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Urban America Chapter 10

Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

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Page 1: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Urban AmericaChapter 10

Page 2: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Learning Targets

• Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America• Students explain problems immigrants faced and how they responded• Students explain American reactions to immigration• Students explain the pros/cons of urbanization and how it impacted

politics• Students will identify elements of the Gilded Age• Students will identify responses to excesses of the Gilded Age

including Reform and Populism• Students explain the rise of segregation in the South

Page 3: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Immigration

• Immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe (Poles, Slavs, Russians, Italians, Greeks, etc.)• Many were Jews• What were push/pull factors?

Jobs Military service Religious persecution Political freedom Class system

Page 4: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Immigration

• The Atlantic Voyage – steerage class• Ellis Island – New York City

Health problems Insanity Criminal record Mostly European immigrants

• Angel Island – San Francisco Mostly Asian immigrants Mostly young, single males

Page 5: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Immigration

• Immigrants tended to settle in ethnic neighborhoods such as Chinatown or Little Italy• Other groups settled on Great

Plains - Scandinavians• Why these neighborhoods?

Familiar languages spoken Familiar foods and goods Native-language newspapers Churches similar

Little Italy, New York

Page 6: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Immigration

• Harsh urban life for immigrants Tenement living Pollution Crime Jacob Riis – exposed horrible living

conditions of immigrants

• Everyone worked – even small children• Little knowledge of American

democracy

Page 7: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Immigration

• 1849 California Gold Rush lured Chinese immigrants• Taiping Rebellion in China caused

huge suffering = migration• Construction of Central Pacific

Railroad required huge numbers of Chinese workers• Some Japanese immigration

Page 8: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Immigration

• Resurgence of Nativism Nativists were Americans who did

not want immigration First targets were Irish – now

Asians, Jews, and Eastern Europeans

Many labor unions were anti-immigrant

Nativists formed anti-immigrant associations like the American Protective Association and the Workingman’s Party of California

Page 9: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced
Page 10: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Immigration

• Flood of immigrants caused laws to be passed limiting their entrance

A 1882 law prohibited convicts, paupers, and mentally disabled and placed a 50 cent head tax on immigrants

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act prohibited immigration from China

Theodore Roosevelt’s Gentleman’s Agreement – rejected Japanese

Page 11: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Learning Targets

• Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Push and Pull factors Cheaper transportation costs

• Students explain problems immigrants faced and how they responded Poor living conditions Lived in ethnic neighborhoods

• Students explain American reactions to immigration Rise of Nativism Anti-immigration laws passed Exploitation of immigrant labor

Page 12: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Urbanization

• Migration of Americans to cities exploded after Civil War• Immigration also swelled city

populations• Large populations caused cities

to build up not out• Skyscrapers developed due to

availability of steel• Led by architect Louis Sullivan

The Flatiron Building, New York

Page 13: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Urbanization

• People lived within 1-2 miles of work• Mass transit allowed people to

move out of cities and commute• Mass transit types

Horsecars Cable cars – San Francisco Electric trolley – Frank Sprague Elevated railroad – Chicago Subway – New York

Page 14: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Urbanization

• Urban Class System High Society – lived in fashionable

districts of city; houses were grand Middle Class – could afford to live

in streetcar suburbs; could afford a servant

Working Class – lived in dank tenements; all family members were expected to work

Page 15: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Urbanization

• Urban Problems Crime, violence, fire, pollution,

and disease Nativists blamed immigrants for

rising crime rates Alcohol problem Pollution contaminated wells and

resulted in outbreaks of disease especially cholera

No garbage removal systems

Page 16: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Urbanization

• Urban Politics Political machine – political group

designed to gain and keep power Party Bosses – provided services to

gain votes Corruption – party officials grew rich

stealing from the public, fraud, and graft

Tammany Hall – Famous New York Democratic political machine

“Boss” Tweed – famous leader of Tammany Hall; eventually jailed for corruption

Page 17: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Learning Targets

• Students explain the pros/cons of urbanization and how it impacted politics

Lack of land caused cities to grow “up” not out (skyscrapers) Could accommodate larger populations Mass transit allowed movement to “streetcar suburbs” More people = more pollution, crime, poorer housing, disease Cities came under control of political machines/city bosses – corruption

epidemic

Page 18: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

The Gilded Age

• Term coined by Mark Twain and Charles Warner• What does it mean?• Ideal if individualism • Horatio Alger Stories – “Rags to

