upstream c1 engl 11 19.pdf

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oca'oU1ary~ GraITlffi'd1. a. Choose the most suitable word to completeeach sentence.Hehadan grinonhisfaceashetookat inyvelvet-covered box out of his pocket.A aggressive ( impishB indecisive D outgoing

2 Jenny ; her considerableexperienceasan eventsmanagerto organisehersister'swedding.A drewon ( pickeduponB calledfor D went for

3 Manypeople havingto paysomuchVATonwhattheybuy.A object B estimate ( resent D annoy

4 Thewrittentext of the advertwasso smallandblurredthat Icouldn't it.A attend ( defineB realise D decipher

5 It'sa simple, restaurant,so there'sno needtodressup.A unpretentious ( irresponsibleB unpredictable D unassuming

6 It'sareallymuddypath,sowe'dbetterwear .A sandals ( stilettosB wellingtons D mittens

7 Bill hisfists,tryingto containhisanger.A pursed ( clenchedB twisted D shrugged

8 Spending so much money on a dress you only wear onceisjustmoneydownthe , inmyopinion!A bin B sink ( drain Dearth

9 r don't believeyou reallymet JackNicholson;you'remeon!A having B putting ( taking D giving

10 Suefelt herbosswasalwayspickinq herandblaming her unfairly.A at Bout ( to D on

11 The company isgoing to hire a famous actress to ...........their new line of beauty products.A embark B launch ( sail D set

12 Kellywent on a shopping and spent half hersalary on clQthes.A mall B spree ( deal D chain

13 Weall hopethat t hebossisgoingto theb ill forthe staff party.A arm B leg ( foot D head

14 Mr Nesbitt a lotofweightwith theownerof thestore, so he's the one you should try to persuade.A carries ( pullsB takes D measures

15 Thesituation i s a critical one and calls clearthinking and careful planning.A up B on C in D for

(15marks)b. Choose the best answer (At BtC or D) to

complete each sentence.They that t hey hadplannedthe robberyseveralmonths ear lier .A advised B informed ( admittedD told

2 The teacher us to work much harderpreparation for the exam.A threatened ( reassuredB urged D notified

3 The company to sort out the problem assoon aspossible.A reassured B promised ( admitted D denied

4 The regulations the employeesto smokeon thepremises.A warned ( forbadeB banned D threatened

5 In signing the contract, he to the terms andconditions therein.A agreedB admitted

( followedD accepted

(5marks)Useof E~glish2 Think of the word which best fits each gap. Use onlyone word in each gap.

GroceriesonthewebShoppingor a familycan0) bea nightmare.Goingto thesupermarket with small chi ldren isa race against the clock; you haveto bequick,1) theyget boredandthrow a tantrum.Then,2) youhaveall the shoppingyou'll needfor thenextweek,youareconfronted3) severalnever-endingqueueso choose4) - andbelieveme,youwillmakethe wrongchoice.Andthe griefdoesn'tstop 5) ; theunfriendly checkout staff, the struggle homewith cheapbags andswollen fingers - the list goes on and on. Shopping online,6) , can be a life-saver.You choose all your groceriesonline,and the storepicks them 7) for you and deliversthem to your door. 8) supermarketsoffer a selectionofdeliveryatesandachoiceof two-hourperiods]1 9) ...................dates. Another plus point is 10) , when shoppingonline,you tend to stick11) a list,andsoavoidthosesuperfluoustemsthat you convince12) you absolutelyhaveto havewhen you're there in person. Not 13) ableto see_whatyou're buying isthe soledisadvantage14) ...................the descriptions are g ood. However, 15) a million tripsto the supermarket you know what everythinglooks like anyway!(15marks)


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...,~

For questions 1-7, choose the answer (A, B, C or D)which you think fits best according to the text.

Isgraffitianart form?Mostof usassociatet withscribblesnwalls:names,slogans,imericks,drawings sometimesitty,sometimesbscene,ut surelywithoutaestheticppeal,andnotwhatanyonewouldcallart'.Thewordgraffitisimplymeanswordsordrawingscratchedrscribblednawallandhasbeenaroundincehumansaveivednsocieties.thasbeenoundonancientEgyptianmonumentsndpreservednwallsnPompeii.owever,ostpeoplenowagreehatartintheformofgraffitioriginatednNewYorknthe1960s andit hasbeendevelopingversince.However,t isnotreadilycceptedsbeingart,likethoseworkshatwegoto galleriesormuseumsosee.t isnotdeniedhestatusofgenuinertbecauseofalackofformorotherbasicestheticliments.nfact,mostoftheoppositiono graffitiart isdueto itslocationandbold,unexpectedand unconventionalresentation;ut the criticismof illegality,incoherencend non-standardresentationoesnot necessarilydisqualifytasart.Supposehat Picasso,r anyof the recognisedrtistsofWesternEuropeanulture,wereto paintamasterpiecentheside

of your houseor on your front door or on a wall in yourneighbourhood,ouldit begraffitior artorvandalismr graffitiart?Somewouldclaimhatitwouldbeartintheformofgraffiti-it wouldonlyqualifyasvandalismf it appearednprivateorpublicpropertywithoutpermission.utfor somegraffitistshat is thepoint.Therearethreemainanddistinct)evelsndypesofgraffiti.First,theresthe'tag'- thestylisedwritingofaname which,whiletmightsuggesta flairorstyleof writing,haslittleor noaestheticappeal.nfact,thetagorindividualarksnotproducedoraesthetic

purposes,utisbasicallymeansf indicatinghewriter'spresence- theage-oldtatementf 'Iwashere'.Gangmarkingsf territoryalsofit thedefinitionf graffiti,andtheymainlyonsistf tagsandmessageshatprovidenewsof happeningsn theneighbourhood.Muralsor communitynhancementndbeautificationrealsoaformof graffiti,eventhoughheyarenotthoughtof in thiswaybecauseostmuralsrecommissioned.heseremorecolourfulndcomplex.heyakea considerablemountof skillto complete,ndmuralsanbedonenagraffitiartstyleorasa traditionalictorialscene.heastformofgraffitisgraffitiart,whichsthecreativeseof spraypainto produceanartworkhat isgraffitior donein agraffiti-liketyle.Thereasonsndvaluesorwhyonemightengagengraffitiartareasvariedastheartistswhoproducet.Achiefreasonstheprospectof fameandrecognitionfone'sartisticalent.Graffitisalsoaform

