Urban and Periurban Vegetable Production Systems - Are They Dependable Alternatives for Supportin

8/14/2019 Urban and Periurban Vegetable Production Systems - Are They Dependable Alternatives for Supportin

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Peri-Urban development in

South-East Asia has to be

considered an interdisciplinary

research question that can be

observed from various

perspectives with a wide range

of methodological approaches.

In many developing countries

rural migration to towns and

urban growth are creating

enormous conurbations where

the achievement of adequate

employment levels and decent

living conditions presents a

challenge not only for the city

governments but for planning

and societal organizations too.

These population shifts also

lead to new food consumption

patterns, create market

opportunities and place new

demands on agriculture. While

new settlements can be a

burden on surrounding rural

areas they are also a source of

investment.

Page

Editorial 2

Sven Theml: 3rd regional PUDSEA seminar 2004in Yogyakarta/ Indonesia 2

1. Interviews 31.1 Mr. Bayudono

Head of the Regional Planning Agency in theSpecial Province of Yogyakarta 3

1.2 Mr. WisnuLeader of a community-based resource-recoveryinitiative in Minomartani (Kabupaten Sleman) 7

1.3 Romo UtomoHeadman of an organic farming project inGanjuran (Kabupaten Bantul) 12

1.4 Mr. IswantoInitiator of an environmentally friendly waste-disposal scheme in Sukunan village(Kabupaten Sleman) 17

2. Online information & literature 21

2.1 Peri-Urban Development 21

2.2 Miscellaneous 29

3. Websites 39

4. Books 44

PUDSEA Network

11th Newsletter September 2004Special Topic: Peri-Urban Development in Yogyakarta and SE-Asia


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Editorial

Dear Readers,

our vision of Linking Communities and Researchers for Establishing an Innovative Platform

for Sustainable Development of Peri-Urban Areas in SE-Asia (Link CoRe) has successively

taken shape during the year 2004. This vision shall now get realized and put into practice

through the implementation of local projects. Therefore, PUDSEA will organize the 3rd

regional seminar this year in Yogyakarta/ Indonesia with the working title: Sustainable

Development of Periurban Areas Management of Socio-economic and Environmental

Problems in order to discuss about our ideas for future projects and synchronize activities

between partner countries.

The main focus of this newsletter is thus set on information about peri-urban development in

Yogyakarta as well as SE-Asia in general in order to meet the intention and orientation of our

seminar and to emphasise the relevance and importance of this upcoming event.

The newsletter is divided into 2 parts. The first part offers specific information about peri-

urban development in the local context of Yogyakarta. By including interviews with

representatives from local initiatives and authorities we want to describe specific conditions

and demonstrate promising ways and approaches to develop peri-urban areas in Yogyakarta.

It is mainly considered to inspire people seeking solutions for practicable ways to improve the

living conditions for local communities and their environment. The second part of the

newsletter offers relevant internet links, websites and books focusing on peri-urban

development in the spatial context of SE-Asia, supplemented with information about related

thematic issues to inform you about new trends, approaches and activities in the broadest

sense of the subject peri-urban development in SE-Asia.

Best regards,

Sven Theml

PUDSEA Network CoordinatorContact: [email protected]


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1. Interviews

1.1 Interview with Mr. Bayudono

Mr. Bayudono is the head of the Regional Development Planning Agency (BAPEDA) in the

Special Province of Yogyakarta (DIY)

The interview took place in Yogyakarta on 10th of August 2004.

Question:For what exactly BAPEDA is in charge of?

Mr. Bayudono: BAPEDA is responsible for planning

and preparing macro programs for the governmental

development program in the Province of Yogyakarta.

Previously BAPEDA were concerning only physic

development, but now we are talking about the overall

program for the government, that means that we have to

prepare everything including parts of the financial plan.

Our responsibility has thus become bigger.

Question: Does BAPEDA already has an overall

program for the governmental development plan?

Mr. Bayudono: Yes, the main program is to achieve our vision. Our vision for the next 5-

year period from2004 2008 is to be a catalytic government. That means we come back to

our basic duties, that is to facilitate, to serve and to regulate in order to enhance and promote

the competitiveness of communities without interfering so far. To regulate does not mean that

we have to regulate everything, but we are making regulations or rules in such a way that at

least we minimize collisions of interest or conflicts among the people. And also we have to

facilitate what the people need. They need a bridge, ok we try to build a bridge. They need

roads, ok we try to provide them with roads.


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Question: From where you get your information about their needs? Is there a kind of need

assessment? How do you communicate and interact with communities?

Mr. Bayudono: Actually it is difficult. We try to set our procedure or our mechanism to

absorb the inspiration, the aspiration of the community by what we call RAKORBANG1

. This

mechanism has not been popular in previous times, but now we always invite and try to

include representatives of NGOs and the private sector. Right now, for example, we are

establishing the system for the transportation in Yogyakarta. The members of the team consist

of people from BAPEDA, people from Public Works and representatives from ORGANDA2.

We also invite PUSTRA3. It is the way we try to keep contact with the communities. Beside

this there is a column in the newspaper KR4 every Friday. We answer questions from the

people, from everybody. They asked me about anything, about the broken bridge, about thedevelopment of a mall in Yogyakarta, everything. Then we try to explain them what we are

going to do.

Question: Is BAPEDA divided in divisions? Or do you rather form working groups according

to special interests and needs of the communities?

Mr. Bayudono: Previously, in the old organization of BAPEDA, it was divided into 5

divisions, according to the sections under the divisions. But now we have changed the system,not again to be such a sectored entity, but most towards a functional entity. Previously we talk

about, for example, the division for Physic and Infrastructure, now we call it division for

Regional Planning, means that this division is responsible for macro planning. Through this

structural change we want to be more flexible in our work. The problem is that we changed,

but people outside did not. People from the legislative, for example, they are always talking

about sectors. We are not longer talking about sectors, we talk about function.

Question: What are your tools to implement any changes in order to improve the situation for

local communities?

Mr. Bayudono: We have no direct link to the people. Because according to the law number

22 about decentralization and autonomy, there are 11 sectors or authorities that now belongs

1 RAKORBANG (Rapat koordinasi pembangunan): Development Coordination Meeting2 ORGANDA (Organisasi Pengusaha National Angkutan Bermotor di Jalan Raya): Organization of land

transportation owners3 PUSTRA (Pusat Studi Transportasi): Centre for Transportation and Logistic Study at Gadjah Mada

University4 KR (Kedaulatan Rakyat): Local newspaper in Yogyakarta


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to the Kabupaten5. For example if we talk about the education, it is the responsibility of the

Kabupaten, not again the responsibility of the provincial government. That is the problem.

But we set a macro planning program that might be followed by the Kabupaten. So if the

people have a specific problem, first they have to go to the Kabupaten government. But if the

Kabupaten government fail to solve the problem, then they will ask the assistant from the

provincial government.

Question: Talking about Agenda 21, the governmental vision is to develop a sustainable

tourism sector in Yogyakarta. What does it mean?

Mr. Bayudono: We apply Agenda 21 in a sectored issue, that is a sustainable tourism

development in Yogyakarta. It means that the tourism in Yogyakarta will be developed insuch way that will not destroy the environment. So if we have such a sustainable tourism

development program, first is to evaluate how far the program will influence the sustainability

of the environment.

Question: What is your concept to implement sustainable tourism development in

Yogyakarta?

Mr. Bayudono: You know that the concept of the Agenda 21, sustainable tourismdevelopment in Yogyakarta, is such a kind of macro-concept. And we have to follow this up

with other programs. So we divided this program in at least 12 other programs, like

revitalization of Malioboro, revitalization of Taman Sari, ecological forestry tourism in

Gunung Kidul, city forestry and others.

Question: PUDSEA will have a seminar in Yogyakarta next October. In what way do you

think the visions of PUDSEA could be interesting for the programs of BAPEDA?

Mr. Bayudono: Well, actually I think there should be a good collaboration between

PUDSEA and BAPEDA, especially in developing the peri-urban area in Yogyakarta. In

Yogyakarta it is the area close to the Ring Road. How to develop this area to be a centre of

activities? So that the people wont be crowded in the centre of the city anymore, like in

Malioboro. If we can formulate a program together with PUDSEA for this case, it will be

good for BAPEDA.

