-biome sources. (number) Abstract published in Abstracts - U.S. IBP Ecosystem Analysis Studies. / / refers to CRREL Cold Regions Bibliography accession number.

Barsdate, R.J., V. Alexander and R.E. Benoit (1973) Natural oil seeps at Cape Simpson, Alaska: Aquatic effects. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Impact of OiZ Resource DeveZopment on Northern PZant Communities, Occa­sional Dublications on Northern Life No. 1, University of Alaska, p. 91-95. (2419) /Bib 28-2320/

Barsdate, R.J., R.T. Prentki and T. Fenchel (1974) The phosphorus cycle of model ecosystems: Significance for decomposer food chains and effect of bac­terial grazers. Oikos, vol. 25, p. 239-251. (2421)

Barsdate, R.J. and V. Alexander (1975) The nitrogen balance of Arctic tundra: Pathways, rates, and environmental implications. JournaZ of EnvironmentaZ QuaZity, vol. 4, p. (2420)

Batzli, G.O. (1975) The role of small mammals in arctic ecosystems. In SmaZZ MammaZs: Productivity and Dynamics of PopuZations (F. Goliey et al., Eds.). IBP Series, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 11, p. 243-268. (2422)

Batzli, G.O. (1977) Influence of grazers on tundra vegetation and soils. Pro­ceedings of the CircumpoZar Conferenae on Northern EcoZogy, Ottawa, 1975. National Research Council of Canada, Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, p. to I-225.

Batzli, G.O., N.C. Stenseth and B.M. Fitzgerald (1974) Growth and survival of · suckling brovm lern.rrings (Lemmus trimucronat:us). JournaZ of MammaZogy,

val. 55, p. 828-831. (2423)

Benson, C., R. Tirr~er, B. Holmgren, G. Weller and S. Parrish (1975) Observa­tions on the seasonal snow cover and radiation climate at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska during 1972. In EcoZogicaZ Investigations of the Tundra Biome in the Prudhoe Bay Region, AZaska. Biological Papers of the University of Alaska, Special Report No. 2, p. 12-50. (2424) /Bib 30-3306/

, W.D. (1973) Arctic and alpine vegetations: Similarities, differences and susceptibility to disturbance. Bioscience, vol. 23, no. 12, p. 697-704.* (1775) /Bib 28-3418/

Billings, W.D. (1974) Arctic and alpine vegetation: Plant adaptations to cold summer climates. In Arctic and AZpine Environments (J.D. Ives and R.G. Barry~ Eds,). London: Methuen & Co., Chap. 8A, p. 403-443.* (2425) /Bib 29-2631/

Billings, W.D., G.R. Shaver and A.W. Trent (1974) Temperature effects on growth and respiration of roots and rhizomes in tundra graminoids. In Primary Production and Production Processes, Tundra Biome (L.C. Bliss and F.E. Wielgolaski, Eds.). IBP Tundra Biorre Steering Committee, Stockholm, p. 57-63. (1776) /Bib 31-1206/

Billings, W.D., K.M. Peterson, G.R. Shaver and A.W. Trent (1977) Root growth, respiration, and carbon dioxide evolution in an arctic tundra soil. Arctic and AZpine Research, vol. 9, no. 2, p.

Billings, W.D., G.R. Shaver and A.W. Trent (1976) Measurement of root growth in simulated and natural temperature gradients over permafrost. Arctic and AZpine Research, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 247-250. (2736 + 2737) /Bib 31-276/

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Bonde, E.K. and M.F. Foreman ) Growth and development of arctic and alpine grasses in experimental at various altitudes in Colorado, U.S.A. In Primary Production and Production Processes, Tundra Biome (L.C. Bliss and F.E. Wielgolaski, Eds.). IBP ~undra Biome Steering Committee, Stockholm, p. 87-97. ( ) /Bib 31-1209/

Bonde, E.K., M.F. Foreman, T.A. Babb, S. Kjelvik, J.D. McKendrick, W.W. Mitchell, L.L. Tieszen, F.J. Wooding and W. Younkin ( ) Growt~ and development of three agronomic in pots (

11p~ytometers

11). In Primary Production and

Production Processes, Tundra Biome (L.C. Bliss and F.E. Wielgolaski, Eds.). IBP Tundra Biome Steering Committee, Stockholm, p. 99-110. (1778) /Bib 31-1210/

Braun, C.E., R.K. Schmidt and G.E. Rogers (1973) Census of Colorado white-tailed with tape-recorded calls. Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 37,

no. 1, p. 90-93. ( )

Brown, J. ( 1970a) Tundra Biome applies new look to '-'U-'-v"; .... cal problems in Alaska. Northern Engineer, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 9. ( 2426)

Brown, J. (1970b) Tundra Biome Program. Science, vol. 167, p. (2427)