of self-expression.heart as 'writing'is a creativemethodof

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communicatingwith otherwritersand the generalpublic.Who: -communicatessthe artist'sidentity,expressionndideas.Judgmer--:arebasedolelynone'sartisticability.ThisypeofcommunicatiCfof valuebecauset linkspeoj3leegardlessf cultural,inguistic:racialdifferencesn a waythat nothingelsecan.In addit:G~producingraffitiartwithacrewbuildseamworkinthatthecre,worksogetherortheaccomplishmentf a commongoal.S~graffitistsiewtheirartasa politicalprotest,othersasa prote:;-againstheestablishedrtmarketndgalleryystem,nthatartisre'onlythatwhichappearsna galleryasdeterminedythecurateSomealsoviewtheir creationsn publicandprivatespacesa:;statementsgainstprivateproperty.Of course,he majorityc:graffitistsnjoywhattheydoandfindit to befun,rewardingr(;exciting.Althoughheseeasonsrevalid,heydonotconclusive:settlehematterastowhygraffitiartisartorwhyit isavalidartforrdespitetsillegalorigins.Furthermore,raffitiarthasafunctionof notonlycommunicatingto others,but alsoof beautifyinghecommunityyappearingr

areashatwouldnormallyeeyesores,uchasawallinavacantot,oronanabandoneduilding.lso,alloftheaestheticropertiesnacriteria,romthe baseelementof colouro thecomplexssueofartisticintentionwhichareascribedo otherworksin ordertocharacterisehemasart- allof thesecanbefoundnexamplesfspraycanrt.Theonlydifferenceetweenhoseworksna galleryrmuseumndgraffitiart,in termsof howandwhythelatterisnotreadilycceptedsart,isdueto itslocationndpresentation.ndeed,the issuesof locationandpresentationrethe mostsignificantobstaclesoawholeheartedcceptancefspraycanrtasart.Graffitiartcannotbedisregardedimplybecauset isnotpresentedntheconventionalanner that is,framedandplacednamuseumrgallery.heocationf it onawallorsubwayrainwithoutpermissiononlymakest unsolicitedrt.Anotherobjectiono graffitiartisthatitisforcedonthe.publicbecauseeoplehavenosayn itsproduction(despitehefactthatpublicundsareusedo removet).Graffitistscounterwiththeargumenthatbuildings,illboards,ampaigndsandflyersarealsoorcedonthepublicnasimilarmanner.Graffiticanbe analysedccordingo the elemewsof lines,coloursandstructureshat arepresentnthe workin ordertoproducea narrativeaboutit. Artisticintentionmustalsobe

considered:raffitistsntendheirworkto beapprehendedsartthat cancommunicateeelingsandideaso theiraudience.So,whileit is difficultto formulatea theoryof necessaryulesorconditionspecifyinghengraffitiart isart,it issufficiento drawonalreadyestablishedestheticheoriesandcriteriao pointoutthatsomeormsofgraffitidoqualifyasart.


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It issuggestednparagraph1thatgraffitiA isa lateartistic

development.B isanancientartform.e isnotanartformat all.D shouldbeconsideredn

art form.2 Somegraffitistsbelievehat

A graffitiisvandalism.B Picassoaintedgraffitiart.e illegalityspartof

graffitiart.D permissionsneededo do

graffiti.3 'Gang'graffitiissometimes

usedA to passoninformation.B asawayof showingoff.e asawayto earnmoney.D to painttraditionalscenes.

4 GraffitimuralsareconsideredartbecauseA theyarenotthoughtofas

graffiti.B theyenhancehe

neighbourhood.e theyarebrightanddecorative.D theyarecommissioned.

5 Thewritersuggestshatthemainvalueof graffitiart isA it makesheartists

famous.B itsdisplayof artisticability.e that it alwaysnvolves

teamwork.D asa uniquemethodof

communication.6 Themainobjectiono graffitiart is

A it isnot foundingalleries.B howandwhereit is

exhibited.e itvandalisesublic

property.D it hasnoaestheticappeal.

"7 ThewriterthinksgraffitiartshouldbejudgedA inthesamewayasconventionalrt.B byhowwellit providesa

narrative.e byfindingout theartist's

intentions.D byfindinganewtheoryto

explaint.

(21marks)

Listening

4 0 You will hear part of a lectureabout the English artist J.M.W.Turner. Forquestions 1-8,complete the sentences.

It isstill ~on whichdayof theyearTurnerwasborn.At schoolheconcentratedondrawing

. becausehewasa bad

o I.ThepictureFishermentSeawashisfirst@] Ito beshownat theRoyalAcademy.TheRAwasa strongholdof~ Iartisticvalues.HetravelledhroughoutEuropeookingfor [J I.Evenhoughhisstylewaschanging,hestill p.ainted @]subjects.Hispaintingsbecamemorea mixtureof[IHisnewwork madehisviewersworkharderby SU99~stin9ath~fthan@] Ihissubjects.

~

(8 marks)


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In the CAEexam, you may be asked to write an essay.An essayis a piece of formal writing which discussesa particular-opic. There are three main types of essays:For-and-against essays present the points in favour of a topic aswell asthe points against it. Each point issupported by.Jstif ications, examples and/or reasons. This essaytype usually ends with a well-balanced consideration of the pointsdiscussed. The writer's opinion may be stated in the conclusion.Opinion essays present the writer's opinion on a specific topic, clearly stated and supported by reasons and/orexamples. The opposing viewpoints can also be included before the closing paragraph, together with an argument thatshows it is an unconvincing viewpoint. In this essay type, the writer's opinion is given in both the introduction and theconclusion. Essays providing solutions to problems state a certain problem and provide several possible solutions and theirexpected consequences or results. The writer's opinion isusually stated in ther conclusion.