Riches”• Social Darwinism – Herbert

Spencer – survival of the fittest on a national level

Page 19: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

The Gilded Age

• Gospel of Wealth – Andrew Carnegie – belief that the wealthy had the responsibility of philanthropy • Popular Culture - Industrialization

brought higher wages and more leisure time

Saloons – outnumbered grocery stores Amusement parks – Coney Island Spectator sports – baseball, college

football, invention of basketball Vaudeville (Tin Pan Alley) – variety

shows; ragtime music (Scott Joplin); promoted racial stereotypes

Page 20: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Learning Targets

• Students will identify elements of the Gilded Age Late 1800s Looked prosperous and wonderful on top – rise of business, increased wages

and leisure time Many problems underneath – poverty, exploitation of workers Rags to Riches Social Darwinism Gospel of Wealth Growth of popular culture

Page 21: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Birth of Reform

• Excesses of Gilded Age caused many Americans to actively seek change• Henry George

Believed tax on land would make society more equal• Lester Frank Ward

Argued for government control of economy – that competition was wasteful

Page 22: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Birth of Reform

• Edward Bellamy Looking Backward – futuristic

book where government owned all industry and shared equally with public

Socialist

• Social Gospel Religion-based groups seeking

social reform/change Washington Gladden YMCA, Salvation Army

Page 23: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Birth of Reform

• Revivalism – Dwight Moody Helped organize YMCA Revivalist preacher Believed poor best helped through

redemption not social services

• Settlement Houses Established mainly by middle-class

women Provided services to poor

including classes, child care, etc. Jane Addams – Hull House

Page 24: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Birth of Reform

• Public Education Caused by demand for skilled

workers Movement led by Horace Mann Schools crucial to Americanization

of immigrant children Some parents worried children

might forget cultural identities Unequal opportunities for blacks

caused establishment of black schools such as Tuskegee Institute (Booker T. Washington)

Page 25: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Birth of Reform

• Morrill Land Grant Act Government grants of land to

states for agricultural and mechanical schools

Greatly increased school enrollment

Women’s colleges established

• Public Libraries Many libraries supported by

Andrew Carnegie

Page 26: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Learning Targets

• Students will identify responses to excesses of the Gilded Age New political ideas such as Marxism and Socialism Social Gospel – mix of religion and social work Religious revivalism Settlement houses established by middle-class women Greatly increased public education Morrill Land Grant colleges Establishment of public libraries

Page 27: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Politics and Reform – Learning Targets• Students will be able to trace the reforms made to the American

government in response to demands for change in the late 1800’s• Students will be able to explain what populism was and how it

impacted American society Is there a populist trend today?

• Students will be able to analyze the rise of segregation: what were the reasons behind it and what were the responses to it

Are there any traces of segregation left today? What current government policies are in place today due to the history of

segregation?

Page 28: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Politics and Reform

• Traditionally, when a president won the election, he would place his supporters in government jobs. This is called patronage, or the Spoils System• President Hayes 1877 –

attempted to end practice Angered Republican political

machine called Stalwarts led by Sen. Conkling

Conkling labeled Republican reformers Halfbreeds

Page 29: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Politics and Reform

• 1880 – President Garfield assassinated by insane office-seeker, Charles Guiteau• 1883 Pendleton Act – civil

service jobs filled using exams; government workers could not be fired for political reasons• Act signed by President Chester

Arthur – himself a one-time political appointee

Page 30: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Politics and Reform

• Election of 1884 Democrats saw chance of winning

White House by nominating reformer Grover Cleveland

Campaign was known for mud-slinging

Mugwumps - Republicans who broke from the party to vote for Cleveland

Cleveland won the election

Page 31: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Politics and Reform

• Growing industrialization = growing labor unrest = more strikes• Strikes were often violent• Many railroads negotiated lower rates

for big customers (corporations) called rebates but small business/individuals paid higher rates• Public clamored for government

intervention• SCOTUS case Wabash v. Illinois gave

authority to federal government to regulate

Page 32: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Politics and Reform

• 1887 Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created• Commission acted to regulate

railroad rates, forbid rebates• Democrats wanted lower tariffs

but Republican senate blocked law

Page 33: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Politics and Reform

• Republicans gained presidency with election of Benjamin Harrison• Republican Congress passed

McKinley Tariff • Tariff lowered federal revenue so

budget went into deficit• Congress also passed pensions

for Civil War veterans which made deficit worse

Union veterans of the Civil War (Grand Army of the Republic)

Page 34: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Politics and Reform

• The Sherman Anti-Trust Act Congress pressured by public to

act against trusts The law had no teeth – did not

have any real effect on trusts People felt betrayed by both

parties, especially farmers

Page 35: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Populism

• Populism – movement to increase political power of farmers• Crop prices dropping but prices

of manufactured good rising due to tariffs• Farmers felt victimized by banks• Farmers felt railroad shipping

rates too high – favored big corporations

Page 36: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Populism

• Greenback controversy – US government printed paper money that could not be exchanged for gold/silver – caused inflation (decline in the value of money and rise in prices)

• US stopped printing greenbacks but also stopped making silver coins – caused drop in money supply