Brown, J. (1973) Summary of the 1971 U.S. Tundra Biome Proceedings IV International Meeting on the Biological Productivity of Tundra, Leningrad, U.S.S.R. (F.E. 1-lielgolaski and T. Rosswall, Eds.). IBP Tundra Biome Steering Committee, Stockholm, p. (1780) /Bib 27-2697/

Brown, J. (1975a) U.S. Tundra Biome Seminar/Symposium. Arctic Bulletin, p. (2428) /Bib

Brown, J. (Ed.) (1975b) Ecologieal invest-igations of the Tundra Biome in the Prudhoe Bay Region, Alaska. Biological of the University of Alaska,

Report No. 2, p. (2L29) /Bib 30-3304/

Brown, J., H. Coulombe and ?.A. Pitelka (1970) Structure and function of the tundra ecosystem at Barrow, Alaska. In Produetivity and Conservation in Northern Circumpolar Lands (W.A. Fuller and P.G. Kevan, Eds.). IUCN, Morges, Switzer­land, p. 41-71. (2431)

Brown, J. and G.C. West ( no. 2, p. 56-60. (

The Tundra Biome Program. Aretic Bulletin, vol. 1, /Bib 28-3125/

Brown, J. and A.K. Veum (1974) Soil properties of the international Tundra Biome sites. In Soil Organisms and Deeomposition in Tundra (A.J. Holding et al. , Eds.). IBP Tundra Biome Steering Committee, Stockholm, p. 27-L8. (1781) /Bib 29-3348/

Brown, J,, R.K. and S. Parrish ) Selected climatic and soil thermal characteristics of the Prudhoe region. In Eeologieal Investigations of the Tundra Biome in the Prudhoe Bay Region, Alaska (J. Brown, Ed.).

Papers of the University of Alaska, Special Report No. 2, p. 2-11. (2430) /Bib 30-3305/

Buechler, D.G. and B.D. Dillon (1974) Phosphorus regeneration in freshwater paranecia. Journal of Protozoology, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 339-343.

Bunnell, F.L. ) Lemmings -models and the real world. Proceedings Summer Computer Simulation Conferenee, 1972, San Diego, p. 1183-1197. (1786)

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Bunnell, F.L. (1973a) Theological ecology or models and the real world. Forest Chronicle~ vol. 49, no. 4, p. 1-5. (1783)

Bunnell, F.L. (1973b) Decomposition: Models and the real world. Bull. Ecol. Res. Corron. (Stockholm), vol. , p. 407-415. (1784)

Bunnell, F.L., L. Karenlampi and D.E. Russell (1973) A simulation model of lichen­Rangifer interactions in northern Finland. Report Kevo Subarctic Research Station 10, p. ( 1788)

Bunnell, F.L. and D. Russell (1973) A reindeer's view of the boreal forest ecosystem. Proceedings Summer Computer Si~ulation Conference~ Montreal, vol. 2, p. 722-728. (1785)

u.ul""'-'-·-'-• F. I.,, and P. Dm-rding ( 1974) ABISKO - A zed decomposition model for comparisons between tundra sites. In Soil Organisms and Decomposition in Tundra (A.J. et al., Eds.). IBP Tundra Biome Steering Committee, Stockholm, p. (1787) /Bib 29-3360/

Bunnell, F.L. and D.E.N. Tait (1974) Mathematical simulation models of decom­position processes. In Soil Organisms and Decomposition in Tundra (A.J. Holding et al., Eds.). IBP Tundra Biome Committee, Stockholm, p. (24 ) /Bib 29-3359/

Bunnell, F.L., S.F. MacLean, Jr. and J. Brown (1975) Barrow, Alaska, USA. In Structure and Function of Tundra Ecosystems (T. Rosswall and O.W. Heal, Eds.). Ecological Bulletins INFR 20, p. 73-124. (2433) 30-2199/

Bunnell, F.L. and K.A. Scoullar (1975) ABISKO II - A computer simulation model of carbon flux in tundra ecosystems. In Structure and Function of Tundra Ecosystems (T. Ross-w-all and O.W. Heal, Eds.). cal Bulletins INFR 20, p. 425-448. (2434) 30-2212/

Bunnell, F.L., D.E.~. Tait, P.W. Flanagan and K. Van Cleve (1977a) Microbial respiration and substrate weight less. I. General model of the influence of abiotic variables. Soil Biol. Biochem.~ vol. 9, no. 1, p. 33-40. {2738) /Bib 31-4110/

Bunnell, F.L., D.E.N. Tait and P.W. Flanagan (1977b) Microbial respiration and S-:.lbstrate weight loss. II. A model of the influence of chemical composi-tion. Soil Biol. Biochem.~ vol. 9, no. 1, p. 41-47. ) /Bib 31-4111/

Caldwell, M.M. (1972) Biologically effective solar ultraviolet irradiation in the arctic. Arctic and Alpine Research~ vol. 4, p. 39-43. ( ) /Bib 26-3072/

Caldwell, M.M., L.L. Tieszen and M. Fareed (1974) The canopy structure of tundra plant communities at Barrow, Alaska, and Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Arctic and !:.lpine Research~ vol. 6, no. 2, p. 151-159. (1790)