~nts to consider _ A well-written essay should consist of well-developed paragraphs which clearly indicate each point that is made. Each main body paragraph should start with a topic sentence, i.e. a sentence which summarises the main idea of the

paragraph. This is followed by supporting sentences which justify what has been presented in the topic sentence. As essaysare mainly formal in style, formal expressions, formal linkers, impersonal tone, and passive structures need

to be used. e.g.Wealthand affluence have often been considered necessaryin the acquisition of personal happiness. However,much can besaid about theacquisition of self-satisfactionthrough non-material means.

~void using contractions and other short forms (He's), personal language (I know for certain)and everyday colloquialexpressions and slang (oncein a bluemoon, what it boils down to).To attract the reader's attention, an essay can begin with a quote. e.g.The healthiest competition occurswhen averagepeoplewin byputting in above averageeffort: (ColinPowell)Before starting your essay, ideas that relate to the topic need to be brainstormed. Then, group your ideas, eliminating anyones that may be irrelevant, and put them in a logical order.

239

-r porogrophpionsfor}jfor-and-against .. Paragraph: .. Paragraph&3: .. Paragraph4:

arguments infavour &justifications/ well-balancedintroducetbe examples;argumentsagainst& summary of topictopic justifications/examplesopinion .. Paragraph1: .. Paragraph2 - 4: .. Paragraph5:introduce tbe 1st viewpoint & reasons/examples; 2nd well-balanced

topic &clearly . viewpoint & reasons/examples; opposing summary of topic;stateyour viewpoint&reasons/examples restate opinionopinionsolutions to .. Paragraph1: .. Paragraph- 4*: .. Paragraph:problems state problem & suggestions &expected results! summarise your

itsprobable consequences opinioncausers) * Thenumber of main body f>oparagraphs depends on the numberof suggestions that are made.


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Writing: Essays.

1 Readthe rubricsanddecidewhichtypeof essayneedsto bewritten. Whichwordshelpedyoudecide?Your teacher has asked you to write an essayansweringthe following question:Shouldstray

: animalsbe gathered up andeuthanised?: Write your essay(220-260)..2 Pollution and global warming seem to be

worsening around the planet. What can be~ done about this? Write an essay suggesting: waysil)which the issuesof pollution and global: warmingmightbealleviated.Writeyouressayor yourteacher(220-260).

3 You havehad a discussionin your Englishclassabout e-readersanddownloadable books.Your~ teacher has now askedyou to write an essay: answering the following question: What are: the possible pros and cons of e-readersanddownloadable books?

Write your essay (220-260).4 Governments in. many countries consider

homelessness asa crime. What isyour opinion?~ Shouldthe homelessbeconsideredascriminals: or shouldthey be givenassistance?.. Write your essay for your teacher (220-260).5 You havebeen doing a project at schoolabout

modern-day social issues. Now you have to: write an essayfor your teacher based on the: following question: There are countless.. numbersof people on the brink of starvationaround the world. Should food supplies beprovided for them?Write your essay(220-260).

6 You havejust had a discussionin your Englishclass about education. Now your teacher~ would like you to write an essaygiving your: opinion on the following statement: Higher

: education should never be withheld asa resultof insufficient financialmeans.Write your essay (220-260 words).

12 Now match the quotations to the essaytopics inEx. 1. ~O40J

,I'The whole object of education is ... todevelop the mind. The mind should bea thing that works.' Sherwood AndersonAmerican novelist and short story writer--- ----

~ 'Wewon't have a society if we destroythe environment.'

Margaret MeadAmerican cultural anthropologist

rn 'We read to know we are not alone.'. CSLewisIrish novelist-- --- --.- .@D.

'People who are homeless are not socialinadequates. They are people without homes.'

Sheila McKechnieScottish trade unionist and housing campaigner .

IT]] 'If you can't feed a hundred people,then just feed one.'

Mother TeresaAIbanian humanitarian- -- --- .[ill 'The man who kills the animals today is

the man who kills the people who get inhis way tomorrow.'

Dr Diane FosseyAmerican zoologist .

3 Now read these quotations. What topic does each refer to? Discussin pairs. Justifyyour answers. .CD 'If you livefor having it all,what you have is never enough.'VickiRobin

[II 'Adversity causes some men tobreak; others to break records.'

WiHiam Arthur Ward

'P.~ 'Find a job you like and youadd five days to every week.'H. Jackson Brown, Jr. .

[iJ 'A designer is only as good asthe star who wears her clothes.'Edith Head

240~ 'Health is not valued till sickness comes.'Thomas Ful1er


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cjWriting: Essays

:) ModelAnalysis4 a. Readhe rubric, then readthetwo models. Whichmodel ismore appropriate?There are countless numbers of

.. people on the brink of starvation: around the world. Should food: supplies be provided for them?: Write your essay (220-260).b. Which contains: clear

paragraphs? formal language?short forms? mild language?impersonal tone? everydaylanguage? strong personallanguage? formal linkers?

J UsefulExpressionsandLinkingWordS/Phrases To list and add points: In the first

place. To start/begin with. Secondly.Thirdly. Finally. Lastly. In addition (tothis). Furthermore. Moreover. Besides.etc. .

To introduce or list advantages: Themain/first/mostobviousadvantageof ...,One/Another/An additional advantageof ..., One point of view in favour of ....it is often suggested/believed/arguedthat ...,Some/Manypeoplearein favourof/areconvincedthat ...,etc.

To introduc~ or list disadvantages:The main/most obvious disadvantage/drawback of ..., One/Another/Anadditional disadvantage of ..., Onepoint/argument against ..., Some/Many peopleareagainst ..., etc.

To introduce examples/reasons/results: for example/instance,such as,like, in particular, therefore, for thisreason,because.as,since, as a result,etc.

Toshow contrast: On the other hand.However,yet, still, but, Nonetheless,Nevertheless,Although, Evenso, Eventhough, Despite/In spite of (the factthat), ... etc.

To introduce a conclusion: Inconclusion,To conclude/sumup, All inall. All things considered, Takingeverything into account/consideration.... etc.

5 Look at the words in bold in Model A. Which: list points? conclude?introduceexamples?addpoints?make contrastingpoints? Replacethem with other appropriate linkingwords or phrases.

