UNIT-IISOCIO-POLITICAL

ENVIRONMENT1. DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT2. DEMOGRAPHIC

CLASSIFICATION3. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT4. SOCIAL CLASS

STRATIFICATION5. UNDERSTANDING FAMILY6. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT7. IMPACT OF POLITICAL

ENVIRONMENT ON BUSINESS

DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN INDIA

DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT

INTRODUCTION

▪ DEFINITION – Demography is the scientific study of human population.

5 Processes in demography :Fertility, mortality , marriage ,migration and Social mobility.

▪ 3 Phenomena in demography: Change in population size – Growth or DeclineComposition of populationDistribution of population in space

Demographic

Process

Fertility

Mortality

Marriage

Migration

Social Mobility

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DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE

5 STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLEStage BR DR Examples

Stage 1

High Stationary

India was in this stage till 1920

Stage 2

Early Expanding

+ South Asia & Africa

Stage 3

Late Expanding

India, China,Singapore

Stage 4

Low Stationary

UK, Denmark, Sweden, Belgium

Stage 5

Declining Germany & Hungary

INDIA 1920 High StationaryINDIA PRESENT Late Expanding

High Stationary

Early Expandin

g

Late Expandin

gLow

Stationary

Declining

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DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN INDIA

▪ India has 2.4% world land area & 17% of world’s population.

▪ Year 1921- “Big divide”. ▪ India’s population currently increasing at rate of 16

million/yr.

HISTORICAL POPULATION OF INDIA

Year Population (Millions)

1901 2381911 2521921 2511931 2791941 3181951 3611961 4391971 5481981 6831991 8462001 10282011 1210

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Source: 1. K . Park 22nd Edition 2. Census 2011

Population projection:

If our population continues to grow at this rate:By 2050 India’s population will be 1.53 billion.

DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

Population Size

Population Density

Age & Sex Composition

Sex Ratio

Dependency Ratio

Birth Rate

Death Rate

Growth Rate

Life Expectancy at Birth

Mortality & Fertility Rate

Population

Statistics

Vital Statistics

DEMOGRAPHICINDICATORS

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AGE & SEX COMPOSITIONAGE PYRAMID:• Represents Age structure of a population.• The age pyramid of India is typical of developing countries i.e. with a “BROAD BASE” and

“TAPERING TOP”.

Proportion of population < 14 yrs. - “DECLINING Trend” .

Proportion of the elderly “INCREASING”. This Imposes a greater BURDEN on Health

services in India.

5/11Source: Census 2011

SEX RATIO

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Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population.The sex ratio in the country has always remained unfavorable to females.

Census year

Sex ratio(Females per 1000 males)

1951 9461961 9411971 9301981 9341991 9272001 9332011 940

Causes of low sex ratio:

Strong Male child preference

Consequent gender Inequities

Neglect of the girl child Female infanticide Female foeticide High MMR Male bias in population

enumeration.

ALARMING: Census 2011 marks a considerable fall in child sex ratio (0-6 yrs. ) and has reached an all time low of 914 since 1961.

DEPENDENCY RATIO

Total dependency ratio = 0-14 years + 65 years and above 15 to 65 years

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DEMOGRAPHIC BONUS – A decline in the TDR d/t- Decline in

fertility. Key factor in Economic development.

DEMOGRAPHIC BURDEN – Increase in the TDR. Cause of Economic Burden.

For the Year 2010:• Young Age dependency Ratio-

47.9%• Old Age dependency Ratio-7.7%Source- K. Park 22nd

edition

FAMILY SIZE

Total number of children borne by a women at a point in time during her child bearing age (15 to 45 years).

Long term goal NRR=1

“2 Child Family Norm”

Total fertility rate (TFR) gives an idea of total family size.

TFR in India: 2.68 (NFHS-3).

Family size depends uponDuration of marriageEducation of coupleNo. of live birthsContraception methodSocioeconomic status etc.

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URBANIZATION

Mass migration of rural population into urban centers resulting in increasing the urban population & growth of cities.

Cause of urbanization: “MIGRATION” d/t- Better employment opportunities. Better living standards. Better availability of social services like Education, Health, Transport,

Entertainment etc.

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CENSUS 2011 Rural Population (millions)

Urban Population (millions)

Increase in Urban population (%)

INDIA 833.1 377.1 3.35

LITERACY & EDUCATION A person (7 yrs. or more) is considered as literate if he or she can read & write with

understanding in any language. Highest Literacy Rate in India- KERALA (93.91). Dismal picture in – Bihar (Lit. Rate- 63.82%) & Arunachal Pradesh (Lit. Rate- 66.9%)

Literacy Rates:

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State Male lit.(%)

Female lit.(%)

Totallit.(%)

India 82.14

65.46 74.04

Uttar Pradesh

79.24

59.26 69.72

Kerala 96.02

91.98 93.91Source: 1. K . Park 22nd Edition 2. Census 2011

01020304050607080

18.3328.3

34.4543.57

52.21

65.3874.04

Literacy Rate in India

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

LIFE EXPECTANCY

“Indicator of country’s level of development & overall health status of the population.”

Expectation of life at birth – World (Combined for both sexes) 1950 : 46.5 years 2002 : 63 years Census 2011:The value for Life expectancy at birth, total (years) in India was 65.48 as of 2011.

Year Males Females1901 23.63 23.961951 32.45 31.661961 41.89 40.551971 46.40 44.701981 54.10 54.701991 59.70 60.902001 63.90 66.902009 63 66

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Expectation of life -at a given age is the average number of years which a person of that age may expect to live, according to the mortality pattern prevalent in that country.

Expectation of life at birth (India):

Source: 1. K . Park 22nd Edition

AT A GLANCE: REFERENCES: CENSUS 2011 & K.PARK 22nd Edition.