• Crime of ‘73 – decision to stop minting silver coins

• Deflation – value of money increases along with decrease in prices

Page 37: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Populism

• Deflation hit farmers hard• Farmers had to borrow money

for seed and equipment – interest rates rose causing rise in farmers’ debt• Banks wanted their money but

prices for crops falling• Farmers demanded the minting

of silver coins to increase money supply

Page 38: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Populism

• Farmers needed a more powerful political voice

• The Grange (Patrons of Husbandry) – founded by Oliver Kelly, national farm organization

• Grangers pressured government to regulate railroad rates, wanted the printing of more greenbacks

• Grangers formed cooperatives – marketing organizations that benefitted the farmer members

Pooled crops and kept them out of market to regulate prices

Could negotiate better shipping, seed, and equipment prices

Page 39: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Populism

• The Granges failed to improve farmers’ conditions: people too suspicious of paper money, banks and railroads equated granges with unions• Framers also saw drop in respect

as more people began living in towns / cities• Use of derogatory terms like

“redneck” and “hayseed” for farmers increased

Page 40: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Populism

• The Farmer’s Alliance Established in Lampasas County,

TX, 1877 Organized farmers in West, Mid-

West, and South Organized large cooperatives

called exchanges – did better than the Grange

Page 41: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Populism

• The People’s Party Alliance exchanges eventually failed Alliance members formed the People’s Party aka the Populists Alliance leaders shied away from third party – wanted Democrats

to take on Alliance platform (so South would remain Democratic)

Page 42: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Populism

• Populist Party Nominated James Weaver for

president 1892 Wanted silver/gold ratio 16-1Federal ownership of railroadsGraduated income tax8-hour workdayImmigration restriction

Proposed laws to appeal to urban laborers

Had ties to Knights of Labor

Page 43: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Populism

• Election of 1896 Republican nominee – William McKinley Democrat and Populist nominee –

William Jennings Bryan Republicans backed gold / Democrats

supported silver Bryan waged energetic campaign, made

600 speeches in 14 weeks McKinley had the “Front Porch”

campaign Republicans blamed Democrats for crisis

of ’93 McKinley had backing of businesses –

won the election

Page 44: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Klondike Gold Rush

• 1896 – Gold discovered in Yukon Territory of Canada• Similar conditions to that of

earlier gold rushes• It did

Develop lower Alaska Poured millions into nation’s

money supply Helped ease financial distress of

farmers US established gold-based currency

Page 45: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Rise of Segregation - Learning Targets• Students explain the different ways in which whites sought to

maintain control over blacks in the South• Students explain the various ways blacks resisted white attempts at

political, social, and economic control

Page 46: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Rise of Segregation

• After slavery, most blacks in South were sharecroppers – landless farmers who paid large portions of crops for rent, food, seed, tools, etc.• 1879 – Benjamin Singleton led

migration of blacks from South to Kansas to escape near-slavery conditions• Migrants called “Exodusters”

Page 47: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Rise of Segregation

• Many blacks who remained in South joined the Farmer’s Alliance• Blacks formed The Colored Farmers

National Alliance – hoped to challenge Democratic Party’s power in South• Democrats feared poor whites would

join with blacks• Democrats used racism to keep whites

in line• Democrats kept many blacks from

voting

Page 48: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Rise of Segregation

• Voting for blacks was guaranteed by the 15th Amendment• States used qualifications like property

requirements, literacy tests, and the poll tax to keep blacks from voting• Voting numbers dropped drastically• Poor whites were also disenfranchised

as they often supported Populist Party• Other poor whites could vote due to

grandfather clause

Page 49: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Rise of Segregation

• Segregation in many parts of US but legal in South• Laws enforcing segregation called

Jim Crow laws• SCOTUS overturned Civil Rights Act

of 1875 – encouraged Southern states to pass laws making segregation even more repressive• Plessy v. Ferguson – case endorsed

legal doctrine of “Separate but Equal”

Page 50: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Rise of Segregation

• Violence against blacks continued into the twentieth century • Lynching – hanging of people

without trial by mobs• 80% of lynchings occurred in South;

70% of victims were black• Outraged black women, Ida B. Wells

& Mary Church Terrell led crusade against lynching.• Efforts led to decrease in lynching in

early 1900’sIda B. Wells

Page 51: Urban America Chapter 10. Learning Targets Students explain the reasons for increased immigration into America Students explain problems immigrants faced

Rise of Segregation

• Booker T. Washington – argued blacks better off if they spent their energy making themselves better rather than fighting racism• Atlanta Compromise – address by

Washington asked blacks to postpone fight for civil rights and pull themselves up• W. E. B. DuBois – rejected

accommodation of Washington; urged blacks to demand their rights; helped found NAACP W. E. B. DuBois