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Brief note for urban transport class at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
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Urban Public Transport Note for Urban Transport Class by Riza Atiq
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Urban Public Transport
Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
Light Rail Transit (LRT)
People Rapid Mover (PRT)
Rail based
transport
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Speed – up to 100 km/hr 4 – 12 couches per train Couches 22m x 3.1 m Capacity – up to 80,000 passengers /
hr / direction Acceleration / deceleration ≈ 1.2 m/s
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Rail – 1435mm gauge Headway ≥ 120 s Suitable for radial movement For high density and high plot ratio area. Feeder bus service is required Power supply: 750 V dc Sub-station: 3 – 5 km spacing
MRT
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Speed – up to 40 km/hr 2 – 6 couches per train Capacity – up to 40,000 passengers /
hr / direction Acceleration / deceleration ≈ 1.2 m/s
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Rail – 1000 or 1435mm gauge Headway ≥ 120 s Suitable for radial movement For high density and high plot ratio area. Feeder bus service is required Power supply: 750 V dc Sub-station: 3 – 5 km spacing
LRT
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Speed – up to 30 km/hr 2 – 4 couches per train Capacity – up to 10,000 passengers /
hr / direction Rail – 1000 gauge or monorail Headway ≥ 90 s Suitable for intra-city travel
PRT
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3600 n S Cp = h Cp = Theoretical passenger line capacity n = vehicle per train S = Maximum passenger per vehicle h = headway in second
Transit Capacity
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Operational design Actual passenger capacity =
3600 α σ n S Cp = h α = guideway utilisation factor (0.6) σ = load factor (0.9) Example City Hall of KL needs to provide a transit line to meet peak hour demand of 12,000 passengers/hr. Required speed = 35 - 40 km/hr. Minimum headway = 120s maximum headway = 240s. Guideway utilisation factor = 0.6 and load factor = 0.9s. Station platform limit = 10 vehicles. Vehicle capacity = 130 passengers.
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3600 α σ n S Cp = h 12,000 = 3600 x 0.6 x 0.9 x n x 130 / h n = 0.04748 h
n (veh/train) h (headway (s)
1 21.06
2 42.12
3 63.18
4 84.24
5 105.30
6 126.36 Possible range 120 ≤ h ≤ 240
7 147.42
8 168.48
9 189.54
10 210.60
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o Capacity = 12 - 240 passengers.
o Flexible - Expansions and extentions can be
introduced easily o Transit systems using buses are capable of
carrying 2,400 to 15,000 passengers per hr per direction.
o Volume of up to 30,000 passengers per hr per
direction can be achieved with special bus lane, off-line stations and multiple boarding platform.
/
Bus Service
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Bus travel pattern
Radial service - sub-urban to CBD (Shuttle buses)
Ring road service to link up various sub-centres (Stage buses)
Local travel service (Mini bus)
Special travel in the CBD (eg. tourism)
Travel service between activity centres (Shuttle of mini bus).
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Example of Bus Service Guidelines
Service pattern Service major activity centres such as office
buildings, school and hospital. Provide 300 meters coverage where
population density > 30. Serve at least 90% of the residents.
Space routes at about 0.75 km in urban area and 1.5 in sub-urban area.
Service Level Service period : 6 am-12 pm Headway: Peak: 5 minutes
Bus Stop CBD: 5 -7 stops / km, sub-urban: 1 - 3 stops /km
Passenger comfort Passenger shelter Route and destination sign Driver courtesy
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Bus Station
Bus parking area
Passenger waiting area
Car
Park
LRT station
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Bus Priority lane
Bus lane
Bus Stop
Special Green Time for
buses
φ 1
φ 1A φ 1B
φ 2
Bus Lane
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Bus Operation Design
Frequency, f = n / N
n = Demand for service (passengers / hr) N = Maximum number of passengers per bus
Usually the minimum headway is set in multiples of 7.5 or 10 minutes for the shake of coordination.
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Example A bus service is planned between Bangi and Putrjaya, a distance of 20 km. The operating time is 45 minutes. Estimated demand is 500 passengers/hr. 45-seater buses will be used, which can accommodate 20 standees. Design basic system and determine the fleet size. Maximum headway is 30 minutes and the minimum terminal time is 5 minutes. Solution: Operating speed v = 60L/t = 60 x 20 / 45 = 26.67km/hr headway, h = 60(45 + 20)/500 = 7.8 min (adopt 7.5 min.) Cycle time, T = 2 (45 + 5) = 100 Fleet size, N = T / h = 100 / 7.5 = 14 vehicles Revised cycle time, T'= N x h = 14 x 7.5 = 105 min Revised terminal time = (T' - 2 travel time)/2 = (105 - 2 x 45)/2 = 7.5 minutes Commercial speed = 20 / (105 / 60 / 2) = 22.86 km/hr
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Bus Rapid Transit
Capacity = up to 40,000 passengers / hr /direction The cheapest transit system [construction and operation] Implementation time from planning stage to operation stage < 3 years Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZl1N6bTp_M
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(Source: http://www.itdp.org/documents/Bus%20Rapid%20Transit%20Guide%20-
%20complete%20guide.pdf )
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Bike-Sharing
Community Bike programmes organised mostly by local community groups or non-profit organisations Smart Bike programmmes implemented by government agencies, sometimes in a public-private partnership. (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_sharing_system )
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