5 Kabupaten:District


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Question: BAPEDA and PUDSEA have a common vision in community development. How

could we synchronize activities?

Mr. Bayudono: I was interested by the ideas of Mr. Koesparmadi6, it was very interesting.

....his main work approach in community development is active participation using Action

Research methods...

Mr. Bayudono: The problem will be to spread these ideas to a wider scale. If he could

demonstrate this idea to BAPENAS7, it would be very good. Also, if PUDSEA could start

such a program in Kecamatan8 level in Yogyakarta, it will be very helpful. Because many

years ago we established the program Kecamatan sebagai pusat pertumbuhan9, but it did

not work. Therefore I would like to see that BAPEDA will further be represented in the

National Steering Committee of PUDSEA in order to share ideas and synchronize activities.

Interview by: Sven Theml

6 See also:- PUDSEA Newsletter No.9: Agenda for Peri-Urban Jakarta and its Surrounding Area

- PUDSEA publications: How partnership built Stories from the Field7 BAPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Nasional): National Development Planning Agency8 Kecamatan: Sub-district9 Kecamatan as the centre of growth


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1.2 Interview with Mr. Wisnu

Mr. Wisnu leads a community-based resource recovery initiative in Minomartani, Kabupaten

Sleman. They have recently also started with integrated organic farming activities.

The interview took place in Yogyakarta on 25th of August 2004.

Question:Why are you interested in waste management? Where is the idea coming from?

Mr. Wisnu: We do this business to fulfil our daily

needs. We get income from waste. Besides selling the

recyclable material, we also get other potencies. We

make compost which produces micro-bacteria to feed

fish in my fishpond, and my chicken. And we get social

status. Previously, we didnt have a job, but now we do.

The idea of making compost came from what is called a

miracle. I was amazed by the dumped garbage, because

it produced some smoke but it was not stinky. Then I

learnt from my friend that it was the composting process.

From the book, I learned more about the composting

process, and then I made it for myself.

Question:When did you start this kind of waste management business?

Mr. Wisnu: I have been involved in waste management since 1990 as a garbage collector, but

I started this composting project in 1996.

Question:How did you start this business?

Mr. Wisnu: I built a network to realize my idea. This network consists of garbage collectors

in this area. It was not easy to open their minds, because composting needs time to make

money, there is no immediate income. From 13 garbage collectors in this area, only 6 joined

that time. In the beginning in 1996 we rented land from the government10 to start with our

composting activities. At the beginning we produced 3 quintals compost per month. This

business ran well until 1999. We can survive and are not influenced by any economic crisis,

because garbage is produced everyday.

10 Called tanah bengkok: Land provided from the government free of charge for community leaders


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Question: Can you briefly describe the composting process?

Mr. Wisnu: Our base material for making

compost is household waste. First we sort

garbage into non-organic (recyclable) and

organic waste. Then organic waste is sorted

into slow-degradable (e.g. coconut shell)

and fast-degradable (e.g. leaves). This fast-

degradable organic waste is the material

for the compost. Then we pile up the

organic material. A pile has the size of

approximately 2m x 2m x 1,75m, its weight is about 3,5 tons. It takes 3 days at most to makeone pile, so after 3 days we can start with another pile. Previously it took 48 days for the

whole composting process, but after I made a innovation it takes only 35 days.

Question: Can you tell us about this innovation?

Mr. Wisnu: This innovation is still natural. We treat bacteria as we would treat ourselves, so

those bacteria can become very productive. It means we try to give the best conditions for the

bacteria, e.g. optimal temperature.

Soil already consists of high protein (bacteria), the key is how to produce glucose by giving

proper treatment for the bacteria, so these bacteria can be more productive. I dont agree to

apply inoculants, e.g. EM411 for accelerate the composting process. Our compost must fulfil

standards for healthy humans, soils, and plants.

Question: Have these activities got attention from local government, NGO12

s, other

institutions or even foreign countries?

Mr. Wisnu: Actually, it is not a kind of attention as I expected, but I got some recognition:

1. Government from different levels visited this place, such us BPPT13 who learned about

composting

2. Some NGOs made friendship with us, but it was only friendship, because I had traumas

about partnership with NGOs

11 EM4 (Abbreviation for: Effective Microorganisms): An additive to accelerate decomposition of bio-

degradable material12 NGO: Non-governmental organization13 BPPT (Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi): Agency for the Assessment and Application of

Technology


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3. I got a certificate from Slemans government as Second Citizen

4. Some television stations reported about our activities

5. I often get invited as a speaker in seminars

6. I got a Silver Medal as Environmental Manager from some foreign NGOs

7. I got a certificate as Social Entrepreneur (all in all only 103 persons in Indonesia)

8. Trubus magazine helped me to export compost to Abu Dhabi, but then we stopped it

because it was not profitable. But we are proud of it

9. We got recognition from a minister called Karta Rajasa. Mr. Karta Rajasa said if

anyone wants to learn about waste management, learn it in Sleman. We are called as

Environmental Preserve Community

Question: What are the difficulties with your approach of waste management business?

Mr. Wisnu: In the beginning it was difficult to open the mind of garbage collectors about

compost. Besides we got some opposition from government and society. But we did fight it

back and we proved by research that this activity does not pollute the environment. And we

also had some bad experiences in making partnership with NGOs. One NGO stole my idea.

The NGO wrote Produced by that NGO on the compost bags. It should be Packed &

Marketed by that NGO. Now we just practice friendship with NGOs. If NGOs need

programs, we can give them programs. I do the consulting and monitoring, but the activity is

funded by a NGO.

Previously there were 8 composting places, but because of the above reasons I reduced this

business and in 2000 start focusing on this place as a Centre of Learning by Doing about

composting.

Currently, we have some problems in marketing, because we run the business using a social

concept.

Question: Whats the main need of this activity?

Mr. Wisnu: We have enough human resources, what we need is financial support. We need it

to develop this Centre of Learning by Doing. Right now, I am also developing a

Community Development Management system, which I already presented in June 2004 in

Korea.


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Question: How is the marketing system?

Mr. Wisnu: We do passive marketing, because the production is limited now. It means to

attack markets, but wait. The marketing network was created by friends who have learned

composting from this place. It is quite profitable, which is proven by the fact that our compost

is now available in supermarkets. Now we package our compost by ourselves, which are

averagely 10 packs per day containing 2 kilograms each.

Question: Why is it so difficult to sell compost to farmers as an organic fertilizer?

Mr. Wisnu: Theoretically farmers should not use chemical fertilizer, but logically farmers

use it, because it is not possible to cultivate their fields only by using pure organic fertilizer.

Most soil bodies are eroded and not very fertile anymore. But it is not only a matter what kind

of fertilizer the farmers choose, but it is about changing their habit. We can not just say the

price for compost is only 500 Rupiah14 per kg, and the price for chemical fertilizer is 2000-

2500 Rupiah per kg, and we can also not also say that the price for organic rice is 6000-8000

Rupiah per kg on the market, while the price for inorganic rice is only 2000-2500 Rupiah per

kg.

The amount of labour is in fact much higher using organic fertilizer. For one time fertilizing

the fields, farmers have to use 5 tons of compost for one hectare. That means highertransportation costs and more labour for farmers, unlike using chemical fertilizers where

much smaller amounts (in weight) are sufficient. Farmers also recognize that chemical

fertilizer will make plants grow faster and give higher production because chemical fertilizer

directly supplement plants need for nutrients, while compost is providing nutrient indirectly

by getting stored in the soil first. So plants will grow slower, and the production is generally

lower using compost as fertilizer. There is also just a small demand for organic products on

local markets.So, although using chemical fertilizer is dangerous for environment and destroying life, for

large field units it is basically not wrong using chemical fertilizer, but it must be in controlled

amounts. There should also be a monitoring system by government.

14 US$ 1 => Rp. 9.040,- as of September 21st 2004


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Question: What is your future plan?

Mr. Wisnu: I will try to make pure organic integrated farming on a smaller scale, using the

compost we make from the household garbage from our community.

