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Unit Ten: The Jacksonian Era
Rise of an American Culture:Religious, philosophical movements,
and American Artisans
National American Culture • Before the War of 1812 but more afterwards,
America developed its own since of National identity with its own history, philosophers, educators, artists, writers, religions, and etc.
• Even though sectionalism was a growing trend, Americans pulled together under the American flag (star spangled banner, stars and bars, or old glory), the bald eagle, and the Constitution.
• National slogans like liberty, freedom, union, and self- reliance drove the young nation.
• People began to unite under former leaders and heroes like George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. (Civil Religion)
• Americans developed a national spirit.
An American Culture • The American people were a mobile society with
the freedom to go where they wanted as they pleased. (the nation lived on the idea of a frontier and unlimited land)
• The American people believed in social mobility, that through hard work, high morals, diligence anyone could become rich and move up the social (class) ladder.
• One uniting element of American culture was the development of the American English Dictionary and American Spelling Book by Noah Webster.
An American Culture• The advancements in American culture were
either a reflection of American society or a reaction to events in American society.
• In the 1800s, Americans as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution and scientific thought, began a revival/ evangelical movement called the Second Great Awakening (SGA) that swept across America.
• The Second Great Awakening stressed three major themes: the bible is the final say, salvation through faith, and a transformation of lifestyle “living and witnessing for Christ”.
The Second Great Awakening • The SGA spread through the use of frontier camp
meetings (revival meetings of preaching, singing, and conversion experiences) starting in Kentucky.
• The prominent figures of the SGA were James McGready, Finis Ewing, Peter Cartwright, Lyman Beecher, and William Ellery Channing.
• The most prominent figure was Charles Grandison Finney who preached in the “burnt over district” of New York the ideas of democratized heaven and the ability of man to reform (save) the world he lived in.
• Most of the ideas of the Second Great Awakening differed greatly from the Puritan beliefs of the First Great Awakening such as predestination and an unsavable world.
The Second Great Awakening
Lyman Beecher
Democratization of Religion • The SGA effected American society by leading
to democratization of religion (a protestant religion for everyman), spurred multiple reform movements, missions to Christianize the Indians, and a rise of church attendance (3/4 population by 1850).
• During the SGA many Protestant Dominations (sects) grew in attendance and many new sects were started.
• The most wide spread in the South and West were Baptist and Methodist, in the Northeast was Presbyterian.
Protestant Dominations• In 1814 the Baptists formed the first Triennial
Baptist Convention to fund and further missionary work under the American Baptist Foreign Missions.
• The Baptist Church split over foreign missions, slavery, and doctrine issues i.e. salvation or predestination (In the south Baptists split into Freewill Baptists (Salvation) or Hardshell/Primitive Baptists (Predestination).
• The Methodist church was founded in Oxford, England in 1729 by John Wesley as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution and grew through its use of Sunday Schools (taught children how to read, write, arithmetic, and bible study)
• Through its missionary zeal, equality, and Sunday schools it grew during the SGA. ( It also split over the issue of slavery)
Protestant Dominations• The Presbyterian Church which spread to America
from Scotland grew during the SGA, but also split due to the issue of slavery and the Restoration movement (restore the Christian church to its founding principles i.e. anti-Americanization).
• The first Unitarian church in America was in 1782 by James Freeman as a rational approach to religion and tried to harmonize all Protestant sects.
• Unitarians believed God was one being not a trinity, Jesus was a good teacher and human nature is malleable (can change).
• The Universalist church was created in America by John Murray in 1793 with the belief that all souls can be saved and no hell because earth is it.
Protestant Dominations• The Millennialists were started by
William Miller (Millerites) in 1818 believed that the advent (second coming of the Lord) would happen on Oct. 22, 1844.
• The Millerite church survived the Great Disappointment (advent did not come) and became the Seventh-Day Adventists (John H. Kellogg “cereals” famous one).
• The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) were started by Joseph Smith in 1827 when he saw a vision of the angel Moroni who showed him a set of golden tablets which he wrote down as the Book of Mormon.
• Due to Smith’s use of polygamy (having more than one wife) he was killed by a mob in Illinois for treason.
Protestant Religions
Joseph Smith
The Language of Mormons
Brigham Young
Millerite Chart of End Time
Protestant Dominations• After this Brigham Young took over and moved
the church out west to Utah around the Great Salt Lake.
• The American Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) was founded in 1816 by Richard Allen in Philadelphia by the Free Black Society.
• Spiritualism started in 1847 by Andrew Jackson Davis with the belief that humans (mediums) could communicate with the “dead” through séances and that God is an energy “infinite intelligence” (most notable were the Fox Sisters)
• First Church of Christ Scientist was started in 1866 by Mary Baker Eddy which believed in faith healing.
Protestant Religions
Richard Allen
Andrew Jackson Davis Mesmerist
Séance
American Literature • In the early part of American history, it was
thought by European standards that America had no native literature, even though a lot was imported there was American literature (Mostly political).
• In America during the early 1800s Americans adopted the English style of Romanticism which expressed inward emotion and spirituality over reason and external restraints, also individual over society. (reaction to Age of Reason and Industrial Revolution)
• The first American authors started in the early 1800s with the New York Knickerbocker Group with Washington Irving (pen name: Diedrich Knickerbocker.
