28
Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era

Rise of an American Culture:Religious, philosophical movements,

and American Artisans

Page 2: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

National American Culture • Before the War of 1812 but more afterwards,

America developed its own since of National identity with its own history, philosophers, educators, artists, writers, religions, and etc.

• Even though sectionalism was a growing trend, Americans pulled together under the American flag (star spangled banner, stars and bars, or old glory), the bald eagle, and the Constitution.

• National slogans like liberty, freedom, union, and self- reliance drove the young nation.

• People began to unite under former leaders and heroes like George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. (Civil Religion)

• Americans developed a national spirit.

Page 3: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

An American Culture • The American people were a mobile society with

the freedom to go where they wanted as they pleased. (the nation lived on the idea of a frontier and unlimited land)

• The American people believed in social mobility, that through hard work, high morals, diligence anyone could become rich and move up the social (class) ladder.

• One uniting element of American culture was the development of the American English Dictionary and American Spelling Book by Noah Webster.

Page 4: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

An American Culture• The advancements in American culture were

either a reflection of American society or a reaction to events in American society.

• In the 1800s, Americans as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution and scientific thought, began a revival/ evangelical movement called the Second Great Awakening (SGA) that swept across America.

• The Second Great Awakening stressed three major themes: the bible is the final say, salvation through faith, and a transformation of lifestyle “living and witnessing for Christ”.

Page 5: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

The Second Great Awakening • The SGA spread through the use of frontier camp

meetings (revival meetings of preaching, singing, and conversion experiences) starting in Kentucky.

• The prominent figures of the SGA were James McGready, Finis Ewing, Peter Cartwright, Lyman Beecher, and William Ellery Channing.

• The most prominent figure was Charles Grandison Finney who preached in the “burnt over district” of New York the ideas of democratized heaven and the ability of man to reform (save) the world he lived in.

• Most of the ideas of the Second Great Awakening differed greatly from the Puritan beliefs of the First Great Awakening such as predestination and an unsavable world.

Page 6: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

The Second Great Awakening

Lyman Beecher

Page 7: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

Democratization of Religion • The SGA effected American society by leading

to democratization of religion (a protestant religion for everyman), spurred multiple reform movements, missions to Christianize the Indians, and a rise of church attendance (3/4 population by 1850).

• During the SGA many Protestant Dominations (sects) grew in attendance and many new sects were started.

• The most wide spread in the South and West were Baptist and Methodist, in the Northeast was Presbyterian.

Page 8: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

Protestant Dominations• In 1814 the Baptists formed the first Triennial

Baptist Convention to fund and further missionary work under the American Baptist Foreign Missions.

• The Baptist Church split over foreign missions, slavery, and doctrine issues i.e. salvation or predestination (In the south Baptists split into Freewill Baptists (Salvation) or Hardshell/Primitive Baptists (Predestination).

• The Methodist church was founded in Oxford, England in 1729 by John Wesley as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution and grew through its use of Sunday Schools (taught children how to read, write, arithmetic, and bible study)

• Through its missionary zeal, equality, and Sunday schools it grew during the SGA. ( It also split over the issue of slavery)

Page 9: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

Protestant Dominations• The Presbyterian Church which spread to America

from Scotland grew during the SGA, but also split due to the issue of slavery and the Restoration movement (restore the Christian church to its founding principles i.e. anti-Americanization).

• The first Unitarian church in America was in 1782 by James Freeman as a rational approach to religion and tried to harmonize all Protestant sects.

• Unitarians believed God was one being not a trinity, Jesus was a good teacher and human nature is malleable (can change).

• The Universalist church was created in America by John Murray in 1793 with the belief that all souls can be saved and no hell because earth is it.

Page 10: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

Protestant Dominations• The Millennialists were started by

William Miller (Millerites) in 1818 believed that the advent (second coming of the Lord) would happen on Oct. 22, 1844.

• The Millerite church survived the Great Disappointment (advent did not come) and became the Seventh-Day Adventists (John H. Kellogg “cereals” famous one).

• The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) were started by Joseph Smith in 1827 when he saw a vision of the angel Moroni who showed him a set of golden tablets which he wrote down as the Book of Mormon.

• Due to Smith’s use of polygamy (having more than one wife) he was killed by a mob in Illinois for treason.

Page 11: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

Protestant Religions

Joseph Smith

The Language of Mormons

Brigham Young

Millerite Chart of End Time

Page 12: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

Protestant Dominations• After this Brigham Young took over and moved

the church out west to Utah around the Great Salt Lake.

• The American Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) was founded in 1816 by Richard Allen in Philadelphia by the Free Black Society.

• Spiritualism started in 1847 by Andrew Jackson Davis with the belief that humans (mediums) could communicate with the “dead” through séances and that God is an energy “infinite intelligence” (most notable were the Fox Sisters)

• First Church of Christ Scientist was started in 1866 by Mary Baker Eddy which believed in faith healing.

Page 13: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

Protestant Religions

Richard Allen

Andrew Jackson Davis Mesmerist

Séance

Page 14: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Literature • In the early part of American history, it was

thought by European standards that America had no native literature, even though a lot was imported there was American literature (Mostly political).

• In America during the early 1800s Americans adopted the English style of Romanticism which expressed inward emotion and spirituality over reason and external restraints, also individual over society. (reaction to Age of Reason and Industrial Revolution)

• The first American authors started in the early 1800s with the New York Knickerbocker Group with Washington Irving (pen name: Diedrich Knickerbocker.