The great humanitarian, Mother Theresa,once said, 'If you can'tfeed a hundred people, then just feed one.' Thisis awise saying,but there areso manyon the planetwithout food. somanyon thebrink of starvation. What's the solution? Should food suppliesbe.provided for them? To my mind, there are more effectivealternativesavailableto helpthese people.1) In the first place. it isverynearlyimpossibleto know if food aidwill ever reach the world's hungry. It is, unfortunately. often thecasethat food donations are stolen by corrupt officialswho sellitfor profit. 2) Moreover, on manyoccasionsthe very peoplewhoare to benefit from food dropsdie trying to get their shareof thefood.3) Secondly. it would be far more beneficialif the starvingof theworld were to receiveeducation and training so they could growtheir own food, or make a living in some other way, 4) forexample, by working on a co-operative farm. In this way, theycould afford to buy food for themselves.5)On the other hand, opponents of this view saythere isno timefor education or training, that the need of the hungry isimmediate.Theysaythere will be manydeaths if their nutritionalneedsarenot met.What they do not understand,however,isthatprovidinghandouts isa verytemporary solution - somethingmorepermanent is required.6) To conclude, it appearsto me that the hungry and sufferingwould be far better off in the long run if they were educated sothey could produce their olhn food. Beingprovidedthe meanstodo this isthe only solution to this epidemicsocialissue.

As a woman called Mother Theresasaid, 'If you can't feed ahundred people,then just feed one.' But what hasthis got to dowith the starvingpeople. I'm surethere areway better waysto dosomething for them. If we givethem food suppliesor aid, they'llprobablyneverget it becausesomebadpeoplewill take it and sellit so they can get rich or whatever. And lots of time the peoplewho want the food die when they try to get what's theirs.I think it's better if the hungry people go to school and learnsomething. like how to help themselvesby growing stuff. Or, Iguess someonecould teach them things so they could work insomekind of job. But somepeople don't think this isa good ideabecausethere's no time and everyoneis hungry now and a lot ofpeoplearegoing to die.But, you know what, if you givesomeonesome food they just eat it and there's nothing left. I think youhaveto teach them to grow their own food.It's way better to teach hungry people things and not just givethem food just like that. I think we've got to find a way to teachthem things likegrow their own food.

241


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~ Techniquesor IntroductionsandConclusionsIn order to attract the reader'sattention and entice

them to continue reading,the first paragraphshould:a start with an objective statement. e.g.It isoftenargued

that crimecouldbedecimatedf moreareaswereequippedwithCCTVameras.b make reference to a strange scene or situatioFl.

e.g.Progressn spacetechnologyhasbecomesoadvancedthatwemaybeholidayingon themoonverysoon.

c addressthe r~aderdirectly.e.g.Haveyoueverconsideredthepossibilityhatwemayonedayliveonaplanetdevoidofanimals?

d start with a quotation or rhetorical question. e.g.Canyouenvisionfuturewithoutschoolsoruniversities?e start with a problem that needs a solution. e.g.The

forestsof theworldareshrinkingtanalarmingate.

.41

~The lastparagraphshould:f give the reader something to consider.e.g.Education

wouldbefarmorepracticalif...9 summarisethe essay.e.g.All thingsconsidered,..h endwith a quotationor rhetoricalquestion.e.g.There

isasufficiencyn theworldforman'sneed,butnot forman'sgreed.'(MohandasK.Gandhi)or 'Canwedo something,orhavewealreadydonetoomuch?'end with an objective statement. e.g.It isa commonly-heldbeliefhatGMfoodsaretheonlyviablesolutionotheproblemofworldhunger.

8

9

6 Match the introductions to the conclusions. Whichtechniques (a-i)from the theory box are used ineach? oIntroductionsrn

Can you recall the last time you did something for thegood of the planet? To my mind, the solution to theEarth's dilemma can only be found if efforts are madeboth individually and collectively. As Marshall McLuhanstated, 'There are no passengers on Spaceship Earth. Weare all crew.'

[IT]It has been stated that the time is fast approachingwhen we will no longer rely on traditional foods tosatisfy our nutrit ional needs as GM alternatives willbecometRe norm. Isit the best idea, however,to relyonman-madefood products to keep usalive?

[IT]Have you ever stopped to think what the re'5ults mightbe if all fossil-fuel burning vehicles were banned? Whilethis would undoubtedly be a good thing in many ways,there could be some possible irreversible drawbacks.

~Envision if you will, taking your young grandchild to thezoo to see the last living animal on the planet. While thismay be an exaggerated scenario, the day will comewhen many of the Earth's many diverse and wonderfulspecies will have vanished. What can we do about this?

ConclusionsfiAll things considered, I feel that GM crops could

provide a small percentageof what makesup ourdaily diet, with more natural foods providing therest. As Jeremy Rifkin stated, 'Many of thegeneticallymodified foodswill besafe,I'm sure.Willmost of them be safe?Nobody knows.'

(TTrI0tctrd

B Takingeverything into account, there would be bothpros and cons to banning all fossil-fuel burningvehicles. What becomes more and more obvious,however, is that global warming is increasing andsomething, anything, must bedone ... and done now!

wrs0tosreb

C To sum up, there are certain steps that can be takento prevent species extinction. Perhaps it's time youtook the first step and got actively involved in ananimal right's organisation today.

mD In conclusion, I feel that environmental problems can

only be solved if we do our part firstly, as individuals,and secondly, as part of a larger ~groJp ororganisation. After all, are we all not partlyresponsible for the current state of our planet?

appthsachAfothth7 What techniques has the writer of Model A on p. 241 used to start/end his/her essay?Write your own introductionand conclusion using a different technique.

242n-


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9' .. '"

Writing: Essays: For-and-AgainstEssays-. Readthe rubric, then read the two models.Which model ismore

appropriate?Youhave had a classdiscussionabout the proposedbuildingof a

_ chemicalplant outside)lourtOWfI.Yourteacher has flOWaskedyou: to write an essay describing the advantages and disadvantages of: having a factory near your town... Write your essay (220-260 words).1 What are you going to writeabout?2 Who isgoingto readyourpiece ofwriting?3 What are the advantages/disadvantagesof havinga plant located

near your town?4 What styleof writingshouldyou use?