Interview and translation by: Alia Fajarwati


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1.3 Interview with Romo Utomo

Romo Utomo is a priest in Ganjuran/ Kabupaten Bantul since 1988. He spearheads an

organic farming initiative operating throughout Indonesia.

The interview took place in Yogyakarta on September, the 7th 2004.

Question: When did the organic farming project in Ganjuran15

start? What has been the

motivation?

Romo Utomo: We started with a seminar among Asian

farmers in Ganjuran that took place at October 16 th in

1990, on the celebration of the World Food Day. At that

time we made a declaration that we called Ganjuran

Declaration, namely building sustainable agriculture and

sustainable rural development that is friendly to the

environment and to the nature, economically viable,

rooted in local culture and socially just. These are the 4

points of Ganjuran Declaration.

The output of this seminar was the creation of a new

movement of farmers and fishermen. Because at that time,no farmers or fishermen organization was allowed except of those built from the government,

namely HKTI16 and HNSI17. These are the only organizations accepted or allowed by the

government to fulfil the programme of the government. At that time the government

programme is practicing the principles of the Green Revolution. During the period of the

Green Revolution, since end of the 60s, there is a process of farmers became stupid,

because they have no right to rationalize. They grow rice or any kind of crops according to the

instructions, they use chemical fertilizer and pesticides according to packages. Now we have

so many instant farmers, they like to produce instant food.

So our programme is in opposition to the government programme. But the government would

not ban our programme because we are a FAO movement. That is the advantage of our

movement.

15 Ganjuran is located in Kabupaten Bantul, around 10km south of Yogyakarta16 HKTI (Himpunan Kerukunan Tani Indonesia): Farmer Solidarity Association in Indonesia17 HNSI (Himpunan Nelayan Seluruh Indonesia): Fishermen Association in Indonesia


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Question:Do you try to implement this programme also in other places?

Romo Utomo: Yes. Every year there is the celebration of the World Food Day. We

celebrate the World Food Day always in other places. The first time it was here in Ganjuran,

then in Boyolali, and then in Central Java and so on. So during these celebrations we start a

local dialogue in villages, also a kind of awareness programme for local communities. We

invite outstanding farmers already practising organic farming, but we also invite the

newcomers, people who are not yet practising organic farming. That is our way to disseminate

and spread our idea to other places and other farmers tried to implement the Ganjuran

Declaration. The networking is very important for an exchange on farmer level, to share

experiences, to do training programmes and so on. This movement is just like a oil-dot-

system, always widening the base. That is why we have not only one block, one area ofmovement. But we have the same forum, the national forum, what we call the World Food

Day, for farmers and fishermen. Locally the groups have their own name, only for the

national forum we come together.

Question: What is your function in the organic farming programme?

Romo Utomo: I am just a moderator. So our secretary is one group among other groups. We

are not something like central government, each group everywhere is autonomic. We try toserve them as equally, as equal partners.

Question:What are the principles and the focus of your organic farming movement?

Romo Utomo: We have to focus first of all on the seeds. We have to go back to farmers

seeds, not industrial seeds. Because during the Green Revolution farmers seeds has been

wiped out. In the national seed bank they are 8000 rice varieties kept. Now we have to do our

seed programme for our self, the farmers themselves. Who control seeds control life. That is

important, though just very few are aware of this. We have to go back to these principles,

away from the principles of the Green Revolution. We call it food sovereignty, because we

start the sovereignty of our seeds. We also try to disseminate them again, to multiply again

our local seeds. Sometimes we exchange seeds from on island to the other island, nationally

or even Asia-wide with our friends in the Philippines or in Thailand.

And secondly we focus on rural youth. So with rural youth we hope that we grow and develop

partnerships between adults and children. We start already at elementary school with verysimple projects. Like a kind of small gardening project done by children and helped by the


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adults. The profit is for the youth and they also get recognized by the adults, that makes them

happy. Very small, very simple projects. That is among others our simple programme, the

partnerships between adult and youth. And recognition of children and youth ownership.

Question: What are the main reasons for farmers to follow this programme? They do it

because of idealistic reasons or do they also have an economic advantage?

Romo Utomo: Of course, there should be an economic advantage also, but they feel proud of

the good morality. Like organic farmers worldwide, they feel proud, not only because of the

economic benefits. They feel proud that they are different than others, they feel that they are

on the right side. So we have the vision and mission. That is important. Not just going to work

because they have to work. They work because of the vision and mission. Sometimes, ofcourse, there is a gap between economic and moral aspects. For instance, in terms of

biodiversity we have to do many kind of varieties. Sometimes they grow only what is proper

to economical aspects. Actually in a village sometimes they only grow 2 or 3 varieties that are

economically profitable. But they forget in terms of biodiversity they have to do more.

Question:Where do you get your organic fertilizers from?

Romo Utomo: From the villages. They make it for themselves. Nowadays there are alsomany companies producing organic fertilizer and organic pesticides. But that means, it creates

a new dependency for farmers. Farmers have to be autonomous to be self-reliant. They have

to do it for themselves. They will see what kind of compost is best, what are the components

for good compost, they will grow into a good knowledge of compost making.

We try to help them to become more intelligent farmers, but sometimes we have to even dig

up against our system, our lifestyle. We try to support them doing the development of organic

farming that has been lost during the Green Revolution.

Question:Do you get any kind of support from the government?

Romo Utomo: Well, maybe nowadays farmers get contacted already. But in former times not

at all, because the practise of Green Revolution is quite different from our movement. They

started with all the IR seeds, IR high-yield varieties, and we started with local seeds.

For instance, sometimes fellows come to us and ask if we can help with cultivating corn,

high-yield corn. But high-yield corn is a high-energy crop. Farmers become very dependableon others, on the industry, if they can not make the seeds themselves. They apply more Urea


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again, because high-yield corn demand more Urea, more nitrogen, which will kill the soil,

poisoning the environment, harming our bodies, because environment is not only soil, plants

and animals but also the people themselves, the consumers. If we apply more Urea plants also

become very vulnerable to insects, because the wall of the cell will become very thin. That is

why the insects become very happy.

Question:Do you support farmers to market the products?

Romo Utomo: Yes, we are in the process of certification, especially for cash crops. We try to

have an organic certification so that the products have a good access to the world market in

terms of organic market. Everywhere they are looking for organic crops. So we try to have a

certification.

Question:Who is doing this certification?

Romo Utomo: Some institutions have to do the certifications. The certifier is not our self.

The certifier is any international institution or international certifier, so that our products get

recognized internationally. And then we have to do the internal control-system for organic

production. We have to go to the farmers, then we need a map, we need a history of the farm

and the land, at least the last years, how long they refuse to use chemical fertilizer andchemical pesticides.

Question: Are products mainly for self consumption, for local markets or international

markets?

Romo Utomo: Food crops are mainly for own consumption. But cash crops can be for world

market, it is a good opportunity for that. For organic rice and organic vegetables a local

market has not yet developed for local consumption. For other products, like cash crops it is

better to have an access to the world market. The problem is that cash crops are mainly grown

outside Java.

Question:So what could be a good perspective for Javanese farmers?

Romo Utomo: That is difficult because farmers outside Java have a kind of a back-up system.

Beside the food crops they have cash crops that can be sent to the world market. While here in

Java farmers are mostly food farmers producing food crops. That is why they are very

vulnerable. Farmers in Java must also have other resources for their survival to supplement


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income, like home industry or herbs or medicine, to produce for cosmetic and medical needs.

But we have to do awareness programme also.

A week ago I was in Jakarta to see a big industry for medicine and cosmetics. I proposed them

to have a community-based production of products for natural health care. Farmers can do

that. The big industries in Jakarta do not need to have their own area of land to grow all the

herbs and medical plants but the farmers could do this for themselves. Only industry could

help them in post-harvest treatment, how to dry it, how to cut it and so on. That could be a

good solution for the farmers here in Java.

Interview by: Sven Theml


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1.4 Interview with Mr. Iswanto

Mr. Iswanto is a lecturer at the health academy Poltekes in Yogyakarta. He initiated an

environmentally friendly waste-disposal scheme in Sukunan Village, Sleman.

