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35 UNIT 4 Word formation NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE repair to rely to compress durable to modify to retrieve to transmit Vocabulary Match the below adjectives and verbs with their dictionary meanings. multiple correct or suitable concentric easily affected or able to experience appropriate occurring in a number of cases or items obsolete easily and quickly changeable susceptible having common centre volatile no longer in use because being replaced by something newer or better to mitigate to become worse to deteriorate to check or prove that something is true or correct to verify to suggest in an indirect way to assume to consider something true without proof to imply to reduce a harmful effect

Unit4 - Fakulta matematiky, fyziky a informatiky UK · ï ñ 81,7 :rug irupdwlrq 1281 9(5% $'-(&7,9( uhsdlu wr uho\ wr frpsuhvv gxudeoh wr prgli\ wr uhwulhyh wr wudqvplw

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Page 1: Unit4 - Fakulta matematiky, fyziky a informatiky UK · ï ñ 81,7 :rug irupdwlrq 1281 9(5% $'-(&7,9( uhsdlu wr uho\ wr frpsuhvv gxudeoh wr prgli\ wr uhwulhyh wr wudqvplw

35

UNIT 4

Word formation

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE repair

to rely to compress durable

to modify to retrieve to transmit

Vocabulary

Match the below adjectives and verbs with their dictionary meanings. multiple correct or suitable concentric easily affected or able to experience appropriate occurring in a number of cases or items obsolete easily and quickly changeable susceptible having common centre volatile no longer in use because being replaced by something newer or better to mitigate to become worse to deteriorate to check or prove that something is true or correct to verify to suggest in an indirect way to assume to consider something true without proof to imply to reduce a harmful effect

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36

Introduction

In pairs or groups of three ask and answer the following questions. Take it in turns. a) What kinds of storage technology are there in use? b) Which is the most convenient technology at present? Why? c) What are the basic requirements on storage devices (size, speed of access, price per capacity…)? d) What is the difference between reliability and durability of storage devices? e) What is cloud storage? What are its benefits? What are the risks? f) When would you opt for cloud storage and when for on-premises (on-prem) storage? g) What is the difference between client-server computing, grid computing and cloud computing? h) What is data degradation? What might be the culprits in each of the storage technologies? i) How are your USB drives designed? Do they have a connector cap, are they retractable, or do you have a swivel USB drive? Was this design one of the criteria for making your choice? j) Have you heard of magnetic tape drives for digital data recording? Are there any drawbacks to it (apart from sequential rather than direct access storage and retrieval)? Why are they still in use? k) How does lossy compression work, as opposed to lossless compression? Where is it suitable?

Reading

SOLID STATE TECHNOLOGY

1 Match the terms in the box with their descriptions.

a) ___________an electronic logic gate whose output is logic 0 (false) only when all inputs are logic 1

b) ___________ type of memory chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off; once programmed, the contents can be erased by exposing it to strong ultraviolet light source

c) ___________ the part of a piece of equipment with one or more protrusions that fits inside the other piece

d) ___________ user-modifiable read-only memory that can be erased and reprogrammed repeatedly through the application of higher than normal electrical voltage; it does not need to be removed from the computer to be modified.

e) ___________ external peripheral interface standard for communication between computer and peripherals using serial transmission.

f) ___________ data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface

A USB drive consists of a NAND-type flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB interface. The memory storage is based on earlier EPROM and EEPROM technologies. These had very limited capacity, were very slow both for reading and writing, required complex high-voltage circuitry, and could only be rewritten after erasing the entire contents of the chip. Hardware designers later developed EEPROMs with the erasure region broken up into smaller "fields" that could be erased without affecting the others. Altering the contents of a particular memory location involved first copying the entire field into an off-chip buffer memory, erasing the field, and then rewriting the data back into the same field, making the necessary alteration to the relevant memory location. Flash memory is based on a quantum effect. During the read phase you read the charge of a cell that is surrounded by insulating material. When you want to write to the cell, high(er) voltage is applied to the pad near the cell, and electrons tunnel into the cell. This makes Flash invulnerable to mechanical