Cameron, J.N., J. Kostoris and P.A. Penhale (1973) Preliminary energy budget of the nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) in an arctic lake. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board~ Canada~ vol. 30, no. 8, p. 1189. ( )

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Cameron, R.3. (1974) Application of low latitude microbial to high latitude deserts. In PoZar Deserts and Modern Man (T.L. Smiley and J. Zumberge, Eds.). Tucson: University of Arizona, p. (2436) /Bib 29-871/

, ~.B., R.W. Harris and R.E. Benoit (1973) Response of Alaskan tundra microflora to crude oil spill. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Impact of OiZ Resource DeveZopment on Northern Plant Communities3 Occasional Publications on Northern Life No. 1, University of Alaska, p. 53-62. (2437) /Bib 28-2315/

Challinor, J.L. and P.L. Gersper (1975) Vehicle perturbation effects upon a tundra soil-plant system: II. Effects on the chemical Proceedings3

SoiZ Science Society of America3 val. , p. 689-695. /Bib 30-1687/

F.S. III (1974a) Phosphate absorption capacity and acclimation potential plants along a latitudinal gradient. Science, vol. 183, p. 521-523.* (2441)

, F.S. III (1974b) Effect of low phosphate pretreatment species with Science3 val. different relative rates on phosphate

'p. 847. (2439)

Chapin, F.S. III (1974c) Morphological and iological mechanisms of temperature compensation in absorption a latitudinal Ecology3

vol. 55, no. 6, p. 1180-1198. (2440)

Chapin, F.S. III (1977) Nutrient/carbon costs associated with tundra adaptations to a cold nutrient-poor environment. Proceedings of the CircumpoZar Confer­ence on Northern EcoZogy3 Ottawa, 1975, National Research Council of Canada, Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, p. I-183 to

31-2556/

Chapin, F.S. III (1977) over diverse time scales.

p. 139-148.

compensation in phosphate absorption occur­Arctic and AZpine Research, val. 9, no. 2,

Chapin, F.S. III, K. Van Cleve and L.L. Tieszen of tundra vegetation at Barrow, Alaska. no. 3, p. 209-226. ( ) 30-1545/

Seasonal nutrient dynamics and Alpine Research, val. 7,

Chapin, F.S. III and A. Bloom (1976) Phosphate absorption: Adaptation of tundra to a low , low phosphorus environment. Oikos3 vol. p. 111..,-121.

Chisholm, S.W., R.G. Stross and ?.A. Nobbs (1975) Environmental and intrinsic con-trol of filtering and rates in arctic Daphnia. Jourr~z of Fisheries Research Board3 Canada, vol. 32, no. 2, p. 219-226. (2445)

Chisholm, S.W. and F.A. Nobbs in a phosphate-limited Aquatic Ecosystems (R.P. Publishers, p. 337-355·

) Simulation of growth and competition In ModeZing BiochemicaZ Processes in

Canale, Ed.). Ann Arbor, Mich.: .~~n Arbor Science (2444)

Chisholm, S.W., R.G. Stross and F.A. Nobbs (1975) /dark-phased cell division in EugZena gracilis (Z) (euglenophyceae) in P04-limited continuous culture. JournaZ of Phycology3 vol. 11, no. 4, p. 367-373.

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Chisholm, S. W. and R. G. Stross (1976) Phosphate uptake kinetics on Eugler.a gracilis ' ( Z) ( euglenophyceae) grown on light/ dark cycles. I. Synchronized batch cul­tures. Journal of Phycology~ vol. 12, no. 4, p. 210-217.

Chisholm, S."\v. and R.G. Stross (1976) Phosphate uptake kinetics in Euglena gra­cilis (Z) (euglenophyceae) grown in light/dark cycles. II. Phased POl­limited cultures. Journal of Phycology:t vol. 12, no. 2, p. 217-222. 4

Collier, 3.D., r~.C. Stenseth and S. Barkley (1975) A simulation model of energy acquisition and utilization by the brown lemming (Lemmus trimUcronatus) at Barrow, Alaska. Gikas~ vol. 26, p. 276-294. (2446)

Collins, N.J. and W.C. Oechel (1974) The pattern of growth and translocation of photosynthate in a tundra moss, Polytrichum alpinum. Canadian Journal of Botany~ vol. 52, p. 355-363. (2447)

Coulon, C. and V. Alexander (1972) A sliding-chamber phytoplankton settling tech­nique for making perrr.anent quantitative slides with applicatio~s in fluores­cent microscopy and autoradiography. Limnology and Oceanography~ vol. no. l, p. 149-152. (2448 + 1792)

Coyne, P.I. and J.J. Kelley (1971) Release of carbon dioxide from frozen soil to the arctic atmosphere. Nature~ vol. 234, no. 5329, p. 407-408. (1794) /Bib 26-2491/