9 Read the model and complete the paragraph plan. Are any of yourarguments included in the model?There has been much discussionin the town recentlyabout the proposal from an international company toopen a chemical plant on the outskirts of town. Thebuildingofthe plant isseenby many-asa wayto lowertheunemploymentrate inthe area and to bring muchneededfunds into the town itself.However,could the new plant,if it should be built, have some serious negativeconsequences for the town?There are a number of advantages to having the plant built.To begin with, as it willbe a very large plant, it willprovidemany jobs at both the administrative and skilled labourlevels.Inaddition, the plantwillhave to paypropertyandoperating taxes and these monies willgo directly into thetown's coffers. This means they can be used for some ofthe long overdue improvements which the towndesperately requires. Finally, if the plant were opened, itwould mean that the service industry in the town - therestaurants, the cinema, and the shops - would definitelysee an increase in business.On the other hand, there are also some possible drawbacksto the plant's construction. To begin with, the proposedsi te for the chemical plant is in a lovelywood which manyresidents use for recreational purposes. Ifthe plant were to IIbe built, the forest would need to be destroyed. Thiswouldmean that an invaluable green space would be lost foreverand along with it the placewhere so manyof the town's IIpeople go to relax and enjoy themselves. Secondly, theproposed site isverydose to the town reservoir. Althoughthe company owners have assured town officials that everysafety measure would be met, there is still a risk thatchemicals could seep into the town's water supply.Allin all, there are a number of convincing arguments both

I forand against the proposed chemical plant. However, IfeelI that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages as long as

there is any chance that two of the town's most valuablenatural resources could be endangered.

IntroductionParagraph 1

.........................I- .........................

.........................

.........................

Main BodyParagraph 2.........................I- ...........................................................................

MainBodyParagraph 3.........................I- ...........................................................................

ConclusionParagraph 4W.................-........

..................................................

10 Listthe argumentsfor andagainst.Howdoesthe writer justify theirpoints?Completethe table.

( FOR)Arguments1

23........................................................................................................................................................................Justifications

123

........................................................

........................................................

........................................................

(AGAINST)Arguments1

23

........................................................

........................................................

........................................................Justifications

123

........................................................

........................................................

........................................................

11 Findthe topic sentencesn the mainbodyparagraphs.Suggestotherappropriateones.

12 Findlinkersin'the modelwhich: introducellist advantages introducellistdisadvantages addpoints showcontrast concludeReplacehem with otherappropriateones.13 What techniquehasthe writer usedto begin/endthe essay?Suggest

anotherbeginning/endingusingadifferent technique.

243


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Writing:Essays,.~,~.14 Choosethe appropriatelinkers.

+'

Thereare severaladvantagesto being anInly child. 1)To' conclude/To beginwith, an only child would always feelsafe and secure because all of their

parents' love would be directed entirelyat them. 2) Moreover,!ln spite of anonly child isbetter off when it comestomaterial goods - they usually geteverything they ask for. 3) All in all/Finally, being an only child means thatyour mother and father will invest alltheir freetime in keepingyou happy andentertained 4) therefore/because youhave no siblings to compete with fortheir attention.

01) Despite the fact that/On the otherhand, there are some disadvantagestoteaching strictly academic subjects insecondary school. 2) The mostimportant drawback!All in all, is thatsomestudents do not do well in subjectssuch as history or science, 3) but/forinstance do well in less academic-orientated lessons.4) Forexample,!As aresult there are students who excel inclasses that teach vocational skills.5)Another disadvantage/Also is thatan education based completely onacademicsubjectsmay not be the bestkind of education required to readysomeonefor life in the realworld.

1) Eventhough/To conclude, there areboth advantages and disadvantagestousing wind as a power source. 2) Allthings considered/Finally, perhaps thesolution liesin utilising a combination ofthings to produceenergy.

15 Write supporting sentences for the topic sentences below.Compare with your partner.TOPIC SENTENCES

Thereis no doubt that modern technology hasmadeour liveseasier.2 However, it goes without saying that there would be some

disadvantagesto making universityeducation free for the asking.3 There are severalpoints in favour of the adopting of a single world

currency.

16 Match the arguments to the justifications. Now, usethem,together with appropriate linkers, to write the main bodyparagraphs for an essayabout the.advantages and disadvantagesof taking part in a student exchangeprogramme.

-..}

ru Studyingabroadbroadensyourhorizonsandmakesyou a moreenlightenedindividual.Somestudentswhogo to anothercountry to study feelaloneand isolated.Takingpart in anexchangeprogrammeallowsyou toimmerseyourself in anew culture andlanguage.Thecost ofparticipating in anexchangeprogrammecan bequite high.

ru[II]

rn

a You will better understand thetraditions of the culture and youwill pick up the language farfaster than if you were studyingthe language at an institute inyour own country.

b Many of the organisations thatarrange these programmes askfor a fee and,of course,the costof plane tickets, food andaccommodation all need to be. figured in aswell.c You will see that many nationsmakeup the world. You will alsobecome more aware of the factthat peopleare people whereveryou maygo.

d Formanyof them, it will betheirfirst time away from home, theirfamily and their friends.

17 Now write an introduction and a conclusion for the essay.Useanyof the techniques presented on p. 242. Compare with a partner.

~.,18

1

ThsichsdStpaCFiPEwithEwiSethStaasObeCStepsSInofbeshre


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Writing: Essaysc. ..~ Opinion Essays.8 Readhe rubric,underlinethe keywords,andanswerthequestions.

Youhave recentlybeendoing a schoolproject on physicalfitness.Now your English teacher has asked you to write an essay: explaining whether you agree or disagree with the following: statement: PEclassesshould be a compulsorypart of everyschool.. curriculum.Write youressay(220-260words).

1 What type of essayareyou going to write?2 Who isgoing to readit?3 Inwhich paragraph(s)will you giveyour personalopinion?