The interview took place in Sukunan on 14th of September 2004.

Question: When did you have the idea to improve the waste disposal scheme in your village?

Mr. Iswanto: It was in the year 2000

when the farmers were complaining

about plastic garbage that enters their rice

fields, causing their land to be infertile.

At that time, people in Sukunan Village

were not used to throw garbage in its

proper place yet. Then I established a

practical system for households to make

organic garbage become compost. My

wife also found methods to organize the daily plastic garbage. And then, the waste disposal

scheme was getting completed with the idea of sorting the garbage. That idea came after I met

Lea Jillenek, the resident director of the Australian Consortium for In Country Indonesian

Studies (ACICIS). I saw a good garbage management at her house. I thought that it might be

applicable in my village too. Previously the idea was only to face the garbage problems.

Question: Starting from the idea to face the garbage problems of the farmers, youve

developed a precise scheme. How did you make the scheme concept mature?

Mr. Iswanto: In the year of 2002 my friends and I have made a proposal to the Health

Agency in Yogyakarta Province. Unfortunately the proposal was rejected. But the rejection

made me even more enthusiastic to find a way to implement it.

After I met Lea Jillenek, in order to make the scheme concept mature, several feasibility

studies were conducted. We went to several composting places and had interviews with

several garbage picker in Yogyakarta. Then we came into the conclusion that the garbage

could be sold.


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Question: What have been your tools to implement the waste disposal scheme to people in

your village?

Mr. Iswanto: Before having a donator, socialization programs have been brought to the

people. Informally I started to deliver this idea to the local prominent figures, like chief of

neighbours (Ketua RT) and chief of people (Ketua RW). I explained that actually garbage

should be managed in such a way to avoid, that the toxic substances (e.g. dioxin from the

burned plastic) harm the peoples health. I also highlighted that people doesnt have to pay a

garbage picker to collect their daily waste anymore if they treat the waste according to the

new waste disposal scheme. Several people agreed with this idea, but some others were also

pessimistic.

A short story, Lea successfully got the donators for our scheme. They are Ella and AlanFinkel from Australia. In January 2004, for the 1st time in a formal occasion, the scheme was

presented in front of local prominent figures, namely representatives from the Banyuraden

Village Agency, a mosques board, and local youths. Since that, more continuous meetings

have been held to improve the scheme. Local people developed a waste-management team,

chaired by Mr. Suharto and helped by 5 other board member. That team was responsible to

socialize the scheme into all society layers. So far that team has worked effectively.

Question: Talking about the waste disposal scheme, actually how does it work exactly?

Mr. Iswanto: The essence of the waste

disposal scheme is that every family in

the village sort their household litter into

3 categories: plastic, paper, and iron/

glass. Families can dispose their

separated waste in different bins, one forplastic, one for paper and one for iron/

glass. There are currently 18 locations

where these sets of 3 garbage bins are

provided in our village. The garbage bins

are large drums colored with paintings. Therefore we invited Apotik Komik, a local artist

group, who helped us making the drums visually attractive. When those garbage bins are full,

the private sector (scavengers) picks them up and sell our garbage to middlemen. The money

from garbage sales is saved as village fund. This scheme make residents in Sukunan

village doesnt have to pay for garbage pickers to collect their daily waste.


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Each family also should prepare another

2 clay containers with a volume of

around 100 litres for making compost.

They supposed to fill the clay container

with their organic home garbage by turns.

From my experiences it usually takes 2-3

months for a 4-member family to fill one

container. Then, when the first container

is already full, they should close it and

start filling the second container. During

the time people filling the second container, the organic waste in the first container is bio-

degrading to compost.

My wife has also initiated a small-scale business with the plastic and aluminium-foil garbage,

such as coffee/milk wrapper and detergent packer. With the help of unemployed youth, she

transforms the garbage into handbags. Her idea gets response from the local youth alliance.

Now, this business has been considered more seriously because from the economic

calculation, making handbags would bring much more benefit instead of selling the raw

material (plastics, aluminium foil, etc.).

Question: Could this advanced waste management scheme get implemented successfully in

the whole village since its launching?

Mr. Iswanto: Approximately two weeks after its launching, the Sukunan village waste-

management team found that the garbage bins are already full. Then the private sector bought

the garbage from Sukunan village. The money from the garbage sale is getting collected for

the villages cash. Beside that there is also income from the handbags sale. Until August

2004, the income from our waste management scheme has been 500.000 Rupiah. Villagers

also have saved the garbage fee, which is usually paid every month, as much as 3.000 Rupiah

x 180 houses x 8 months = 4.320.000 Rupiah.18

We know from monitoring that 80% of the families in Sukunan village has sort their garbage

and 90% of the families has implemented the scheme in the right way. The garbage bins are

used for 100%, but there are still mistakes done, e.g. placing the organic waste into the wrong

garbage bins (approximately 12%).

18 US$ 1 => Rp. 9.040,- as of September 21st 2004


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Question: It is a very big progress. Do you have any future plan related to the waste

disposal scheme that has been successfully applied in your village?

Mr. Iswanto: Actually since the scheme roll on, many communities outside of Sukunan

Village have shown interest to adopt the waste disposal scheme according to our approach in

Sukunan. More than 10 communities from other villages already came to Sukunan to learn

about our scheme. Beside that, we are also getting visited by academician (including students

and lecturers), government officials (DKKP19, Bapedalda20, Dinkes21), and non-government

institutions (study centre) as well as hotels.

For the period 2004-2005, the Sukunan village waste-management team has been accepted

again to receive financial support from donors. We want to use the money for transferring the

program to other villages. The target is that another 5 villages implement this scheme by theend of 2004.

Interview and translation by: Poppy Nelly

19 DKKP: Dinas Kebersihan, Keindahan dan Pemakaman (Sanitation, Aesthetics and Cemetery Department)20 Bapedalda: Badan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (Regional Environment Management Agency)21 Dinkes: Dinas Kesehatan (Healthy Agency)


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2. Online Information & Literature

2.1 Peri-urban development

To Benefit Periurban Communities: 'Mainstream Planning' or 'Local

Legitimacy Planning'? - A case study of the waste management system in

Periurban Tangerang, Indonesia

by Sutandyo-Buchholz, Adiyanti & Drescher, Axel W. & Iaquinta, David L.; 2004

Abstract:

As cities in developing countries expand to modern metropolitan agglomerations, periurbanareas develop through myriad rural-urban linkages amalgamating characteristics, traditionaland modern. Government control of detailed spatial planning in periurban regions is unclear,overlapping, inconsistent, incomplete and often nonexistent.The case study focuses on the waste management system in Tangerang, 40 km west ofJakarta, Indonesia. This area is doubly burdened. On the one hand, periurban Tangerang hasbecome a dumpsite for both Jakarta and Tangerang city itself. Whatever value and valueadded by the refuse material, it represents a significant hazard to both health and environment.On the other hand, villages and squatter settlements in Tangerang and the surroundingperiurban have no waste disposal system of their own yet. The question remains: What benefitshall this low-income periurban community derive from all this? More importantly, how canthe needs of the local community be met while still addressing the larger needs of themetropolitan area?

http://www.isocarp.org/projects/case_studies/cases/cs_info_no.asp?ID=488

Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Metro Manila: Resources and

Opportunities for Food Production

Authors: Mubarik Ali (Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre, Taiwan) & Fe

Porciuncula (Central Luzon State University, Philippines)

Abstract:

Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Metro Manila: Resources and Opportunities for FoodProduction analyzes agricultural resources and activities in Metro Manila and their impacts onthe environment and economy. Guidelines are provided for planning agricultural activities toassist urban poor in other major cities of developing countries.

http://www.avrdc.org/pdf/TB26.pdf

Year-round production of safe vegetables for Manila from peri-urban areas

Authors: J. R. Burleigh and L. L. Black

Abstract:Food supplies flowing to Manila are inadequate to feed its burgeoning population. Suppliesfrom urban sites are grossly inadequate and can be augmented only by the introduction of


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technologies that increase productivity as it is unlikely that vacant land can be reserved foragriculture. Current consumption patterns by Manila residents do not provide adequatenutrition, particularly among the poor.Meeting the nutritional demands of Manilas millions therefore, can best be achieved throughincreased supplies of vegetables year-round. New technologies that 1) enhance sustainable

vegetable production while reducing simultaneously use of pesticides and inorganicfertilizers, 2) partially substitute organic for inorganic fertilizers, and 3) foster hot, wet seasonproduction of vegetables at reduced risk of economic failure would help alleviatemicronutrient deficiencies among the urban poor in Metro Manila (44% of urban poor sufferfrom malnutrition), strengthen the rationale for recycling of solid wastes and reverse trendstoward irreversible environmental and societal catastrophe. To these ends, AVRDC incollaboration with Central Luzon State University-Philippines, the Bureau of Plant Industry-Philippines, and the Technical University of Munich-Germany is addressing these problemsthrough a project entitled Development of peri-urban vegetable production systems forsustainable year-round supplies to tropical Asian cities, funded by Bundesministerium frWirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung.

http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/agsm/sada/asia/DOCS/DOC/Burleigh1.doc

Urban and Periurban Vegetable Production Systems: Are they dependable

alternatives for supporting food security programs?