Coyne, P.I. and J.J. Kelley (l974a) Carbon dioxide partial pressures in arctic surface waters. Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 19, no. 6, p. 928-938. (2449) 30-897/

Coyne, P.I. and J.J. Kelley (l974b) Variations in carbon dioxide across an arctic snowpack during spring. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 79, no. 6, p. 799-802. (1793) /Bib 28-3533/

Coyne, P.I. and J.J. Kelley (1975) Carbon dioxide exchange over the Alaskan arctic tundra: Meteorological assessment by an aerodynamic method. Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 587-611. (2450)

Custer, T.W. (1973) Snowy owl predation on Lapland longspur nestlings recorded on film. Auk~ vol. 90, no. 2, p. 433-435. (1795)

Custer, T.W. and F.A. Pitelka (1975) Correction factors for digestion rates for prey taken by snow buntings (Plectropher.ax nivalis). Condor~ vol. 77, no. 2, p. 210-212. ( 51)

Daley, R.J. and J.E. Hobbie 5) Direct counts of aquatic bacteria by a modi-fied epifluorescence technique. Limnology and Oceanology, vol. 20, no. 5, p. 875-882. (2452)

Deneke, F.J., B.H. McCown, P.I. Coyne, W. Rickard and J. Brown (1975) Biological aspects of terrestrial oil spills - USA CRREL oil research in Alaska, 1970-1974. u.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Research Report 346, 66 p. (2453)

Dennis, J .G. (19TT) Distribution patterns of belowground standing crop in arctic tundra at Barrow, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research~ vol. 9, no. 2, p. 113-127.

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Dillon, R.D. and J.T. Hobbs (1973) Estirr~ting quantity and quality of the biomass of benthic protozoa. Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science~ vo:. 52, p. 47-48. (1796)

Dodson, S.I. (1975) Predation rates of zooplankton in arctic ponds. Limnology and Oceanography~ vo:. 20, no. 3, p. 426-433. (2l54)

Douce, G.K. (:i.976) Biomass of soil rr..ites (Acari) in Arctic coastal tundra. Oikos~

vaL 27, p. 324-330. (2740 + 2741)

Douce, G.K. and D.A. Crossley (1977) Acarina abundance and community structure in an arctic coastal tULdra. Pedobiologia~ Bd. 17, p. 32-42 •. (2742)

Douglas, L.A. and A. Bilgin (1975) Nutrient regimes of soils, landscapes, lakes, and streams, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. In Ecological Investigations of the Tundra Biome in the Prudhoe Bay Region~ Alaska (J. Brown, Ed.). Biological Papers of the University of A::..aska, Special Report No. 2, p. 60-10. (2455) /Bib 30-3308/

Edwards, J.S. (1972) Arthropod fallout on Alaskan snow. Arctic and Alpine Research~ val. 4, no. 2, p. 167-176. (2456)

Edwards, J.S. and P.C. Banko (1976) Anthropod fal:out and nutrient transport: quantitative study of Alaskan snow patches. Arctic and Alpine Research~ val. 8, no. 3, p. 237-245. (2743)

Ehleringer, J.R. and P.C. Miller (1975a) Water relations of selected plant species in the alpine tundra, Colorado. Ecology~ val. 56, no. 2, p. 370-380. (2458) /Bib 29-3927/

Ehleringer, J.R. and P.C. Mil:er \l975b) A simulation model of plant water rela­tions and production in the alpine tundra, Colorado. Oecologia~ vol. 19, p. 177-193. (2457)

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7

Flc.nagan, P.W., D.D. French, O.W. Heal and D.K. Lindley (1974) Microbiology and decomposition data bank (MAD). In Soil Organisms and Decomposition in Tundra (A.J. Holding et al., Eds.). IBP ~undra Biome Steering Committee, Stockholm, p. 389-395. (1797) /Bib 29-3368/

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Gersper, P.L. and J.L. Challinor (1975) Vehicle perturbation effects upon a tundra soil-plant system. I. Effects on morphological and physical environmental properties of the soils. Proceedings~ Soil Science Society of America~ vol. 39, p. 737-744. (2465)

Goodwin, C. (1976) Human activity and underground ice in the Arctic coastal plain. Earth and Mineral Sciences~ vol. 46, no. 3, p. 20-22. (2743 + 2744)

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Hobbie, J.E. and P. Rublee 5) Bacterial production in an arctic pond. Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol., vol. 19, p. 466-471. (

Hollenan, D.F., R.G. \mite and J.R. Luick (1975) New i methods f'or esti-mating Kil~ intake and yield. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 58, p. ' 1821.* (2745 + 2746)

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Johnson, D.A. and M.M. Caldvrell (1975) Gas of four arctic and tundra plant es in relation to and soil moisture stress. Oecologia, vol. 21, p. 93-108. (2470)

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Johnson, D.A. and 1.1. Tieszen (1976) Aboveground biomass allocation, leaf' and photosynthesis patterns in tundra plant forms in arctic Alaska. Oecologia, vol. 24, p. (2746 + 2747)

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Kelley, J.J. and P.I. Coyne (1973) A case for comparison and standardization of carbon dioxide reference gases. Fro~eedings of the Interbiome Workshop on Gaseous Exchange Methodology, Terrestrial Primary Production, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, p. 163-181. (1805)

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i.,aursen, G.A. and O.K. Miller, Jr. (1977) The distribution of fungal hyphae in arctic soil on the International Biological Prograrr~e Tundra Biome site, Barrow, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 149-156.