19 Readthe modeland 'completethe paragraphplan.Isthe writer infavouror againstthe topic?What linkingwords/phraseshavebeenused to: introducearguments? listpoints? introduceresults?C1

}J iiII .1There is no doubt that physical fitness needs to be asignificant part of any child's life, but would it benefitchildren if PEclasses were a compulsory part of everyschool curriculum? To my mind, I believe that allstudents, with a few exceptions, should be made toparticipate in PE classes as part of their schoolcurriculum.First of all, when children and teenagers take part inPEclasses in school they form fitness habits that theywill, hQpefully, carry over into adulthood. As a result,the problem of unfit grown ups would be done awaywith, or, at least, made less serious.Secondly, PE classes teach children about far morethan just how to be good athletes. They also teachstudents how to co-operate with others, especially ina team, thus developing positive characteristics suchas respect for others and confidence in oneself.On the other hand, some people argue that PEclassesbeing made compulsory as part of the schoolcurriculum could have its drawbacks. For instance,some children simply do not take to sport, especiallyteam sports. These children could sufferpsychologically if they were forced to take part insomething they really did not want to do.In conclusion, I do feel that PEclassesshould be a partof every school curriculum as they can be so verybeneficial to students of all ages. However, exceptionsshould be made for those students who have a validreason for not participating.

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IntroductionParagraph 1...........................................................................

Main BodyParagraph 2..................................................Main BodyParagraph 3...........................................................................

Main BodyParagraph 4...........................................................................

ConclusionParagraph 5..................................................

20 Now list theviewpoints.Whatreasonsdoesthewriter usetojustify them?Completethe table.

tIe Reasons

21 Usethe languagein the boxtomakefull sentencesexpressingyouropinion.UsefulExpressions forgivingopinion

I believe/think/feel (that) ... I strongly believe ... In my opinion/view, ... The way I see it, ... It seems/appears to me, (that) ... To my mind, ... I (do not) agree that/with .. . Myopinion isthat ... Asfar asI amconcerned... I (completely) agree that/with ... I (strongly) disagree that/with .... I am totally against ... Icouldn't agreemore that/with ... I couldn't disagree that/with ... I am totally opposed to ...government/pay for all medicaltreatment and prescriptions peoplewould be healthierand live longer livesInmy opinion, governments should pay forall medical treatment and prescriptions.Bydoing this, people would be healthier and livelongerlives.2 authoritieslban possession of all firearms~ fewer accidental deaths from gunshotwounds

3 people/take part in neighbourhoodwatch programmes~ communitieswould be safer for all re~dents

4 schools/provide free nutritious lunch toall students ~ promote healthier diet

5 government/provideretrainingprogrammes for people out of work ~reduceunemployment

6 people/volunteer for environmentalprojects ~ cleaner neighbourhoods,towns, cities 245


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Writing:22 Readthe extractandanswerthequestions.

the other hand, there are somereasonswhy zoos and conservationparksshould not bebanned. Tobegin with, forsome speciesof animal, these protectedplaces are their last chance to avoidextinction. Therefore, if there were nozoos or parks many more speciescouldbe lost forever. Furthermore, zoos andconservation parks allow children andadults alike to see live animals that theywould never otherwise see.As a result,these people become more interested,and more concerned, about the fate ofthe planet's animal species.

What is the main idea of theparagraph? Which sentenceexpresses this idea?

2 What supporting sentences doesthe writer give?

3 Which linking words/phrases hasthe writer used? Suggest othersuitable words/phrases whichcould replace these.

23 Readthe topic sentences andsuggest appropriate supportingsentences.

However,some people argue thatthere are several drawbacks totaking a gap year betweengraduating from university andjoining the work force.

2 Finally,compulsory military serviceensures that one's nation willalwayshavea force readyand ableto protect it.

3 Tostart with, same-sexschoolsdonot prepare children for real-l ifesituations.

:)Opposingiewpoints24 Usethe linkers inthe table and the ideas below to write anopposing viewpoint.

-26

. On the other hand... Alternatively... Itcan be arguedthat

. However... Some peopleargue...permit selective hunting/prevent over-population of certain spe'"""-..P-'Of animals

2 some say/many advantages/make students wear school uniform3 same. Qe.aQle.acq,ue.tsQaceeXQlaration/not worth the tax ~a'~':: '":

money4 community service/not severe enough/not deter people frc-

breaking the law 2725 a. Readthe rubric. Then read the viewpoints and match them to

the reasons. Which do you agree with? Which do you disagreewith?'All teenagers should be made to do household chores to earn too;"

... pocket money.' Do you agree with this statement?: Write an essay for your teacher expressing your opinion (22C-: 260 words)..1 What areyou going to write about?2 Who isgoing to readyour pieceof writing?3 What are the advantages/disadvantages of doing chores for mone~-4 What style of writing shouldyou use?

0ainatc0TadeteaatrapVbdftaIcor'/b. Now write your essay(220-260 words). Use ideas from Ex. 25a.

Children must do ru Children should be busy doingsomething for the money their homework and schoolthey are given. projects, not cleaning the house

2 Doing chores around the or taking out the rubbish.house can help make a [I[] Children should be raisedtochild more responsible realisethat i f they live in aand mature. house, it istheir duty, not their

3 Doing chores as part of a job, to help keep it clean andfamily unit can provide tidy.an opportunity for rn Chores must be done on certaincommunication between daysand, often, at certainfamily members. times, promoting a senseof

4 Children should not responsibility and maturity.receive money for doing Otherwise, they will think thatchores. things in life come for free,

S Children could better when of course the/2Jo not.spend their time on their IT:[] Doing things together, even if itstudies as opposed to is household chores, creates adoing chores around the sense of unity and togethernesshouse. asa family.


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==-~~.~~/ ~.,c:;~~%:Y-~>r~~~;Wntlng. Essays/'.,.>:i;;e~~E'~~if'.. ;r.~ ;u.w~j~

:) ProvidingSolutions to Problems26 Readthe rubric,underlinethe keywords,andanswerthequestions.

Your school newspaper has asked its reader to write an essay... suggesting ways to make your town a more environmentally-: friendlyplace.Writeyour essay (220-260words)...1 Who isgoing to read your essay?2 What willyour essay be about?3 Wha! stylewill you use? Givesome examples.4 What are some possible solutions to the problem in the rubric?