Author: Witono Adiyoga

Research Institute for Vegetables, Bandung/ Indonesia

Abstract:

Food security is not only emphasizing on food availability, but also on food accessibility. Italso explicitly incorporates the need for a healthy diet, complete with necessary vitamins andproteins, rather than simply sufficient calories. In this case, vegetables play a major role as thesource of most micro-nutrients and the only practical and sustainable way to ensure theirsupply. Vegetables can provide widely accessible sources of essentials vitamins andminerals, as well as supplementary protein and calories. Despite the existing constraints andchallenges, there should be a concerted effort to promote large potentialities and advantagesof the urban and peri-urban production systems in enhancing vegetable supply. This effortmay lead to a strong commitment, both at the policy and operational levels, to further developurban and peri-urban sustainable vegetable production systems. Integrating urban and peri-urban vegetable/ horticulture into the regional/urban planning process and regional/urban

resources management is the only mechanism that may determine significant impacts of thoseproduction systems on household food security and nutrition programs.

http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/agsm/sada/asia/DOCS/DOC/Adiyoga1.doc

Environmental problems and opportunities of the peri-urban interface and

their impact upon the poor

Authors: Adriana Allen, Nilvo A. da Silva and Enrico CoruboloDevelopment Planning Unit, University College London (dpu) Peri-Urban Interface Programme

Abstract:


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The peri-urban interface (PUI) is subject to a wide range of transformations and flows whichoriginate within and outside its domain. Most of such changes are driven by the proximity ofurban areas (land conversion processes, market opportunities, migration patterns, wastedisposal issues, etc.); however, they can also be inscribed in the wider context of the linkagesurban areas maintain with their rural hinterland and the natural resource base in the territory

which surrounds them.Urban-rural interactions are affected by and impact upon both urban and rural patterns ofproduction, consumption, mobility, on environmental conditions in wide regions and on thelivelihood strategies of an increasing number of people in the developing world.This paper argues that peri-urban interfaces face two main interconnected challenges: that ofthe sustainability of their natural resource base and that of the quality of life and livelihoodstrategies of the poor. Based on the findings from a number of case studies, the documentprovides an overview of the problems and opportunities of the PUI with regard to the broaderconcerns of environmental sustainability and poverty, and proposes a series of considerationsfor environmental planning and management to the benefit of the poor.

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/DPU_PUI_Allen_Corubolo_daSilva_Environmental.pdf

Living between Urban and Rural Areas: Guidelines for strategic

environmental planning and management of the peri-urban interface -

three volumes

Authors: Allen, Adriana et al.; 2000

Development Planning Unit, Universtiy College London

Volume 1: ISBN 1-874502-05-6

Volume 2: ISBN 1-874502-10-2Volume 3: ISBN 1-874502-15-3

Abstract:

These guidelines comprise three short volumes, a flyer, and a poster. They seek to provide abasic understanding of the processes involved in the environmental planning and managementof the PUI, as well as a clear appreciation of the principles and components required withinthese processes.The guidelines present a range of 'ingredients' aimed at improving the practice of planningand management in a range of localities.

Volume 1:

'Understanding change in the peri-urban interface' presents a contextual analysis of the PUI,the processes of change arising from the interaction of rural and urban areas and the

problems and opportunities arising form this interaction.

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/EPMvol1.pdf

Volume 2:

' Developing an environmental planning and management process for the peri-urban

interface: Guiding and Working principles' presents the key guiding principles to lead theenvironmental planning and management process of the PUI as well as the working principles


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and components that must be applied to benefit the poor and enhance the sustainability of thenatural resource base.


Volume 3:

'Environmental planning and management initiatives for the peri-urban interface: Learningfrom experience' illustrates the above with an overview of initiatives undertaken in a range ofcountries.


Institutional structures and processes for environmental planning and

management of the peri-urban interface

Author: Michael MattinglyDevelopment Planning Unit, University College London (dpu) Peri-Urban Interface Programme

Abstract:

Recently, a new interest in urban and rural links has arisen. At the peri-urban interface wherethese links meet, environmental conditions are often at their most unacceptable. As comparedto MDCs, the interface in LDCs is more often the location of the poor. The poor tend to sufferdisproportionately the effects of adverse environmental conditions, and this is one of thereasons. In LDCs, activities at the location of this interface are generally overwhelmed by thechanges precipitated by advancing urban growth.Strategies are needed which deal not only with urban impacts but also with the transitionalnature of activities in the zone, once urban impacts are felt. And there are strategies for ruralactivities to exploit their proximity to towns and cities. Yet these strategies must be matchedto the limited capacities of the institutions available for formulating and implementing them ifthey are to be effective. Alternatively, institutions can be given new capacities or newrelationships.

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/DPU_PUI_Mattingly_STRUCTURES_PROCESSES.pdf

Understanding the opportunities and constraints for low-income groups inthe peri-urban interface: the contribution of livelihood frameworks

Author: Cecilia Tacoli

IIED

Abstract:

The increasingly common use of the term "peri-urban" reflects also the recognition that themanagement of natural resources in the region surrounding an urban centre is often of greatimportance to the livelihoods of many groups (for example farmers and fishing communities)and is equally crucial for the sustainable provision of these resources (for example freshwaterand foodstuff) to the whole region, including its urban residents. The dynamic processes ofsocio-economic and environmental change which are usually a major element of the peri-urban interface are likely to have an impact on the opportunities and constraints faced bydifferent groups in their access to assets and the construction of livelihood strategies.


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This paper examines the relevance of different livelihood frameworks to the construction oflivelihoods in the peri-urban interface (PUI) and suggests ways in which elements of thedifferent frameworks can be usefully combined to improve their use as tools for research andpolicy-making in the context of the PUI.

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/DPU_PUI_Takodi_opportunities.pdf

Overview of initiatives regarding the management of the peri-urban

interface

by Jessica Budds and Alicia Minaya

Development Planning Unit, University College London (dpu) Peri-Urban Interface Programme

Abstract:

This paper provides an overview of the initiatives that are being taken with respect to themanagement of the peri-urban interface by development agencies, NGOs, research institutesand government authorities, both at programme and project level. The overview ofprogrammes will consider bilateral and multilateral programmes with relevance to peri-urbanareas, and will describe the agencies and programmes conceptualisation of peri-urban areas,areas of intervention and policies and strategies being applied to such areas. The overview atthe project level will also examine the conceptualisation of the peri-urban interface,highlighting dominant themes and actual strategies for planning and management in specificcases, and will consider recommendations for policy and evaluations of good practice. Thereport concludes with a summary of projects covered in table form in order to provide morecomprehensive and detailed information about existing interventions.

