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LEARNING

Dr.Yogananthan

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Contents

Introduction & objectives

Components of learning

Theories of learning Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning Differences

Cognitive theory

Social learning theory

Principles ofreinforcement Positive

Negative

Extinction Punishment

Schedules ofreinforcement

Learning curves

Diminishing returns Increasing returns

Increasing decreasing

Learning & behaviour

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Objectives

What is learning?

Components of learning

Determinants of learning

Theories of learning Classical conditioning / operant conditioning

Cognitive theory

Principles of reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcements Limitations of behaviour modifications

Learning curves

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Definitions

Stephen Robbins learning is any

relatively permanent change in behaviour

that occurs as a result of experience. Steers & porter learning can be defined

as relatively permanent change in

behaviour potentiality that results from

reinforced practice or experience.

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Components of learning

Learning leads to change good / bad

Change must be relatively permanent and if not

it cant be considered as a learning

Change in behaviour thro experience which also

added impact on attitude or process much be

considered. If due to diseases it will not be.

Some form of learning in necessary for learningand it may be direct or indirect experiences.

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Determinants of learning

Motive

Stimuli

Generalisation Discrimination

Responses

Reinforcement Retention

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Theories of learning

Classical conditioning theory

Operant conditioning theory

Cognitive learning theory Social learning theory

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Classical conditioning

is modifying behaviour so that a

conditioned stimulus along with

unconditioned stimulus is paired to elicit

an unconditioned behaviour.

Classical conditioning introduces simple

cause effect relationship between one

stimuli & response.

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Unconditional stimulus Unconditional response

conditional stimulus

Unconditional stimulus

Response

Conditional response

conditional stimulus

Pavlovs experiment classical conditioning theory

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Limitations

Human beings are more complex than

dogs and less amenable to cause effect

conditioning

Behavioural envt in organisations is also

complex

The nature of - complexive human

decision making process makes it possible

to override simple conditioning

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Operant conditioning

B.F.Skinner (Harvard psychologist) - in

operant conditioning induces a voluntary

change in behaviour and learning occur as

a consequence of such change and also

known as reinforcement theory.

Thus behaviour can be controlled by

manipulating its consequences. It is builton the following two principles.

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The behaviour that results in positive

rewards tend to be repeated and

behaviour with negative consequences

tend not to be repeated.

Based upon such consequences , the

behaviour can be predicted and controlled.

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The consequences of behaviour are used

to influence or shape thro 3 strategies.

reinforcement Punishment

Extinction

(Ex -Work hard may bring reward which will

bring a positive change in workers behaviourto work hard).

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Classical conditioning Operant conditioning

A change in stimulus

elicits a particular

response.

Stimulus serves as a cue

for a person to emit the

response

The strength and

frequency of classicallyconditioned behaviour

are mainly by the

frequency of eliciting

stimulus.

The strength and

frequency of operantconditioned behaviour

are mainly by the

consequences.

Responses are fixed to

stimulus

Responses are variable

both in type/ degree.

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Cognitive theory

Learning is considered as the outcome of

deliberate thinking about the problem or

situation both intuitively and based upon known

facts and responding in an objective and goaloriented manner.

It is act of knowing an item of information and

this knowledge affects the behaviour of the

person so that the information provides cognitive

cues towards the expected goals.

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Social learning theory

Attention process

Retention process

Motor reproduction process Reinforcement process

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Principles of reinforcement

4 basic reinforcement strategies

Positive reinforcement

Negative reinforcementPunishment

Extinction

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Schedules of reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Partial reinforcement schedule

Fixed interval schedule Variable interval schedule

Fixed ratio schedules

Variable ratio schedules

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Limitations of behaviour

modification It is an overall structure and ignoresindividual differences needs, desire,values and abilities.

Extrinsic rewards are more valued andintrinsic motivation is ignored and higherlevels of needs may not be satisfied.

It ignores prevailing work group norms andit is important for the org to know thepower of work group norms.

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Learning curves

Learning curves

Diminishing returns

Increasing returns Increasing decreasing

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Increasing decreasing learning

curve

Slow learning

Increase returns

Plateau Peak proficiency

Over learning

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Learning & behaviour

Reducing absenteeism & Through learning

Substituting well pay for sick pay

Improving employee discipline Developing training programme

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THANK YOU