'"

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27 Readthe modelandcompletethe paragraphplan.Whattechniques has the writer used to start/end his/her essay? Suggestan alternative beginning/ending.-

Over the past decade or so, it has become moreand more obvious that our planet will sufferirreparabledamageif the peopleof the world fail toact now. Everyoneneeds to do their part and ourtown is no exception.What can be done to makeour town more environmentallyfriendly?Tobegin with, steps shouldbe taken to reducetheamount of rubbish that goes into the local landfillday after day.One possiblesolutionwould be theestablishment of a strict recycling policy in thetown. This would ensure that people becomeaware of the advantages of recycling and wouldalso decrease the amount of rubbish being sent tothe landfill site everyday.Measures should also be taken to decrease theamount of air pollution that residentsof the townproduce, especiallyin the winter months. Banningwood-burning stovesmight help, but it would bebetter if a law were passed stating that bothdomestic- and industrial-purpose chimneys befitted with high-quality filters. Theconsequenceofthis would undoubtedly be a reduction in theamount of smokepoisoningthe atmosphere.In conclusion, there are severalways in which wecan promote recyclingand decreaseair pollution inour town. Bycarryingout certain measures,we willmake our town more environmentally friendly andwe will all be doing our part to save the planetAfter all, as someone once said, 'You don.'t misswhat you have,until it's gone.'

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.........................

.........................

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MainBodyParagraph 2...........................................................................

Main BodyParagraph3...........................................................................

ConclusionParagraph 4...........................................................................

!'!E ~

28 a. Complete the table with ideasfrom the essay.

b. Read the table. Which of thephrases has the writer used inhis/her essay in Ex. 277

] Useful Expressions:To make suggestions

A useful suggestion would be to ... Another solution..... ... could be solved by ... Steps/Measures should be taken in orderto solve/deal with...

Another way to ... is/would be to ... The situation could be improved if/by... It would be a good idea if/to... I t would help if you/we, etc.. .] To present results andconsequences

Thiswould ... . Then ... Bydoing this, you/we, etc would... If..., the resultwould be ... The effect(s)lconsequence(s)/result(s:Of... would be ... Inthis way, ...

-29 Usethe ideas below and appropriatelanguage to write supportingsentences for the topic sentences.O.run vocational classes/teach young

people skills/improve chances of theirbeingemployed offer incentivesto businesses/hireyoungpeople/giveyoungerpeoplean advantage introduce job creation schemes/morepositions made available/more peopleemployedTo begin with, we should find ways to

reduce unemployment. Forexample,a usefulsuggestionwouldbe to run vocationalclasses.Theseclasseswould teachyoung peopleskillsthusimprovingtheirchancesofbeingemployed.~C). only allow hunting at certain times of the

year/not kill animalsduring the breedingseason make it illegal to hunt at nighVgive aninlalsa fair chance to escapebeing ki,lled

Anotherwayto protect../'d a~~.a5 -be to introduce ne'1~ ~_-:~ '=have them strcu er::.~


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. .:;


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Unit 1InfinitiveThe to-infinitive is used:. to express purpose. Simon hasgone to buy thefootballtickets.. after certain verbs(agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan,

promise, refuse, etc). Theyappear to be intelligentanimals:. after would like,would prefer, would love, etc to expressaspecific preference. I would love to go to my favourite Indianrestauranttonight.. after adjectives which describe feelings/emotions (happy, sad,glad, etc); express willingness/unwillingness (willing, eager,reluctant, etc); refer to a person's character (clever, kind, etc)and the adjectivesluckyand fortunate. Hewasveryucky to getajob soquickly.Note: with adjectives that refer to character, we can also usean impersonalconstruction.It waskindofyou to help mewithmyCII.. after too/enough. It isn'twarmenoughto goswimming. to talk about an unexpected event, usually with only. Wedroveto the resortonly to find that the skicentrewasclosed. with it + be + adjective/noun. It waseasyto follow therecipe,afterall.. after be + first/second/nextllast, etc. Andrewwas the firstperson to greet meat the party. after verbs and expressions such as ask, learn, explain, decide,find out, want, want to know, etc when they are followed bya question word. My financialadvisorexplainedhow to savemoremoneyon taxes.Note: why is followedby subject + verb, NOTan infinitive.Iwonderwhyshehasn'tphonedyet. in the expressions to tell you the truth, to be honest, to sumup, to begin with, etc. Totell you the truth, I had expectedhimto bedifferent.Note: If two to-infinitives are linked by and or or, the to ofthe second infinitivecan be omitted. I wouldliketo goand seethelatestDaliexhibition.

The infil")itivewithout to is used: after modal verbs. Mydogcan sit and stay. aftertheverbslet,make,see,hearandfeel.Imadehimcopyout thesentenceonehundredtimes.BUT:we use the to-infinitiveafter be made, be heard, be seen etc (pilssiveform). Hewasmade to copy thesentenceonehundredtimes.Note: When see, hear and watch are followed by an -ing form,there is no change in the passive.Theysawme talking to thepolice.Iwasseentalking to thepolice. after had better and would rather. Wehadbetter callaheadand reserve a table. help can be followed by either the to-infinitive or theinfinitivewithout to. Doughelpedme(to)learn my lines.

Gerund (-ing form)The -ing form is used: as a noun. Baking cakesrelaxesme. after certain verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid, confess,continue, deny, fancy, go (for activities), imagine, mind,miss, quit, save, suggest, practise, consider, prevent, etc.Imaginewinning amilliondollars. after love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate to express general

Grammar Referencepreference. I hate waiting for people.BUT: for a specificpreference (would like/would prefer/would love) we use a to-infinitive. Iwouldliketobuyyouanicecream.. after expressions such as be busy, it's no use, it's (no) good,it 's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's nopoint in, can't stand, have difficulty(in),have trouble, etc.Thereisnopointin talking toher,shewon'tchangehermind. after spend, waste or lose (time,money,etc).Hewasteda lotof timestaringat theceiling. after the preposition to with verbs and expressionssuch aslook forward to, be used to, in addition to, object to, prefer(doing sth to sth else).Heprefers giving to receiving gifts. after other prepositions. I am interested in seeing that film. after the verbshear, listento, notice, see, watch and feel todescribe an incomplete action. Iheardyouspeaking toMissLogan.(Ionlyheardpart of the conversation.)BUT:we use the-infinitivewithout to with hear, listen to,notice,see,watchandfeeltodescribehe completeaction.Iheardyou tell thestory.(Iheardthe whole story.)