EPROM thumb drive NAND male-type connector USB EEPROM

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37 stress, but since the electrons may pass through the insulator surrounding the cell, it deteriorates over time, and depending on the size and quality of Flash cells, they have finite number of read-write cycles. Frequent erasure or re-writing of data on a flash drive leads to quicker failure due to the "flashing" process that sends a surge of electricity to clear the contents of a memory cell. A flash drive typically consists of five parts: a standard-A USB plug, which provides a physical interface to the host computer, a USB mass storage controller with a small amount of on-chip ROM and RAM, NAND flash memory chip(s), which stores data, a crystal oscillator, which produces the device's main 12 MHz clock signal and controls the device's data output and a USB connector cover – typically made of plastic or metal. Some flash drives use retractable USB connectors instead. Others have a swivel arrangement so that the connector can be protected without removing or adding anything. Most flash drives ship preformatted with the FAT32, or exFAT file systems. The ubiquity of the FAT32 file system allows the drive to be accessed on virtually any host device with USB support. Also, standard FAT maintenance utilities can be used to repair or retrieve corrupted data. 2 The following statements are all false. Correct them. 1. The main reason behind breaking erasure area up into smaller units was to increase speed of access. 2. Flash drives deteriorate over time due to mechanical stresses. 3. All USB drive connectors have protective caps. 4. Flash drives use the same file allocation system as current electro-magnetic hard drives. HARD DISKS

3 Cover the picture below and decide if the following statements are true or false. Then check your answers with the picture and the text below. a) A track is one of the multiple disks stacked on top of one another. b) A sector is one of the concentric circles on a hard disk. c) During the recording process, the read/write heads are touching the appropriate area on a disk. 4 Label the components of the hard disk.

access arm platter (disk) track read/write head sector

5 Choose suitable expressions from the following box to match the italicized ones below.

If your storage medium is reliable, you can ___________ (fetch, bring back) your files even years after you have recorded them. If it has greater capacity, it can _________ (store) more data. If your storage medium has a higher speed, you can __________ (reach, get hold of) your data faster. Secondary storage is non-volatile, which means it does not need a constant power supply in order to ___________ (keep, preserve) data.

retain hold access retrieve

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38

Discussion

HDD, SSD, OR HYBRID?

1 Discuss the following questions in pairs or groups of three. a) What are the pros and cons of each of the storage technologies mentioned in the headline? b) Which of them do you think is future-proof (with HDD and SSD potentially going 3D)? c) Which would you choose for cold storage (secure offline data storage)? Why?

2 In groups of three, read one text each and share the information with the other two students. Add any background information based on your own knowledge/experience.

SSDS VS. HDD VS. HYBRIDS: WHICH STORAGE TECHNOLOGY IS RIGHT FOR YOU? (By Marco Chiappetta, PC World)

A. Hard-disk drives

Hard-disk drives consist of rigid magnetic platters paired with read/write heads that travel over the platters’ surfaces to retrieve or record data. The heads are designed to touch these platters when the disk stops spinning. They land gently on the platter surface to a dedicated spot called the landing zone, which never contains data. Alternatively, they are physically locked in a suspended position, raised off the platters. The inside of a hard disk drive must be kept dust-free. To eliminate internal contamination, the platters are hermetically sealed in a case with the interior kept in a partial vacuum. A small particle of dirt could cause a head to ‘crash’, touching the disk and scraping off the magnetic coating. Each platter is divided into concentric circles called "tracks". Each track is subdivided into sectors. A sector, as a rule, holds 512 bytes of data. This is usually the minimum quantity of information which is addressable for storage. Today, hard drive platters have thousands of sectors in a single track. Hard-disk drives are available in relatively high capacities and are less costly than other storage options. However, their speed is significantly worse than that of even some of the most affordable solid-state drives. The faster the platters’ rotational speed, the faster the hard drive. Hard-disk drives are best suited to users who need vast amounts of storage and are not as concerned about achieving peak system performance. If you're an everyday PC user who sticks mostly to email, Web browsing, and basic document editing, a standard hard drive should suit you fine. B Solid-state drives

With no moving parts, SSDs deliver much better performance. They are the fastest storage option available. They have lightning-fast boot times, application launch times, and file-transfer speeds. Another huge SSD advantage is durability. Because they have no moving parts, solid-state drives are not susceptible to damage from vibrations or movement. Yet, SSDs are not without disadvantages. For one, they are much more expensive than HDDs in terms of cost per gigabyte and do not offer anything near their capacity. SSD performance also varies depending on how full the drive is. As a result, many SSD users regularly move less-performance-intensive data off their solid-state drives and onto traditional hard drives. Another concern: while SSDs often fail without a warning, hard drives will usually start to show signs of failure by displaying a S.M.A.R.T. error or suffering from a few bad blocks. C Hybrid drives

Hybrid hard drives blend HDD capacity with SSD speeds by placing traditional rotating platters and a small amount of high-speed flash memory on a single drive. Hybrid storage products cache the most frequently accessed bits of data to the high-speed NAND flash memory, which results in SSD-like performance for these most-used files. Some of the advantages of hybrid storage include cost, capacity, and manageability. Because only a relatively small solid-state

