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UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did changing economic and social conditions, wars, and the growing power of monarchs begin to build
the framework for the modern nation-state?
AIM 1: How did monarchs in England and France expand royal authority and lay the foundations for united nation-states?
AIM 2: How did explosive conflicts between monarchs and popes affect the balance of power in Europe?
Do Now: Arrange the following developments in the order in which they occurred.
New TechnologiesGrowth of Towns
Agricultural RevolutionPopulation Growth
Revival of Trade
1. Why did they occur in that order?2. How did these evolutions support the idea that the High Middle
ages were a time of economic growth?
ReviewFeudalis
m Hierarch
y
The Churc
h
Kings & Queens
Lords/Nobles
Knights
Peasants/Serfs
Monarchs, Nobles & the Church
Feudal monarchs stood at the head of society, but had limited power
Started to centralize power!
Nation-states: are regions that share a government and that are independent of other states.
MonarchsCentralized through:
1. set up system of royal justice2. organized a government bureaucracy3. system of taxes4. built standing army5. strengthened ties with the middle class
England
Early middle ages = Angles, Saxons & Vikings
Kept kingdoms united
1066 – King Edward died without heir
William of Normandy“From the time he became Duke of
Normandy at age seven, William’s life and position were in constant danger, mostly from his jealous relatives. Four of his guardians were murdered – one in the very room in which William lay sleeping.
As an adult, William did all that he could to get and keep power. At age 20, he led an army to defeat a rebellious cousin. When an abbot condemned his marriage to Matilda of Flanders because they were too closely related, an enraged William burned down a monastery. But when the pope validated the marriage, William had a new abbey built.”
William the Conqueror
Norman ConquestBattle of Hastings = 1066
Christmas Day 1066 – William assumed crown of England
Battle of Hastings
William the Conqueror
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrXAVYEy-fs
Part 3 of video William the Conqueror
William the Conqueror
Growth of royal power
Granted fiefs to the Church and his Norman lords/barons
*kept a large amount of land for himself
Vassal swore allegiance to him only
William the Conqueror
1086 –Domesday Book
Helped build tax
collecting
Exchequer - treasury
William the Conqueror Activity
Power Expands
1160s-1180s = Common LawHenry II lays foundation for English legal system
Common Law – a legal system based on custom and court rulings
Early Jury system
Leads to a conflict with the Church
Evolving English Government
Out of those struggles with nobles and the Church, traditions of government evolved.
Magna Carta1215
King John signs this document limiting royal power and extending rights.
Magna Carta activity
Parliament
1295
Edward I summons Parliament, which includes representatives of common people.
Parliament
France
Post Charlemagne, monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom.
The Capetians
987 – Hugh CapetMade throne hereditary
Play rival nobles against each other
Won support of the church
Bureaucracy
Phillip II (Augustus)
Strengthened royal government
1. appointed paid middle-class officials
2. granted charters to new towns
3. organized a standing army
4. gained backing of new middle class
Louis IX
1226Generous, noble & devoted to justice and chivalry
Declared a saintDeeply religious man
Louis IX
1. sent out officials
2. expanded courts
3. outlawed private wars
4. ended serfdom
1270 – France was an efficient centralized monarchy
Philip IV
Ruthlessly extended royal power.
Tried to collect new taxes from the clergy
Conflict with Pope Boniface VIII
The Estates General
1302
Representative from all 3 estates1. clergy
2. nobles
3. townspeople
Holy Roman Empire
Germany = Dukes of Saxony936 Duke Otto I
962 crowned emperor
Holy Roman Emperor Successors get this title
Problems for German Emperors
Challenge to control vassals
Conflict over appointment of church officials
Conflict between Popes & Emperors
Pope Gregory VII vs Henry IVIndependent of secular rulers
1076 = excommunicatesOverturned 1077
Concordat of Worms = treaty 1122Church had sole power to elect
Struggle for Italy
Frederick I – “Barbarossa”
Entangled German emperors in Italian affairs
Frederick II Pursued ambitions in Italy
Height of Church Power
Pope Innocent IIISupremacy over all other rulers
1209 – Crusade against Albigensians
Iberian PeninsulaRegion is heavily influenced(and controlled) by Muslims starting in early 400s.
1140 – Kingdom of Portugal established
1300 – Christians gain control of Iberian peninsula except for Granada
1469 – marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
*Create a unified state called Spain
Let’s Summarize…
Aim: How did the Crusades widen Europe’s
perspective of the world? Do Now: How are Christianity and Islam related?
Why do they sometimes clash? (Think about what is different).
Clash between religions
Crusades = holy wars
Make a prediction:
How do you think the Crusades will change life in Europe and beyond?