LeDrew, E.F. (1975a) Estimation of clear sky atmospheric emittance at high alti­tudes. Arctic and Alpine Research, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 227-236. (2474)

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MacLean, S.F., Jr. (l975b) Ecology of tundra invertebrates at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. In Ecological Investigations of the Tundra Biome in the Prudhoe Bay Region~ Alaska (J. Brown, Ed.). Biological Papers of the University of Alaska, Special Report No. 2, p. 114-123. (2477)

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KacLean, S.F., Jr., G.K. Douce, E.A. Morgan and M.A. Skeel (1977) Community organ­ization in the soil invertebrates of Alaskan arctic tundra. In Soil Organisms as Components of Ecosystems (U. Lohm and~. Persson, Eds.). Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm), val. 25.

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11

May, T.A. and C.E. Braun ( ) Seasonal foods of adult white-tailed ptarmigan in Colorado. Jourr~l of Wildlife Management~ val. 36, no. 4, p. 1180-1186. (1811)

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Miller, O.K., Jr., G.A. Laursen and B.M. Murray ( ) Arctic acd alpine agarics from Alaska and Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany~ vol. 51, no. 1, p. 43-49. (2487)

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Moore, R.T., J. , P.C. Miller, M.M. Caldwell and L.L. Tieszen (1974) Gas exchange studies of four alpine tundra at Niwot Ridge, Colorado. In Primary Production and Production Processes~ Tundra Biome (L.C. Bliss and F.E. Wielgolaski, Eds.). IBP Tundra Bicme Steering Corr~ittee, Stockholm, p. 211-217. ( ) /Bib 31-1222/

.1{urray, B.M. and D.F. Murray (1975) Provisional checklist to the vascular, bryo­phyte, and lichen flora of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. In Ecological Investigations of the Tundra Biome in the Prudhoe Bay Region, Alaska ( J. Brown, Ed. ) . Bio­logical Papers of the University of Alaska, Special Report No. 2, p. 203-212. (2491) /Bib 30-3312/

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12

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13

Person, S.J., R.G. Viliite and J.R. Luick ) In vitro digestibility of forages utilized by Rangifer tarandus. Proceedings of the First Interr~tionaZ Reindeer and Caribou Symposiv~ (J.R. Luick, P.C. Lent, D.R. Klein and R.G. 1tlhi te, Eds.). Biological Papers of the University of Alaska, al Report No. 1, p. 25 * (2h99)

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14

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15

Tieszen, 1.1., D.A. Johnson and M.M. Caldwell (1973) A portable for the measurement of photosynthesis carbon-14 dioxide. Proceedings of Inter-biome Workshop on Gaseous Exchange Methodology in Terrestrial Primary Production~ Oak Ridge National Laboratory, EDFB-IBP-73-6, p. 79-93. (Also Photosynthetica~ vol. 8, no. 3, p. 151-160, 1974.) ( )

Tieszen, 1.1. and D.C. (1973) Effect of temperature on carboxylase activity and stability in some Calvin grasses from the arctic. Arctic and Alpine Research~ vol. 5, no. 1, p. (2515) /Bib 27-3069/

Tieszen, 1.1., D.A. Johnson and1

W.L. Allessio (1974a) ~ranslocation of photo-syntheti assimilated C0

2 in three arctic grasses in situ at Barrow,

Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany~ vol. 52, no. 10, p. 2189-2193. (2514)

Tieszen, L.L., D.A. Johnson and M.M. C:aldwe2.1 measurement of phytosyrrthesis using 1 C02 . p. 2.51-160.

) A portable system for the Photosynthetica~ vol. 8, no. 3,

Tieszen, 1.1. and D.A. Johnson (1975) Seasonal pattern of photosynthesis in indi-vidual grass leaves and other parts in arctic Alaska with a portable 14co

2 system. Botanical Gazette~ vol. 136, no. 1, p. 99-105. (2513)

T~eszen, L.L. and N.K. Wieland (1975) Physi ecology of arctic and alpine photosynthesis and respiration. In Physiological Adaptation to the caviron­ment (F.J. Vernberg, Ed.). New York: Intext Educational Publishers, p. 157-200. ( )

Timin, .E. and B.D. Collier (1972) Simulating the arctic tundra ecosystem near Barrow, Alaska. Proceedings of the Summer Computer Simulation Conference~ San Diego, JlLTle, p. 1198-1204. ( )

Tiwari, J.L. and J.E. Hobbie (1976a) Random differential e~uations as models of ecosystems: Monte Carlo simulation approach. Mathematical Biosciences~ vol. 28, p. 25-44. (2517)

Tiwari, J.L. and J.E. Hobbie (l976b) Random differential e~uations as models of ecosystems. II. Initial conditions and parameter specifications in terms of maximum entropy distribution. Mathematical Biosciences~ vol. 31, p.