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/DPU_PUI_Budds_Minaya_OVERVIEW.pdf

A review of policies and strategies affecting the peri-urban interface

Authors: Julio D Davila with Jessica Budds and Alicia Minaya


Abstract:

As discussed in other papers presented in this web site, whilst there is no accepted definitionof what precisely constitutes the (peri-urban interface, the PUI has been conventionallyconceptualised by emphasising three different sets of variables: physical attributes, such asproximity to the city and poor infrastructure; socio-economic variables; or urban-rural flows(of people, energy, goods).However, most interventions that might be regarded as explicitly focused on the PUI take astheir starting point a physical definition, such as the urban periphery, the green belt and soon. Also, peri-urban interventions are usually inscribed in planning and management effortsfor metropolitan areas, but institutions with an overall responsibility for the environment witha remit that cuts across administrative boundaries are very rare.The aim of this paper is to present an overview of current government policies and strategies

that have a direct or indirect impact on the peri-urban interface, giving particular attention tosustainability and poverty issues. Two kinds of policies are distinguished: those with anexplicit spatial dimension which directly or indirectly affect developments in the PUI. And


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those policies of a sectoral nature generally lacking an explicit spatial dimension but whoseapplication has (intended or unintended) effects on the environment of the peri-urbaninterface.Policies are also examined in view of three further features: the problems to which they areintended to respond, their institutional context and the tools available to policy-makers.

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/davila.htm

Urban-rural change, boundary problems and environmental burdens

Authors: Gordon McGranahan, David Satterthwaite and Cecilia Tacoli

International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)

Abstract:

This paper provides a policy-oriented review of those environmental burdens in low andmiddle-income countries that cross urban-rural boundaries, but are not national or global in

scale. Many of the most intense pollution and resource pressures originate in urban centres,and have their major impacts on the surrounding regions. Peri-urban zones are often far moreenvironmentally unstable than either urban or rural settings. Urban-rural burdens can beespecially difficult to accommodate within existing administrative systems/boundaries,particularly in countries where public authorities face severe financial difficulties.

http://www.livelihoods.org/hot_topics/docs/UR_environment.pdf

Seeking an understanding of poverty that recognizes rural-urban

differences and rural-urban linkages

Author: David Satterthwaite

International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)

Abstract:

This paper seeks to:

1. Stress the importance of agriculture for the economy of many urban centres (and for thelivelihoods of many urban dwellers);

2. Highlight the differences in rural and urban contexts of relevance to poverty reduction,while recognizing the limitations of the distinction, in part because urban boundaries do

not neatly divide rural and non-rural production patterns, in part because of the extent ofrural-urban interconnections, in part because of the diversity of contexts within rural areasand within urban areas;

3. Consider areas of commonality between rural and urban areas in terms of exposure toenvironmental hazards and livelihoods frameworks, with a particular interest in locationsthat are the inter-face between rural and urban areas; and

4. Consider how governments and international agencies can respond more effectively torural-urban differences and rural-urban linkages.

http://www.livelihoods.org/hot_topics/docs/UR_Satterthwaite.doc


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Rural-Urban Linkages and Interactions: Policy Implications for

Development Planning and Poverty ReductionA Joint Urban and Rural Development Strategy and Policy Initiative

The World Bank Group: Urban Development

Abstract:

There is growing awareness across the development community and within the Bank of theneed for greater understanding of, and attention to, the spatial dimension of planning,including the linkages between rural and urban development.The objectives of work on this topic are: to raise awareness of policy makers, World Bankstaff and other donors concerning key issues, synergies and opportunities for enhancingprograms and projects through better understanding of urban-rural linkages and the role ofsmall urban centres; to debate emerging policy issues; and to initiate a follow-up actionplanning process of pilot country initiatives, capacity building and research.

http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/External/Urban/UrbanDev.nsf/Urban%2BRual%2BLinkages/D02D4131298EF6A68525688D0052B27B?OpenDocument

Integration of Peri-Urban Food Production into Solid Waste Management

Programs: A case study from the Philippines

Authors: Robert J. Holmer, Anselmo B. Mercado, Wilfried H. Schnitzler

Prepared for the conference "Rural-Urban Encounters: Managing the Environment of the Peri-Urban

Interface", Development Planning Unit, University College London, 9-10 November 2001

Abstract:Different survey data pertaining to vegetable production and solid waste management inCagayan de Oro are presented. Special emphasis is given to the potential of integrating peri-urban food production into improved solid waste management programs and its contributionto food security. Business opportunities for micro- and small-sized enterprise development inurban farming in connection with sustainable waste management strategies as well as issuesand actions to further enhance urban and periurban agriculture in the Philippines areformulated.

http://www.puvep.com/dpu-paper1.pdf

The Links between Urban and Rural Development

Author: Cecilia Tacoli; 2003

From: Environment and Urbanization; Vol. 15, No 1.- IIED

Abstract:

This is the second issue ofEnvironment and Urbanization focusing on ruralurban linkages.The first, which came out in 1998, described the reliance of many low-income households onboth rural-based and urban-based resources in constructing their livelihoods. But the majorityof the papers also underlined the fact that this straddling of the ruralurban divide is usually

ignored by policy makers, and that the rigid division between rural and urban on the partof sectoral strategies actually makes life more difficult for low-income groups.


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The papers in this issue show many reasons why it has become even less realistic fordevelopment specialists to separate into rural and urban camps. The notion of a divide hasbecome a misleading metaphor, one that oversimplifies and even distorts the realities. Asthese papers demonstrate, the linkages and interactions have become an ever more intensiveand important component of livelihoods and production systems in many areas forming not

so much a bridge over a divide as a complex web of connections in a landscape where muchis neither urban nor rural, but has features of both, especially in the areas around urbancentres or along the roads out of such centres (what can be termed the peri-urban interface).

http://www.iied.org/docs/urban/eandu15editorial.pdf

Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture

Abstract:

This paper explores the major issues arising from urban and peri-urban agriculture which are

central to FAOs mandate in member countries. They are how to:

provide adequate access to nutritious food for the growing urban populations of thedeveloping world;

efficiently integrate urban and peri-urban agriculture with rural agriculture (in generalthey are not substitutes for each other);

develop land and water policies that account for agricultural production in urban and peri-urban areas; and

guide dynamic agricultural practices within and outside cities towards sustainability goals(economic, social, and environmental)

http://www.fao.org/unfao/bodies/coag/coag15/docs/x0076e.doc

Theories andmodels of the peri-urban interface

Author: Germn Adell


Abstract:

The aim of this literature review is to examine the complexity of the theoretical discussion onconcepts and models of regional development, where the PUI finds a theoretical place withinthe broader literature on rural-urban interactions and linkages. The validity of a rather oldconcept (first discussions date from the 1950s) will be assessed, and its evolution whenconfronted with new theoretical contexts such as globalisation will be examined.

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/DPU_PUI_Adell_THEORIES_MODELS.pdf


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2.2 Miscellaneous

Small-Scale Farmers for Knowledge-Based Agriculture

AVRDC Strategy 2010ISBN: 92-9058-123-9

Abstract:

In the emerging global economy, the management and utilization of knowledge willincreasingly drive agricultural development. Small-scale farmers in the tropics must becomeprepared for this new knowledge-based economy. In addition to increasing productivity, theywill need to continuously adjust their farming systems to improve their resource-useefficiency and to produce market-oriented products that increase profits, thereby remainingcompetitive. The Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) is focused onserving the needs of small-scale farmers in the tropics. Its work contributes to higherproductivity, better nutrition for the poor, sustainable practices that promote food safety, andcapacity building of our partners.

http://www.avrdc.org/pdf/strategy2010.pdf

The Javanese Homegarden

Authors: Otto Soemarwoto (Institute of Geology, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia) &

G.R. Conway (Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College of Science and Technology,

London); 1992

From: Journal for Farming Systems Research-Extension 2 (3): 95-118

Abstract:

On of the oldest forms of agro-ecosystems, the home garden is present throughout the world.It is most highly developed on the island of Java, in Indonesia, where it typically has a veryhigh diversity of useful plants and animals per unit area. This diversity and the intensivehousehold care that is given to the home garden result in a unique combination of high levelsof productivity, stability, sustainability, and equitability. Compared with rice fields on Java,the home garden has a greater diversity of production and frequently produces a higher netincome. The harvest is more stable over time, the system is buffered against pests anddiseases, and the effects of erosion are less severe. Also, the products of the home garden are

more equitably shared among members of the household and village. In the future, the homegarden will be a viable alternative to mono-cropped field agriculture. It also is a highlyvaluable source of genetic diversity.