Page 15: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Literature• Washington Irving was the first to get

international fame with his 1819 book The Sketch book of Geoffrey Crayon, which includes the Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle.

• The first American novelist was James Fennimore Cooper with his collections of novels about the American Frontier called the Leatherstocking Tales (1823) with the most famous The Last of the Mohicans. (Natty Bumpoo main character)

• The first high quality poet was William Cullen Bryant who wrote Thanatopsis (Meditation on Death) (1817).

Page 16: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Literature

Washington Irving James Fennimore Cooper

Natty Bumpoo

Legend of Sleepy Hollow

Rip Van Winkle

Page 17: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Literature• The first true American literary movement was

Transcendentalism (the belief that man can transcend this world by looking inward and to nature for a heightened sense of existence) started by Ralph Waldo Emerson with the publication of his book Nature. (started an American Renaissance)

• Henry David Thoreau (1840s) wrote Walden talked about returning to nature and away from society and Civil Disobedience discussed the right of people to protest against things in society they do not agree with. (passive resistance)

• Louisa May Alcott (1860s) was most famous for her book Little Women about women’s place in society.

• Margaret Fuller (1843) wrote Women in the Nineteenth Century advocating women’s rights. (first feminist publication in America)

Page 18: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Literature

Henry David Thoreau

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Walden pond and

cabin

Louisa May Alcott

Margaret Fuller

Page 19: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Literature• The “Father of the Short Story” and modern

detective novel, Edger Allan Poe (1827) is known for his short stories and poems expressing the darker side of life and human nature; gothic. (notable: The Raven)

• Nathaniel Hawthorne (1850) wrote the Scarlett Letter discussed colonial Puritan society, the psychological effects of sin, and reflects on people who judge others.

• Herman Melville (1851) wrote Moby Dick which gave a look into good and evil through an American whaling expedition.

• Walt Whitman (1855) wrote Leaves of Grass which was a collection of poems that praised nature and mankind's place in it and the senses. (overtly sexual) [considered Poet Laureate of Democracy]

Page 20: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Literature

Edger Allan Poe

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Herman Melville

Walt Whitman

Never More

Page 21: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Literature• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1830s on)

was a poet who wrote the Midnight Ride of Paul Revere, Evangeline, and Hiawatha.

• Emily Dickinson (1860s) was the most prolific women poet and wrote about nature and life.

• William Gilmore Simms (1820s on) wrote about the Antebellum South.

• George Bancroft (1830-70) wrote the History of the United States (Father of American History).

Page 22: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Publications • Another major advancement in the 1800s was

the spread of knowledge through the use of publications.

• The penny paper press was cheap newspapers that focused more on every day people (ex: Benjamin Day’s The Sun and James Gordon Bennett’s New York Herald).

• Godey’s Lady’s Book founded by Louis A. Godey first American magazine for women.

• Atlantic Monthly founded by James Russell Lowell was for the highly educated.

• Harper’s Weekly founded by the Harper Brothers covered all topic (important for political satire)

• Southern literary Messenger founded by Thomas White to well educated of the South.

Page 23: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Artists • Americans during the 1800s where also making

strides in all areas of the arts. • In Art most American painters chose to paint a

romantic view of the American Landscape called the Hudson River School like Thomas Cole and Asher B. Durand.

• Other famous artists did portrait painting like Gilbert Stuart and Wilson Peale (Washington) and historical paintings like John Trumbell (Revolutionary paintings) and Emanuel Leutze (Crossing of the Delaware).

• Other artists did realistic paintings like George Catlin (Indians) and John Audubon (American birds) or naturalist paintings like George Bingham (Frontier subjects like Daniel Boone).

Page 24: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Artists

Thomas Cole

Asher B. Durand

John Trumbull

George Catlin

Page 25: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Artists• The best American sculpture was Horatio

Greenough, but the best pioneer in American sculpture was Thomas Crawford (Armed Liberty on dome of Capitol).

• The best architect was Thomas Jefferson. • Theater developed in America with the best

actors Edwin Forrest and Charlotte Cushman. • A new form of American entertainment was

created by Phineas T. Barnum called the Barumun’s American Museum which featured variety acts and oddities. (Feejee Mermaid and Tom Thumb) later started the Barnum and Bailey's Circus (Greatest Show on Earth). (also the first aquarium and wax museum) “There’s a sucker

born every minute”

Page 26: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Artists

Armed Liberty

Feejee Mermaid

Cardiff Giant

Tom Thumb and others

George Washington by Horatio Greenough

Page 27: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American Artists• Another American form of entrainment was the

creation of the minstrel show (traveling plays also called “blackface” in which white actors sang, danced, and acted “like” black people) by Thomas D. Rich (His stage name was Jim Crow) and Dan Emmett (Dandy Jim from Caroline).

• Music during the 1800s was mostly religious with Hymns and Spirituals due to the Revival Movement.

• America also developed its own Patriotic songs with the “Star Spangled Banner” (national Anthem) and “America” written by Samuel F. Smith.

• Another popular music form was folk music with Stephan Collins Foster with “My Old Kentucky Home”, “Old Folks Home”, “De Camptown Races”, and “Jeannie with the Light Brown Hair”.

Page 28: Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era Rise of an American Culture: Religious, philosophical movements, and American Artisans

American ArtistsDa Camptown Races: Click

Jeanie With the Long Brown Hair: Click

Oh Susanna: Click

Black Face