Tiwari, J.L., J.F. Haney and B.J. Peterson (1976) Computer simulation of the empirically determined diet feeding rhyth.'11 of Daphnia. The Biological BuUetin~ vol. , no. 2, p. 433. ( 2761)

Tiwari, J.L., J.E. Hobbie, J.P. Reed, D.W. Stanley and M.C. Miller (1978) Some stochastic differential equation models of an ecosystem. Ecological Modeling~ vol. 4.

Tolbert, W.W., V.R. Tolbert and biomass of Colorado alpine tundra vol. 9, no. 3, in press.

Distribution, abundance, and Arctic and Alpine Research~

Underwood, L.S. ( 1975) Notes on the arctic fox (A lopex lagopus) in the Prudhoe Bay area of Alaska. In Ecological Investigations of the Tundra Biome in the Prudhoe Bay Region~ Alaska (J. Brown, Ed.). Bi Papers of the University of Alaska, Report No. 2, p. 144-149. (2518)

Van Cleve, K. (1974) Organic matter quality in relation to decomposition. In Soil Organisms and Decomposition in Tur~ra (A.J. Holding et al., Eds.). IBP Tundra Biome Steerihg Committee, Stockholm, p. 311-324. (1830) /Bib 29-3363/

Van Cleve, K. ( ) Recovery of disturbed tundra and taiga surfaces in Alaska. In Recovery and Restoration of Damaged Ecosystems (J. Cairns, Jr., K.L. Dickson and E.E. Herricks, Eds.). Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, p. 422-455.*

Webber, P.J. (1974) T~.mdra primary productivity. In Arctic and Alpine Environ­ments (J.D. Ives and R.G. Barry, Eds.). London: Methuen, p. 445-473. (l831)

Webber, P.J. (1977) Belowground tundra research: A commentary. Arctic and Alpine Research~ vol. 9, no. 2, p. 105-112.

'i'lebber, P .J. and D.A. Halker (1975) Vegetation and landscape analysis at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: A vegetation map of the Tundra Biome study area. In Ecological Investigations of the Tundra Biome in the Prudhoe Bay Region~ Alaska (J. Brown, Ed.). Biological Papers of the University of Alaska, Special Report No. 2, p. 80-91. (2519) /Bib 30-3310/

Webber, P.J. and D.E. May (1977) The magnitude and distribution of belowground plant structures in the alpine tundra of Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Arctic and Alpine Research~ val. 9, no. 2, p. 157-174.

Weller, G. and B. Holmgren (1974) The microclimates of the arctic tundra. Journal of Applied Meteorology~ val. 13, p. 854-862. (2520) /Bib 29-2395/

Weller, G., S. Cubley, S. Parker, D. Trabant and C. Benson (1972) The tundra microclimate during snow-melt at Barrow, Alaska. Arctic~ val. 25, no. 4, p. 291-300. (1832) /Bib 27-2485/

West, G.C. (1975) ~ndra. In McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology. Nei.J York: McGraw-Hill, p. 407-410. (2521)

viest, G.C. (1976) Environmental problems associated with arctic development especially ih Alaska. Envirormental Conservation, val. 3, no. 3, p. 218-

West, G.C. and B.B. DeWolfe (1974) Populations and energetics of taiga birds near Fairbanks, Alaska. Auk~ val. 91, no. 4, p. 757-775. (2522)

West, G.C. and D.W. Norton (1975) Metabolic adaptations of tundra birds. In Physiological Adaptation to the Environment (F.J. Vernberg, Ed.). New York: Intext Educational Publishers, p. 301-329. (2523)

White, C.M. and T.J. Cade (1971) Cliff-nesting raptors and ravens along the Colville River in arctic Alaska. The Living Bird~ Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, p. 107-150. (1833)

vfuite, R.G. (1975) Some aspects of nutritional adaptations of Arctic herbivorous m~~als. In Physiological Adaptation to the Environment (F.J. Vernberg, Ed.). New York: Intext Educational Publishers, p. 239-268. (2524)

17

White, R.G. (1977) Factors regulating the food intake of caribou and reindeer on tundra ranges. Proceedings of the Circumpolar Conference on Northern Ecology~ Ottawa, 1975. National Research Council of Canada, Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, p. I-227 to I-233.