http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-194/004-194.html

Grafting Tomatoes for Production in the Hot-Wet Season

Authors: L.L. Black, D.L. Wu, J.F. Wang, T. Kalb, D. Abbass and J.H. Chen

Abstract:

Tomatoes are difficult to grow during the hot-wet season. Flooding, waterlogged soils,diseases, and high temperatures can significantly reduce yields. Grafting tomato scions onto


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selected rootstocks of eggplant and tomato can minimize problems caused by flooding andsoil-borne diseases. Sometimes the use of grafted tomato plants can be the difference betweenharvesting a good crop and harvesting no crop at all.

http://www.avrdc.org/LC/tomato/grafting.pdf

Traditional Rice Fish Systems and Globally Indigenous Agricultural

Heritage Systems (GIAHS)Presentation for FAO Rice Conference in Rome, February 2004

Authors: Parviz Koohafkan & Jos Furtado; 2004

FAO - Land and Plant Nutrition Management Service

Abstract:

This paper is prepared for the FAO Rice Conference on Sustainable Rice-based Production

Systems: Challenges and Opportunities. It describes the traditional rice fish systems asglobally important ingenious agricultural heritage of the man kind in view of its outstandingcontribution to food and livelihood security, its importance in term of biological diversity andgenetic resources, landscape diversity, aesthetic beauty and cultural values and otherecosystem goods and services as well as the indigenous knowledge of land and watermanagement developed to address harsh biophysical and socio-economical constraints. Rice-fish systems provide grain, protein (animal but also vegetable); biodiversity; efficient wateruse and nutrient cycling and retention; flood control and adaptive management practices tomitigate local climate variation and climate changes. They are also important to addressglobal environmental issues such as climate change (emission of greenhouse gas in rice fieldis determined by farming practices, plant metabolism and soil properties; rain fed systems

tend to contributed less emissions than irrigated systems), shared waters (retaining floodwaters in shared catchments and river basins) and biodiversity (both rice ecotypes and fishspecies). Rice-fish systems are globally distributed with the expansion of rice production.However, they have been developed mainly in Asia and historical data reports their existencein Southeast Asia for over 6,000 years ago (Ruddle 1982).

http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/pdf/koohafkan.pdf

Food Security and the Millennium Development Goal on Hunger in AsiaWorking Paper 231

Authors: Gerard J. Gill, John Farrington, Edward Anderson, Cecilia Luttrell, Tim Conway, N.C.Saxena and Rachel Slater; 2003

Overseas Development Institute, UK

ISBN: 0 85003 693 3

Abstract:

This paper provides an overview of food security issues in relation to the MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs) in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, China, Indonesia, Cambodia andVietnam.It identifies the key issues relating to food security in Asia, setting out progress and the

prospects for achieving the MDG on hunger and analysing how these issues are likely todevelop in 10 to 25 years time, in particular their effects on vulnerable groups. It also analysescurrent policies for targeting extremely poor and vulnerable people and the issues that need to


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be taken into account to improve this targeting as a means towards improving prospects ofmeeting the MDG on hunger.

http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/working_papers/wp231/wp231_web.pdf

Urban ForestryAuthors: Kuchelmeister, G. & Braatz, S.

The Overstory #87

Abstract:

Although trees have been an important part of human settlements throughout history, onlyrecently has their full value to urban dwellers been recognized. Trees and green spaces playan important role in improving city living conditions. In the past, urban forestry in developedcountries was considered almost exclusively on the basis of its aesthetic merits. Now, a closerlook is being given to the environmental services and quantifiable economic benefits they

provide. This article discusses the role of trees in and around densely populated areas.

http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/overstory87.html

Human Health and Agroecosystems

Author: Peden, D.G.

The Overstory #46

Abstract:

During the past century, both the agricultural and health sciences have becomecompartmentalized, making great technical advances in relatively specialized technologies.These advances generated significant increases in food production and reductions in humandiseases. Although the primary purpose of agriculture is to maintain human health and humanhealth depends on agriculture, there have been few efforts to integrate the two.At a time when both health and agricultural workers are questioning the sustainability of theirachievements, the concept is emerging that effective agroecosystem management may providea cost-effective strategy to improve human health.This edition of The Overstory is an extract from the new publication Environmental Health: ASourcebook of Materials, published by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction(IIRR), Cavite, Philippines.

http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/overstory46.html

Perspectives on ASEAN Cooperation in Vegetable Research and

DevelopmentProceedings of the Forum on the ASEAN-AVRDC Regional Network on Vegetable

Research and Development (AARNET)

Edited by: G. Kuo, 2003

Abstract:This proceedings offers insights into several important areas of vegetable production in theAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries.


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http://www.avrdc.org/aarnet_proceedings.html

International Agricultural ResearchList of BMZ Funded ProjectsPublished by: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

Abstract:

Germany supports to the funding of International Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs),especially those backed by the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research(CGIAR), by providing unrestricted and targeted contributions. One of the aims of targetedfunding is to strengthen the co-operation between German and international researchinstitutions.This brochure contains a list of research projects at IARCs funded by BMZ (= targetedcontribution). There is a description of each project, providing a list of objectives and asummary of results obtained thus far. Relevant addresses, including German researchpartners, are also given. The list is designed merely as guide to ongoing projects. For moredetailed information, contact either the IARCs directly or the German Partner Institutes.Moreover, at the back of the brochure, you will find a list of relevant publications from thoseprojects described.

http://www.beaf.de/dnload/AVRDC_Katalog.pdf

Tingloy EcoSan Pilot ProjectFinal project report

UWEP Plus Programme

Abstract:

The Center for Advanced Philippine Studies (CAPS) is facilitating an Integrated SustainableWaste Management (ISWM) program in the Municipality of Tingloy Island, Batangasprovince under the global Urban Waste Management Expertise Program (UWEP),coordinated and financed by WASTE (Advisors on Urban Environment and Development), aDutch NGO. The latest extension of this program is called UWEP+. Initially, the Tingloy

EcoSan Pilot Projectstarted off as part of the UWEP+ program under a Carbon/Nitrogenpathway research titled Local research on the environmental aspect of good wastemanagement practice in four municipalities in Southern countries. However, during thecourse of project development and implementation the Tingloy EcoSan Pilot Project got astatus of its own and the main objectives became to introduce the ecological sanitationapproach and technology (urine diverting toilets) in the ISWM project area in the Philippinesand to demonstrate it can be an attractive alternative sanitation technology for the situation inTingloy. Overall the project can be seen as an effort in advocacy for the Ecological Sanitationapproach in the Philippines.

http://www.waste.nl/docpdf/CS_es_phi.pdf


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Community Participation in Solid Waste ManagementFactors Favouring the Sustainability of Community Participation, A Literature Review

UWEP Occasional Paper

Author: Laura Moningka; 2000

Abstract:Most cities in developing countries face urban environmental problems and these are partlycaused by inadequate provision of basic services such as water supply, sanitation facilities,transport infrastructure and waste collection. Due to a lack of financial, human and technicalresources, municipalities are not able (or willing) to provide basic services to allneighbourhoods within their city. Especially the poor neighbourhoods are deprived of basicservices. Many projects have been set up to deliver basic services to these low-income areasand other areas that do not have services. In order for these projects to succeed and have alasting impact, community participation is essential. Community participation is a process inwhich community members are involved at different stages and degrees of intensity in the

project cycle with the objective to build the capacity of the community to maintain servicescreated during the project after the facilitating organisations have left.