Difference in meaning between the to-infinitive and the -ing formSomeverbscan take either the to-infinitiveor the -ing formwith achange inmeaning. forget + to-infinitive = not remember - David forgot to lockthecardoors.

forget + -ing form =not recall - 1'1/never forget swimming withthedolphins. remember+ to-infinitive = not forget - Didyou remember tofax the last report?remember + -ing form = recall - Iremember seeing you for thefirsttime. mean + to-infinitive =intend to - I'msorry.I nevermeant tobring up bad memories.mean + -ing. form = involve -If Idon't get a Christmasbonus,I'mafraid i twillmean not coming home for the hol idays. regret + to-infinitive =be sorry to (normally used in thepresent simple with verbs such as say, tell, inform) - We regretto informyou thatyourrequesthasbeendenied.regret + -ing form = feel sorryabout - Iregretmoving tothispartof town. try + to-infinitive = do one's best, attempt -I tried to tellyouthe truth but you wouldn't listen.try + -ing form =do something as an experiment - Whydon'tyou try calling again in tenminutes? stop + to-infinitive = stop temporarily inorder to do somethingelse - Aftera coupleof hours,westopped to watch thegameon Tv.stop + -ing form=finishdoingsomething - At threeo'clock,stoppedstudying andwenttobed.

Unit 2PresentSimpleandPresentContinuousWe use the present simple for: facts and permanent states. Ralph works for a p/urrlbI'1g CO""XI'"' generalruthsndlawsf nature. TheMoCJrIeYOIres~,; -e-Earth. habits and routines (witt' always ..ISUa..;::~ -=_ :' ~films at theweekends. timetables and Drogra~'"'ES ~ -e ~_-_:: ~

6:05 exactly.~ ~


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Grammar Reference. sporting commentaries, reviews and narrations. Leeswings his

bat and scores a home run.. likes and dislikes. I love Slovenia; it's a beautiful country.The time expressions we use with the present simpleare: usually,often, always,every day/week/month/year, etc, inthe morning/afternoon/evening, at night/the weekend, onFridays,etc

We use the present continuous (to be + verb -ing):. for actions taking place at or around the moment of speaking.Heis washing his car now.. for temporary situations. Weare replacingthe carpetsin thebedrooms this weekeod.. for fixed arrangements inthe near future. We'resigning up forayoga class tomorrow.

. for currently changing and developing situations. The days arebecoming shor ter and shorter .

. with adverbs such as always to express anger or irritation at arepeated action. You are a lways b laming others for your mistakes.

The time expressionswe usewith the present continuousare: now,at themoment,at present,hesedays,nowadays,still,today,onight,etc

StativeVerbsStative verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than an action,and so do not usually have a continuous tense. These verbs are:. verbs of the senses(see, hear, smell, taste, feel, look, sound,

seem, appear, etc) Thisfabric feels luxurious.. verbs of perception (know, believe, understand, realise,remember, forget, etc) I rea lise this is difficult for you.. verbswhich express feelingsand emotions (like, love, hate,enjoy, prefer, detest, desire, want, etc) Helenaenjoys old blackand white films.. andsomeother verbs(be,contain, include,belong, fit need,matter,cost,own,want, weigh,wish,have,keep,etc) Mycat weighs more than my dog.

Some of these verbs can be used in continuous tenses, butwith a di fference in meaning.

Notes:. The verb enjoy can be used in continuous tenses-to express a

specific preference.Wereally enjoy staying home on Fridaynights. (general preference)BUT: I'm enjoying thisnovelvel}'much.(specificpreference). The verbs look (when we refer to somebody's appearance), feel(experience a particular emotion), hurt and ache can be used insimple or continuous tenses with no difference in meaning.Peter 's tooth is hurting. = Peter's tooth hurts.

Pre~Weu!.

.

..TheconmaNotepresein myears

UnPaWe u.

Adverbs of Freqwency .Theseinclude always, frequently, often, once, twice, sometimes,never, usually, ever, hardly ever, rarely, occasionally, etc.. Adverbs of frequencyare normally placed before the main

verb. I often wake up in the middle of the night.I never l is ten to gossip.. However, adverbs of frequency are placed after the verb to beand after auxiliary verbs. Ivan is f requent ly away on bus iness. I'vealways wanted to go on an Afr ican safari .

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PresentPerfectWe use the present perfect (have + past participle) for: an action that happened at an unstated time in the past. The

emphasis is on the action. The time when it occurred isunimportant or unknown. I haveseenthe film.Tinahas visitedRometwice.. an action whichstarted in the past and continues up to thepresent, especially with stative verbs (see above)~uch as be,have, like, know, etc. I have been a teacher for sevenyears. a recently completed action. Ihave completed the tax form. personal experiences or changes. She has dyed her hair pink.

PasWeu.

..The time-expressions we use with the present perfectare: for,since,already,always,ust,ever,never,sofar,today,thisweek/month,etc,howlong,lately,recently, till,yet, etc .

Present Simple Present ContinuousTHINKIthink she'sa verygood She is thinking about selling herlistener. (= believe) computer. (= is considering)HAVEShe has a large collection of Iam having a fantastic time.Elvismemorabilia. (= owns, (= am experiencing)possesses) She is having a shower.

(= istaking)Heis having breakfast.(= is eating)

SEEIcan see my home from up Mymother is seeing an earhere. (= it is visible) specialist next week. (= isI can see now that she was meeting)wrong for me. (= understand)TASTEThe chocolate tastes bitter. Connie is tasting the soup to see(= it is, has the flavour of) ifit isspicy. (= is testing)SMELLYour breath smells of mint. Iam smelling my roses.(= has the aroma) (= am sniffing)APPEARHe appears to be a Iam appearing in anewgentleman. (= seems to be) Broadway show. (= performing)FITMy dress fits her perfectly. Frank is f itt ing an extra lock at(= it's the right size) the front door. (= is attaching)

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