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39

The main difference between a cloud and a data centre is that a cloud is an off-premise form of computing that stores data on the Internet, whereas a data centre refers to on-premise hardware that stores data within an organization's LAN. While cloud services are outsourced to third-party cloud providers who perform all updates and maintenance, data centres are typically run by an in-house IT department. Although both systems can store data, only a data centre can store servers and other equipment. As such, cloud service providers use data centres to house cloud services and cloud-based resources. For cloud-hosting purposes, vendors also often own multiple data centres in several geographic locations to safeguard data availability during outages and other data centre failures.

volume is required to achieve significant performance gains, a large investment in a high-capacity SSD isn’t necessary. Hybrid drives tend to cost slightly more than traditional hard drives, but far less than solid-state drives. And because the cache volume is essentially hidden from the OS, users aren’t required to choose the data to store on the SSD to prevent it from filling up. Boot times also see some improvement. Where hybrid products falter is with new data. When writing new data or accessing infrequently used bits, hybrid products perform just like a standard hard drive. However, for users who do not constantly work with new data, a hybrid drive can be a great option to improve system performance—without having to give up any capacity. 3 Which type of drive would you/not recommend to

a) someone who cannot afford costly solutions but considers speed a critical asset? b) a freelancer who needs a lot of storage space yet is not pressed for time? c) someone who monitors stock market dynamics? d) someone who needs to access the same data on a regular basis?

4 Look at the following sentence: The faster the platter rotation speed, the faster the hard drive. Now rewrite the following sentences using the above model. a) The price of a storage medium increases with the increasing capacity. The higher ……………………………………………………………………………………………… b) If files stored on a HDD are less fragmented, they can be accessed faster. The less………………………………………………………, …………………………access speed. c) With the growing amount of data stored and number of read-write cycles on your SSD, the medium’s lifetime gets shorter. The greater ……………………………………………………………………………………………… d) Ideally, if the data is sensitive, it is better protected. Ideally, the more……………………………………….............................................................................

Cloud or on-premises?

5 Look at the paragraph above and in groups of three decide:

a) as a company, which of the solutions would you go for if you:

wanted full control of your data, needed greater scalability (ability of a computer product to continue to function well when it has changed in size or volume in order to meet users‘needs and take advantage of it), needed to build a large data repository in a limited period of time, needed greater security due to sensitive nature of your data, had limited financial resources?

b) Which do you think pays off most (given the potential risks of cloud computing and third-party involvement in general): Infrastructure as a Service, which removes the burden of costs of buying equipment and hiring maintenance staff; Platform as a Service, which can be used as a test bed for

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40 your new applications or Software as a Service, which relieves you of purchasing software licences and upgrades?

Language points

1 Complete the following table.

VERB NOUN

compare

maintain

recover

perform

retrieve

store

consume

2 Rephrase the sentences to keep their original meaning, using nouns instead of verbs. Try not to refer to the above table.

1. When you compare the price per formatted capacity, the two drives cost roughly the same. ______________ of the price __________________ shows that ______________________________ 2. You can recover data even from a damaged hard disk. Data _____________ is possible _______________________________________________________

3. If you defragment your hard disk, your computer will perform better. You can improve your computer’s _________________ by __________________________________

4. You should maintain your files on a regular basis.

File ______________ should be done ___________________________________________________

5. New nanowires are capable of retrieving data a thousand times faster than the existing portable memory devices such as Flash memory and micro-drives. Data ________________ using ________________ is ______________________________________ 6. One of the basic functions of a computer system is to store data. Data ______________ is _____________________________________________________________ 7. If your notebook consumes less power, this will extend the battery’s lifespan. Reduced power ______________ will __________________________________________________

Reading

DATABASES

1 Match the concepts to their descriptions.

a field a unique identifier containing a unique value for each row of data a record a data structure for a single piece of data a primary key a row or tuple representing a set of related data

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41 2 Fill in the names of the respective databases. How did they evolve (from the simplest to the most complex)?

A database is a collection of data that is stored for a specific purpose and organized in a manner that allows its contents to be easily accessed, managed, and updated. Data is stored in records. A record is composed of fields and contains all the data about one particular person, company, or item in a database.

a) The _______________ model, widely used in mainframe environments, was designed to allow structured relationships that would facilitate data retrieval. Within an inverted tree structure, relationships in this model are parent-child and one-to-many. The model mandates that each parent table may be related to multiple child tables, but each child table can only be related to a single parent table. In order to retrieve data from a _____________ database the whole tree needs to be traversed starting from the root node.

b) The ________________ design puts all database information in one table, or list, with fields to represent all parameters. In this model, no relationships are defined between records. If you decide to merge data between two files, you need to copy and paste relevant information from one record to the other. There is no automation between them and changing information in one file has no bearing on other files.

c) The ___________ model allows more complex connections: several inverted trees might share branches, for example. In this type of database, multiple member records or files can be linked to multiple owner files and vice versa.

d) A __________ database is a collective set of multiple data sets organized by tables, records and columns. This database establishes a well-defined relationship between database tables. Tables communicate and share information, which facilitates data searchability, organization and reporting.