White, R.G. and A.M. Gau (1975) Volatile fatty acid (VFA) production in the rumen and cecum of reindeer. Proceedings of the First International Rein­deer and Caribou Symposium (J.R. Luick, P.C. Lent, D.R. Klein and R.G. White, Eds.). Biological Papers of the University of Alaska, Special Re­port No. l, p. 284-289. (2525)

White, R.G., B.R. Thomson, T. Skogland, S.J. Person, D.E. Russell, D.F. Holleman and J.R. Luick (1975) Ecology of caribou at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. In Ecological Investigations of the Tundra Biome in the Prudhoe Bay Region~ Alaska (J. Brown, Ed.). Biological Papers of the University of Alaska, Special Report No. 2, p. 150-201. (2526)

White, R.G. and J.R. Luick (1976) Glucose metabolism in lactating reindeer. Canadian Journal of Zoology~ vol. 54, no. ~. p. 55-64.* (2762)

Whitney, P. (1977) Seasonal maintenance and net production of two sympatric species of subarctic microtine rodents. Ecology~ vol. 58, p. 314-325.

Williams, M.E., E.D. Rudolph and E.A. Schofield (1975) Selected data on lichens, mosses, and vascular plants on the Prudhoe Bay tundra. In Ecological Investi­gations of the Tundra Biome in the Prudhoe Bay Region~ Alaska (J. Brown, Ed.). Biological Papers of the University of Alaska, Special Report No. 2, p. 213-215. (2527) /Bib 30-3313/

18

U.S. Tundra Biome Ph.D. Dissertations

Bilgin, (1975) Nutrient status of surface waters as related to soils and other environmental factors in a tundra ecosystem. Rutgers University,

p. (U:MF 75-17,432.) /Bib 30-1499/

Bunnell, Fred 1. (1973) Computer simulation of nutrient and lemming cycles in ari arctic tundra wet meadow ecosystem. University of California (Berkeley), 312 p.*

Chapin, F. Stuart III (1973) Morphological and physiological mechanics of tempera-ture compensation in phosphate absorption a latitudinal gradient. Stanford University, 134 p.* (UMF 74-6456.)

Chisholm, Sallie W. (1974) Studies on daily rhythms of phosphate uptake in EugZena ami their potential ecological significance. State University of Ne-w York (Albany), p. (UMF 75-4288.)

Coady, John W. Bioenergetics of the brown (Lemrnus sibiricus). Upiversity of Alaska, 117 p.* (UMF 76-20242.)

Custer, ~~omas ( 5) Population ecology and bioenergetics of the Lapland long­spur (CaZcarius Zapponicus) near Barrow, Alaska. University of California (Berkeley), p.

Douce, G.K. (1976) Role of soil fauna in litter decomposition processes in arctic tundra evaluated by field and systems analysis University of Georgia, p. (Ut-1F 77-04,115.)

Emerick, J.C. (1976) Effects of artificially increased winter snow cover on plant canopy architecture and primary production in selected areas of Colorado alpine tundra. University of Colorado, 193 p. (UMF 76-23,605.)

/Bib 31-3254/ Flock, Jo Ann Walton ) The influence of snow cover and soil moisture on

bryophyte and lichen distribution, Niwot Ridge, Boulder County, Colorado. University of Colorado, 168 p.* (UMF 76-23,609.) I

Goodwin, Cecil (1975) Process interaction and soil temperature near Point Barrow, Alaska. University of Michigan, 258 p. (UMF 76-19,143)

Johnson, Do-..Iglas A. ( arctic tundra plant

5) Gas exchange and water relations of two alpine and two es. Utah State University, 122 p.

Komarkova, Vera (1976) Colorado Rocky Mountains.

Laursen, G.A. munities. Virginia (mcr 76-:..1,:..16.)

of the =ndian Peaks area, Front University of Colorado, 450 p.* (UMF

soils of coastal arctic tundra com-Institute and State University, 370 p.

May, Diane E. (1976) The response environmental variation.

tundra vegetation in Colorado to of Colorado, 164 p. (m-w 76-23, . )

/Bib 31-3256i

*Cooperative. (UMF) University Microfilm order number.

~erry A. (~975) Pr~siological ecology of white-tailed in Colorado. University of Colorado, 311 p. (UMF ,622.)

Norton, David W. 3) Ecological of calidridine sandpipers breeding in northern Alaska. University of Alaska, 163 p. (ID1lF ,700.)

Person, Steven tarandus.

stibility of of Alaska,

by Rangifer

Prentki, Richard 275 p.

Phosphorus in t·J.ndra ponds. University of Alaska,

Shaver, G.R. (1976) Ecology of roots and rhizomes in graminoid plants of the Alaskan coastal tundra. Duke (illT 77-11,860.)

Srrith, David K. ) Floristic, , and phytogeographic studies of the ·oryophytes in the tundra around Barrow, Alaska. of Tennessee, 202 p.* 75-3641.) /Bib

Stanley, Donald W. (1974) Production ecology of epipelic ponds. North Carolina State University, 151 p.

in Alaskan tundra ,165.)

rlliitney, Paul E. (1973) Population and energetics of three species of small mammals in the taiga of interior Alaska. of Alaska, 258 p.* (UMF 73-26 .)

