U.S. Indian Policy

U.S. Indian Policy: 1763-1970

Set up your digital EHS Cornell Notes!Essential ?: Describe major trends in U.S. Indian policy.Colonial AmericaSince Columbus, Europeans claimed land ownership by the doctrine of discovery.British established Indian Territory west of the Appalachians.Ignored by colonist who continued west.Following Pontiacs Rebellion, smallpox blankets were given to the Delawares during peace talks in 1763.First use of biological warfare in American history.

Early AmericaOver 400 treaties exchanging land for reservations, protection, and education.Nearly every one broken.Frontiersmen illegally squatted on designated Indian lands and introduced alcohol to the natives.Ignoring U.S. laws.

Indian Removal 1830-45.Pushed eastern tribes to permanent reservations west of the Mississippi.Considered wards of the state.

Trail of Tears 1838Supreme court ruled that Cherokee in Georgia had a right to stay.A. Jackson refused to enforce the ruling.4,000 (1/4th of the tribe) died during the forced removal.Seminole Wars

Elimination 1866-91Over 1,000 battles between the army and natives.Wounded Knee 1890Last Indian War.Sioux forced off their reservation.150- 300 Sioux men, women, and children died.Why dont we acknowledge Indian wars like WWI,WWII, Korea, etc.???

Mass grave at Wounded KneeAllotment 1887-1934Broke up reservations into individual plots.Sold remaining land to Euro-Americans.90 million acres lost.Done without consent by 1903.Ended ward status/federal aid and granted citizenship.States refused native suffrage, as done to blacks in the south.

Assimilation 1880s-1920sForced education of native children.Attacked all aspects of native culture.Language, Religion, Tribalism.Forced manual labor.

Termination 1946-70.Paid for lost land in exchange for the end of reservations, tribal governments, and federal aid.Encouraged natives to move to cities.Navajos to Denver.Led to increased poverty.Tribes again recognized in the 70s.Continued push for tribal self-governance.

Recent History (You Do!)Research and take notes on one of the following:Alcatraz seizureAmerican Indian MovementSecond Wounded KneeCurrent Native demographicsCite your source.

Questions and SummaryTwo Questions: Compare U.S. Indian policy toExplain how___ impacted Native Americans.Image how Native AmericansSummary: From 1763-1970, U.S. Indian policy has vacillated and evolved. However, all policies are similar in that they all For example, the policy of ___ caused Later, the ___ policy led to I think

Works CitedAndrew Jackson. N.d. Graphic. TripodWeb. 2 Oct 2013. .Edmunds, R. David, Frederick E. Hoxie, and Neal Salisbury.The People: A History of Native America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007.Fighters Must Wash Hands. 2013. Graphic. Funny JunkWeb. 3 Sep 2013. .Hillard, Sam B.Native American Land. N.d. Infographic. Unsettling AmericaWeb. 1 Sep 2013. .Hoxie, Frederick E.A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.How to Grow a Nose. 2013. Graphic. SlapCationWeb. 22 Aug 2013.