http://www.waste.nl/docpdf/OP_cp_lit.pdf

Technical and financial evaluation of composting programmes in the

Philippines, India and Nepal

Authors: Inge Lardinois & Rogier Marchand; 1999

WASTE Advisers on Urban Environment and Development

Abstract:This paper discusses some results of a research on the technical and financial performance ofseveral composting programmes that are integrated into waste management at project sites inthe Philippines, India and Nepal. The research included different scales of compostingprogrammes and aimed at analysing the performance of these programmes. Technical aspects(i.e. process of composting, quality of compost), the type of management, the marketingstrategies used and their financial performance (i.e. financial feasibility and marketing) werestudied in detail. Institutional aspects (i.e. government policies and regulations, stakeholdercooperation) and environmental health aspects were also looked into. Data on the total rawmaterial input, the amount of compost produced as well as other products from each site isgiven in the table below.Success factors as well as existing problems and constraints were analysed. When comparingtotal annual sales with total annual costs (excluding hidden costs), the three medium-scaleprogrammes from the five studied are feasible in a strictly financial sense. The small-scaleprogrammes lack the necessary technical and financial expertise to achieve a similarperformance level.

http://www.ias.unu.edu/proceedings/icibs/ic-mfa/lardinois/paper.html


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Urban Solid Waste Management in Low-Income Countries of Asia - How to

Cope with the Garbage Crisis?Presented for: Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) Urban Solid

Waste Management Review Session, Durban, South Africa, November 2002

Author: Christian Zurbruegg; SANDEC

Abstract:

Throughout the cities it is the urban poor that suffer most from the life-threatening conditionsderiving from deficient SWM (Kungskulniti, 1990; Lohani, 1984), as municipal authoritiestend to allocate their limited financial resources to the richer areas of higher tax yields wherecitizens with more political power reside. Usually, wealthy residents use part of their incometo avoid direct exposure to the environmental problems close to home, and the problems areshifted away from their neighbourhood to elsewhere. Thus, although environmental problemsat the household or neighbourhood level may recede in higher income areas, citywide andregional environmental degradation, due to a deficient SWM, remains or increases.

http://www.sandec.ch/SolidWaste/Documents/04-SW-Management/USWM-Asia.pdf

Supporting Community Management: a manual for training in community

management in the water and sanitation sector

Author: Marc P. Lammerink and Eveline Bolt;2002

Abstract:

This manual provides background on key concepts and skill, and innovative tools to help

improve the training of field staff related to community management of water and sanitationservices.This manual is divided in two parts. Part I covers the theory of concepts and approaches.Issues addressed are: approaches to learning, useful concepts for field staff supportingcommunity management, discovery learning and community management, facilitation andpreparing for a training session. Part II has 37 tools meant to help internalise and learn how touse the theory. The relate to issues such as getting to know each other, setting the scene,creating a learning atmosphere, participants' experiences and perception (diagnosis),preparing for training and monitoring and evaluation.

http://www.irc.nl/redir/content/download/2626/27751/file/op34e.pdf

Issues and Results of Community Participation in Urban EnvironmentComparative analysis of nine projects on waste management

ENDA/WASTE.- UWEP Working Document 11

Author: Sylvaine Bulle; 1999

Abstract:

This working document analyses nine projects in solid waste management, conducted in WestAfrica and Asia, with the participation of residents of some underprivileged neighbourhoods

where public utilities were totally lacking.These case studies show the variety and complexity of forms of participation by localresidents, as well as the difficulty of sociologically defining participation in a sociological


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sense. The borderline between giving a sense of responsibility, awareness-raising andmanagement is not always easy to draw. Though participation is to be understood as acollective or individual commitment to improve the environment, it often conceals informalcontents, or indeed invisible ones, as residents are not necessarily associated with servicemanagement.

Local religious, social and political leaders, including women, are key actors in a project at aneighbourhoods level. Likewise, the formalisation of a project for waste or environmentalmanagement may, according to the residents, be broader related to urban issues, moreparticularly the regulation of land-ownership.

http://www.waste.nl/docpdf/WD11eng.pdf

The Rise of Philippine NGOs in Managing Development Assistance

Author: Consuelo Katrina A. Lopa

The Global Philanthropy & Foundation Building.- The Synergos Institute.

Abstract:

In recent years, official development assistance (ODA) agencies have been increasinglyexploring avenues for supporting community development initiatives more directly. The resulthas been the creation of a diversity of new funding channels, many of them involving NGOs,both in the host and donor countries. Little analysis has been conducted, however, of what hasbeen working, including the how and why, and few attempts have been made to shareexamples more widely. This paper seeks to address this gap by looking at the case of thePhilippines in detail and follows on the general overview of ODA-NGO collaboration.

http://www.synergos.org/globalphilanthropy/04/asiafinancingphilippines.htm

Impact of the Integrated Pest Management Program on the Indonesian

Economy

Author: Budy P. Resosudarmo; 2001

EEPSEA Publication

Abstract:

The excessive use of pesticides in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s caused serious

environmental problems, such as acute and chronic human pesticide poisoning, animalpoisoning, the contamination of agricultural products, the destruction of both beneficialnatural parasites and pest predators, and pesticide resistance in pests. To overcome theseenvironmental problems, the Indonesian government implemented an integrated pestmanagement (IPM) program from 1991 to 1999. During that time, the program was able tohelp farmers reduce the use of pesticides by approximately 56% and increase yields byapproximately 10%. However, economic literature that analyses the impact of the IPMprogram on household incomes and national economic performance is very limited. Thegeneral objective of this research is to analyse the impact of the IPM program in food cropson the Indonesian economy and household incomes for different socio-economic groups.

http://web.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/10301047540pestmanagementindonesia.doc


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Indonesia Environment Monitor 2003Special Focus: Reducing Pollution

World Bank.- Indonesia Office

Abstract:The Indonesian Environment Monitor on Pollution is part of the East Asian EnvironmentMonitor series, which was initiated in 2000 to provide information on environmental trends inEast Asian and Pacific countries. It presents an overview of ambient conditions in air, waterand soil, and the main pollution sources and related threats to health and natural resources.Recognizing that environmental changes occur over time, this Monitor will be a starting pointfor periodic updates on trends and conditions in Indonesia.

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/03-Publication/indo_monitor.pdf

An Approach Towards Decreasing Environmental Health Problems

Author: Uhmar Fahmi

Communicable Disease Control and Environmental Health, Government of Indonesia

Abstract:

Like many developing countries, Indonesia is facing the double burden of both traditional andnon-traditional health hazards due to environmental deterioration. Traditional hazards arerelated to population density, poverty and insufficient development such as, lack of access tosafe drinking water, inadequate basic sanitation, food and soil contamination, indoor air

pollution, inadequate solid waste disposal, occupational hazards, natural disasters such asfloods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, disease vectors, mainly insects and rodents.Non-traditional or in other words, modern hazards of recent origin are related to rapiddevelopment that lacks health-and-environment safeguards and to unsustainable consumptionof natural resources. These include: water pollution, ambient air pollution, solid andhazardous waste accumulation, chemical and radiation hazards, emerging and re-emerginginfectious diseases, deforestation, land degradation and other ecological changes includingclimate change, ozone depletion and haze problems. Indonesia confronts most of the above-mentioned major issues related to health and environment. A few of them are discussed in thispaper.

http://www.sadl.uleth.ca/nz/cgi-bin/library?e=d-000-00---0cdl--00-0-0--0prompt-10---4----stt--0-1l--1-en-50---20-about-Indonesia--00031-001-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=cdl&cl=search&d=HASH011de0d254a56081257658a1.4

Public-private partnerships in agricultural research: An analysis of

challenges facing industry and the Consultative Group on International

Agricultural ResearchEPTD Discussion Paper No. 113

Authors: Spielman, D. J.; von Grebmer, K.; 2004

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); Environment and Production TechnologyDivision


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Abstract:

This paper asks why it is that, whilst public-private partnerships offer potentially importantopportunities for pro-poor agricultural research in developing countries, few examples ofsuccessful public-private partnerships have come to light.

The study hypothesises that the willingness and ability of public agencies and private firms toenter into partnerships are constrained by:

fundamentally different incentive structures

insufficient minimization of the costs and risks of collaboration

an inability to overcome mutually negative perceptions

limited use of creative organizational mechanisms that reduce competition over key assetsand resources

insufficient access to information on successful partnership models

Tentative findings suggest that while incentives and perceptions do differ between sectors,sufficient common space exists or can be created through incentive structuring to facilitategreater partnership. However, both public and private sector partners inadequately account forand minimize the costs and risks of partnership. Similarly, partners discount the need forbrokers and third-party actors to manage research collaborations and reduce competitio