20

U.S. Tundra Biome Masters Theses {)!.S, unless otherwise stated)

Ashkenazie, S. ( pusiUa at

Time-energy budget of the Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris , Alaska, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 152 p.

, A. (1976) The influence of mineral nutrients on the of Point Barrow, Alaska. San Diego State University, 110 p.

Buechler, Dennis G. (1972) Phosphorus regeneration studies in fresh water ciliates. of South D~~ota (Vermillion), 35 p.

Challinor, Josephine L. (1971) Vehicle perturbation effects upon a tundra soil­system. University of California (Berkeley), 240 p.

Cheslak, E.F. (1976) Activity patterns and runway utilization of the brown lemming Lemmus trimuaronatus. San ~iego State University, 94 p.

Clement, L.E. (1975) The ecology of Tipula aarinifrons Holm. (Diptera, Tipulidae) in the arctic coastal tundra of northern Alaska. University of Alaska, 96 p.

Cole, F.R. (1974) Food habits and digestive efficiencies of two nicrotine rodents Lemmus trimuaronatus and Microtus oahrogaster. University of Illinois,

.Ms. Research Report, 31 p.

Douce, G. Keith (1973) The population dynamics and community analysis of the Acarina of the arctic coastal tundra. of Georgia, 69 p.

Ehleringer, James (1973) Water relations in the alpine tundra, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. San Diego State University, lll p.

Fareed, Marcee (1973) Canopy structure and phenology of alpine tundra vegetation. Utah State University, 43 p.

Federle, T.W. (1976) The interactio~ of seston and zooplankton in arctic ponds. U~iversity of Cincinnati, Ohio, 60 p.

Goodwin, Cecil W. (1972) An annual active layer simulator for permafrost regions. University of Michigan, p.

Johnson, Douglas A. (1973) Field measurements of photosynthesis and leaf growth rates of three alpine plant species. Utah State University, 25 p.

Joh~ston, M. (1975) Bacterial biomass and nitrogen transformations in arctic tundra soils near Barrow, Alaska. University of Alaska, 85 p.

Kallendorf, Robert (1974) d~amics and the ecological role of Lepidurus aratiaus i~ coastal tundra ponds, Barrow, Alaska. University of Cinci~nati, 107 p.

Lawrence, \·l. T. (1974) A model of the population d~amics of Dupontia fisheri. San Diego State , 104 p.*

LeDrew, Ellsworth in Colorado 147 p. and

The radiation and energy b~dget of an alpine tundra growing season, 1973. University of Colorado,

21

Lindholm, George (1972) Studies of nitrate reduction of Eagle Summit soils and isolate cultures. University of Alaska, 64 p.

May, Diane E. (1973) Models for predicting compositioL and production of alpine tundra vegetation from Niwot Ridge, Colorado. University of Colorado, 99 p.

Mun:rc, N .R. (1973) An examinatioL of the inorganic nitrogen status of a soil of: the Alaskan coastal tundra plain. Utah State University, 52 p.

Ng, Edward (1974) Soil moisture relations in chaparral. San Diego State Uni­versity, 114 p.*

Osborn, R.G. (1975) Models of lemming demography and avian predation near Barrow, Alaska. San Diego State University, 106 p.

Parkinson, Robert J. (1977) Genesis and classification of arctic and coastal plain soils, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. The Ohio State University, 170 p.

Penhale, Polly A. (1972) Food re~uirements of the nine-spined stickleback, ~~ngitius pungitius~ in an arctic tundra lake of northern Alaska. North Carolina State University, 35 p.

Peterson, R.M., Jr. (19 ~nergetics and activity of the brown le~~ing (Lemmus trimucronatus) in its natural environment. University of Illinois, Ms. Re-search Report, p.

Piene, Harold (1973) Effects of different degrees of thinning on the rate of decomposition of organic matter in a white spruce forest in interior Alaska. University of Alaska, p.*

Reed, James R. (1974) Benthic metabolism in arctic coastal ponds, Barrow, Alaska. University of Cincinnati, 118 p.

Rublee, Parke (1974) Production of bacteria in a pond. North Carolina State University, 39 p.

Russell, D.E. (1976) Computer simulation of Rangifer energetics. University of British Col~~bia, 93 p.

Simons, A.P. (1973) A pedological investigation of high-centered polygons in the vicinity of Barrow, Alaska. University of California (Berkeley). p.

Stoner, Wayne (1974) Water relations in the wet coastal tundra, Barrow, Alaska. San Diego State University, 71 p.

Strome, D.J. (1976) Decomposition of dissolved humic materials in arctic ponds. University of Cincinnati, 60 p.

Trent, Alex W. (1972) It:easurement of root growth and respiration in arctic plants. M.A., Duke University, 75 p.

Walker, Donald A. (1977) Analysis of effectiveness of a television scanning densitometer for indicating geobotanical features in an ice-wedge polygon conplex at Barrow, Alaska. M.A., University of Colorado, 132 p.

22