American Literature• Washington Irving was the first to get
international fame with his 1819 book The Sketch book of Geoffrey Crayon, which includes the Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle.
• The first American novelist was James Fennimore Cooper with his collections of novels about the American Frontier called the Leatherstocking Tales (1823) with the most famous The Last of the Mohicans. (Natty Bumpoo main character)
• The first high quality poet was William Cullen Bryant who wrote Thanatopsis (Meditation on Death) (1817).
American Literature
Washington Irving James Fennimore Cooper
Natty Bumpoo
Legend of Sleepy Hollow
Rip Van Winkle
American Literature• The first true American literary movement was
Transcendentalism (the belief that man can transcend this world by looking inward and to nature for a heightened sense of existence) started by Ralph Waldo Emerson with the publication of his book Nature. (started an American Renaissance)
• Henry David Thoreau (1840s) wrote Walden talked about returning to nature and away from society and Civil Disobedience discussed the right of people to protest against things in society they do not agree with. (passive resistance)
• Louisa May Alcott (1860s) was most famous for her book Little Women about women’s place in society.
• Margaret Fuller (1843) wrote Women in the Nineteenth Century advocating women’s rights. (first feminist publication in America)
American Literature
Henry David Thoreau
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Walden pond and
cabin
Louisa May Alcott
Margaret Fuller
American Literature• The “Father of the Short Story” and modern
detective novel, Edger Allan Poe (1827) is known for his short stories and poems expressing the darker side of life and human nature; gothic. (notable: The Raven)
• Nathaniel Hawthorne (1850) wrote the Scarlett Letter discussed colonial Puritan society, the psychological effects of sin, and reflects on people who judge others.
• Herman Melville (1851) wrote Moby Dick which gave a look into good and evil through an American whaling expedition.
• Walt Whitman (1855) wrote Leaves of Grass which was a collection of poems that praised nature and mankind's place in it and the senses. (overtly sexual) [considered Poet Laureate of Democracy]
American Literature
Edger Allan Poe
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Herman Melville
Walt Whitman
Never More
American Literature• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1830s on)
was a poet who wrote the Midnight Ride of Paul Revere, Evangeline, and Hiawatha.
• Emily Dickinson (1860s) was the most prolific women poet and wrote about nature and life.
• William Gilmore Simms (1820s on) wrote about the Antebellum South.
• George Bancroft (1830-70) wrote the History of the United States (Father of American History).
American Publications • Another major advancement in the 1800s was
the spread of knowledge through the use of publications.
• The penny paper press was cheap newspapers that focused more on every day people (ex: Benjamin Day’s The Sun and James Gordon Bennett’s New York Herald).
• Godey’s Lady’s Book founded by Louis A. Godey first American magazine for women.
• Atlantic Monthly founded by James Russell Lowell was for the highly educated.
• Harper’s Weekly founded by the Harper Brothers covered all topic (important for political satire)
• Southern literary Messenger founded by Thomas White to well educated of the South.
American Artists • Americans during the 1800s where also making
strides in all areas of the arts. • In Art most American painters chose to paint a
romantic view of the American Landscape called the Hudson River School like Thomas Cole and Asher B. Durand.
• Other famous artists did portrait painting like Gilbert Stuart and Wilson Peale (Washington) and historical paintings like John Trumbell (Revolutionary paintings) and Emanuel Leutze (Crossing of the Delaware).
• Other artists did realistic paintings like George Catlin (Indians) and John Audubon (American birds) or naturalist paintings like George Bingham (Frontier subjects like Daniel Boone).
American Artists
Thomas Cole
Asher B. Durand
John Trumbull
George Catlin
American Artists• The best American sculpture was Horatio
Greenough, but the best pioneer in American sculpture was Thomas Crawford (Armed Liberty on dome of Capitol).
• The best architect was Thomas Jefferson. • Theater developed in America with the best
actors Edwin Forrest and Charlotte Cushman. • A new form of American entertainment was
created by Phineas T. Barnum called the Barumun’s American Museum which featured variety acts and oddities. (Feejee Mermaid and Tom Thumb) later started the Barnum and Bailey's Circus (Greatest Show on Earth). (also the first aquarium and wax museum) “There’s a sucker
born every minute”
American Artists
Armed Liberty
Feejee Mermaid
Cardiff Giant
Tom Thumb and others
George Washington by Horatio Greenough
American Artists• Another American form of entrainment was the
creation of the minstrel show (traveling plays also called “blackface” in which white actors sang, danced, and acted “like” black people) by Thomas D. Rich (His stage name was Jim Crow) and Dan Emmett (Dandy Jim from Caroline).
• Music during the 1800s was mostly religious with Hymns and Spirituals due to the Revival Movement.
• America also developed its own Patriotic songs with the “Star Spangled Banner” (national Anthem) and “America” written by Samuel F. Smith.
• Another popular music form was folk music with Stephan Collins Foster with “My Old Kentucky Home”, “Old Folks Home”, “De Camptown Races”, and “Jeannie with the Light Brown Hair”.
American ArtistsDa Camptown Races: Click
Jeanie With the Long Brown Hair: Click
Oh Susanna: Click
Black Face