3 Explain (or try to guess the meaning of) the underlined expressions in the above text.

Vocabulary

1 Complete the words in the phrases below. a S_ _ _ _ G of bits a S _ _ of numbers and figures a L_ _ _ of instructions a P _ _ _ L of experts a S _ _ _ ES of events a P _ _ _ E of equipment a S_ _ _ _ CH of time a C _ _ _ E _ _ _ _ N of data a T_ _ _ LE of cables a N _ _ _ _ R of read-write cycles 2 Which of the above phrases could be used to describe a scanner a computer program a byte a database a decision-making body lifespan a fortnight statistics proceedings?

relational network flat-file hierarchical

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42

Language points

FOREIGN PLURALS

1 Put the following nouns into plural. one analysis – a few ___________ one phenomenon – many ___________ one vertex – three _____________ one medium – several ______________ one radius – two _____________

2 Now put the following Latin-based plurals into singular. a number of indices, two millennia, multiple criteria, heavy nuclei, four matrices, WORD DERIVATIVES

3 Turn the following adjectives into verbs. optimal – fragmental – initial – digital – magnetic –

4 Now put the above verbs into the following phrases.

to __________________ a blank disk to __________________ the disk’s performance

to __________________ analog signals to __________________ the disk’s surface to __________________ a large file and scatter its portions all over the disk

Discussion

HOW PERMANENT (AND HOW RELEVANT) IS YOUR DATA?

1 In groups of three, discuss the following questions: a) How is electronic data different from the information printed on paper? Which is more ephemeral? What are the challenges faced by electronic content providers? b) Have you heard of the concepts of data rot and software rot? What is the difference between the two? c) How can we cope with the impermanence of data and gradual obsolescence and deterioration of hardware and/or software? d) How can competent authorities cope with the growing amount of electronic data and select relevant information that is worth preserving? e) Which of the problems mentioned in c) are the most serious or frequent? How can they be prevented or at least mitigated by hardware and software designers/programmers/archivers? f) Do you use a disk clean-up facility, uninstall applications or delete files you no longer need? Do you have any data management policy? 2 Read one of the principles of Technorealism “Information is not knowledge” and the subsequent definitions. Try to guess the meaning of the underlined words.

All around us, information is moving faster and becoming cheaper to acquire. That said, the proliferation of data is also a serious challenge, requiring new measures of discipline and scepticism. We must not confuse the thrill of acquiring or distributing information quickly with the more daunting task of converting it into knowledge and wisdom. Regardless of how advanced our computers become, we should never use them as a substitute for our own basic cognitive skills of awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.

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43 Data rot – slow deterioration of storage media until the data is no longer readable. Magnetic media are the most susceptible to data rot as their magnetic orientation deteriorates over time. Even solid state and optical media can decay over time.

Software rot – gradual decline in performance of an application in the computer. It may manifest as slow execution or erratic behaviour. Also called “software erosion,” “bit rot” and “code rot,” it generally occurs for two reasons. The first is bad software design in which the program’s own configuration files can become corrupted after extended use. Deleting such files or re-installing the application may solve the problem. The second reason is incompatibility. Occasionally, a new version of the operating system can cause existing applications to fail, in which case upgrading the application, if possible, is typically the only solution. (From: PC Encyclopedia)

3 Now choose the correct synonym of the underlined words above. Proliferation of data – protection, loss, or rapid increase? A daunting task – important, challenging or unsolvable? Susceptible to data rot – resistant, immune or prone? Erratic behaviour – unpredictable, unacceptable or unfamiliar?

4 Compare the points made in the text with your views expressed above.

PRESERVING ELECTRONIC DATA - AN ACTIVE ARCHIVAL PROCESS (By Harrison Eiteljorg, Archaeological Data Archive Project, abridged)

(A) Computer records consist of magnetic or electronic codes on a substrate. Their storage would seem simple: keep these codes and the substrate from deteriorating. But we have two problems. First, we cannot prevent the magnetic or electronic codes from decaying. Second, sooner or later, the computers and/or the software used to make the records will go out of use. (B) Ironically, obsolescence of the files by virtue of changes in computing technology make the decay of the physical computer files a non-issue. That is, we can now store data on media that will survive a very long time but the media will have become obsolete long before the data has decayed. (C) We may also need to translate data files when we upgrade a program to a new version that requires a new file format, or we may change entire software brands. Moving files to new formats is called migrating data. Various software packages make this translation process automatic for specific formats. In other cases, however, it may be very demanding, such as switching from one proprietary format to another. (D) Fortunately, software producers feel a need to provide migration paths for their file formats to keep faith with their customers. Furthermore, if one sticks with reasonably common file formats, there are usually translation programs available; we can require our contributors to supply data in one of these formats along with appropriate information about their data; we do not want to have to figure out how the data files were structured. (E) If the technical problems can be overcome, there still remain many practical problems to be faced. One such issue is that it will be necessary to find some way to vet the contributions, just as we would review a manuscript. Here, we plan to establish review panels for various subject areas. (F) Another question: Do we mean to propose a single location for the archive, or a virtual archive consisting of many physically separate operations? The answer is that the archive will be a distributed, virtual one. All those who build archives need to work together to avoid duplication of storage and migration efforts. (G) Furthermore, some scholars worry about the security of their data in a quasi-public archive. They see the potential for someone taking the data, altering it, publishing incorrect analyses, and claiming

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44 that the data support the analyses. In fact, though, having an archive provides proof against such misuse. There will always be a real and verified copy of the original data files available. (H) Many scholars assume that their institutions will be responsible for archiving electronic files as they have been for archiving paper records. That should be the case, but in an ideal world. So, while many scholars are implicitly relying on their institutions to archive their data, such reliance is ill-advised.

5 Each of the following summaries is stated or implied by an individual paragraph in the above text. Order these summaries to match the paragraphs. One paragraph has not been summarised; make your own summary. 1 There are fears of security breaches on the part of the contributors; however, these fears are ungrounded due to the existence of a backup facility. 2 Electronic content providers should use future-proof formats that comply with the regulations. 3 The relevance of submitted information should be checked prior to archiving. 4 While transcoding will be necessary, sometimes there may be problems as not all file formats are generic and freely available. 5 There are a number of issues with data retrieval that accumulate over time. 6 Data management requires a high degree of logistics to increase efficiency. 7 Although data will preserve its integrity, it will be inaccessible due to the aging hardware. 8 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Revision

1 Answer the following questions. a) What is the difference between “retrieving data” and “retaining data”? b) Explain the following concepts: cold storage, on-premises computing, data migration and put them into context. (When would these be used?) c) How is a hard disk drive divided? d) What are the reasons behind data rot and bit rot (software rot)?

2 Look at the example below and change the following structures by turning verbs into nouns. Make any other necessary changes. Example: to fragment data – data fragmentation

to lose data – __________________ to expose randomly – _____________________ to consume power – __________________ to transmit data – ________________________ to occur regularly – __________________ to retrieve information – __________________ to recover files – __________________ to maintain files - ________________________ 3 Correct the statements. a) Hard disks are flexible platters. b) The inside of a hard disk is dusty. c) Information is recorded on the hard disk while the read/write heads are touching the surface of the platter. d) SSD’s lifetime depends on how often it is exposed to mechanical vibrations. e) SSDs are most suitable for storing less-performance-intensive data. f) HDDs’ failure comes suddenly and unannounced. g) Hybrid drives are a better option than hard drives because they perform well when new data is written onto them.

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45 h) A database field denotes a set of data presented in one row such as a person’s name, surname and address. 4 Complete the words in the sentences. A period of time during which the electricity supply cannot be provided is referred to as power cut or power ______AGE. Even low- ____AGE electrical power systems present a certain risk of electric shock. A magnetic field can ________AGE data on your hard disk drive. Perhaps the greatest _________ AGE of an SSD is the-cost-per-gigabyte ratio. A database allows to access, ______ AGE and update its contents easily. Which ______AGE medium has the highest capacity?

5 Look at the following list. Make word triplets with the same meaning and put them under the respective headings. Note that one of the triplets has been left without a heading! impermanent, deteriorate, obsolete, fear, vulnerable, outage, adapt, decay, prone, concern, ephemeral, susceptible, alter, short-lived, blackout, outdated, tweak, rot, uneasiness, power cut, antiquated to change: _________________________________________________________________________ exposed:___________________________________________________________________________ to degrade: ________________________________________________________________________ temporary: ________________________________________________________________________ worry: ____________________________________________________________________________ old: ______________________________________________________________________________ ________: _________________________________________________________________________

6 Match a word in each column to make meaningful triplets. third- to-many boot time user- fast memory off- party relationship lightning- modifiable content one- chip cloud providers