Turn & Talk
The World in 1050
Causes/Motivations of the Crusades
The Crusades
Multicultural Perspectives
Impact of the
Crusades
GALLERY WALK DIRECTIONS
Directions:
1. Start at your assigned station.
2. Rotate clockwise (to your right) when the timer goes off.
3. Answer question packet along the way.
4. Have fun! And ask for help if needed.
Let’s Summarize…
Please complete Exit Slip!
AIM: What achievements in learning, literature, and the arts characterized the High and the Late Middle Ages?
Do Now: List any modern forms of entertainment that you can trace back to the Middle Ages.
Middle Ages in the MediaThe Secret of KellsThe CountessThe Wild HuntBraveheartMonty Python and the Holy GrailYour HighnessBlack DeathIroncladCamelotHenry VThe Passion of Joan of ArcBlack KnightFirst KnightRobin HoodA Knight’s TaleShrekKingdom of HeavenA Kid in King Arthur’s CourtKing ArthurBlack DeathThe Name of the RoseThe Sword in the StoneExcaliburSeason of the WitchDragonheartEver After: A Cinderella storyGame of ThronesTristan and Isolde
Medieval Cultural AchievementsOverall Theme: Toward the end of Middle Ages, as Europe
stabilizes, society begins to make gains in the fields of Literature, Art and Architecture
Cause & Effect:Commercial Revolution
Growth of Towns and Cities
Medieval Universities Emerge
Europeans Acquire “New Learning”
Medieval Literature AND Architecture and Art
Language and literatureAlthough the language of scholars was Latin, new stories began to appear in everyday languages of the people (vernacular).Literature included stories of knights and feudal lords as well as common peopleAuthors like Dante and Chaucer wrote stories about warrior heroes and ordinary people who showed courage, humor and morality
Illuminated Manuscripts
Architecture and ArtArchitecture and art focused on
glorifying GodMost art was a reflection of the
power of the churchDuring late Middle Ages money
from trade begins to contribute to the great works of architecture and art
Roman Influence = “Romanesque”
In 1000, towns began to build stone churches that reflected the influenceof Rome.
The Gothic Tradition
The Gothic style of architectureappeared in Europe in the early1100s.
These new buildings, unlike RomanArchitecture, seemed to soar upwards
Gothic style was characterized bypointed arches and flying buttresses,stone supports that stood outside thebuilding.
The Gothic cathedral forms a total experience that we can still understand today.
Gothic is considered urban since many churches of this style were built in towns
The Cathedral of Amiens serves as an example. Begun in 1220 by the architect Robert de Luzarches, the facade of Amiens is dominated, like St. Denis, by two towers
Interior of a Gothic style Cathedral
ENGLAND: GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL 1089
Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris 1163-1250
Medieval MilitaryTechnology
A Viking "Bearded Axe" ca. 1000 (top) and a German Horsemans Axe ca. 1100 (bottom)
The proliferation of plate armor across Medieval Europe was shadowed by the development of crushing weapons like the war hammer. Since swords were virtually useless against plate armor, mounted knights used short hammers, axes and maces to defeat an opponent's improved protection.
This Zinc Plated Chain Mail Shirt was difficult to produce in its time, yet was greatly desired for its protective qualities.
The flail was an early agricultural implement that was used to separate grain. However, it was soon discovered that it was also excellent for bashing people. Most flails were two handed, but it wasn't long before a smaller version was in use. The spiked flail has been a favorite of movies, books, legends, and people in general for many, many years. For one thing, it simply looks ferocious and intimidating.
The mace, a short club like weapon with a flanged head, was a symbol of rank and status as well as an effective weapon against plate and mail armour. Unlike the sword or axe, the mace was easy to use, very tough and did not require sharpening. The morning star is similar to the mace however it typically has longer and sharper spikes
The Medieval crossbow spent a long time as a dominant weapon in the middle ages. It had several advantages. It could be used by relatively untrained soldiers with good results. It also was a very fine ranged weapon in that it could penetrate armor from distances up to 200 yards.
Aim: How did the combination of plague, upheaval in the Church, and war affect Europe in the 1300s and 1400s?
Do Now: Part 1 Listen to Ms. Rappoccio’s story from yesterday.
DO NOW Part 2: What would happen if you were to go through the rest of your day and we count the number of students in the school that had glitter on them at the end of the day? End of the week? Month?
The Black Plague
Bubonic Plague = disease spread by fleas on rats
Infested (travelers):
ClothesPacks
Black DeathClass Reading
The Black Plague
The Black PlagueBlack Death: 1347-1353
Over 25 Million Died (30-60% of Europe’s Population)
1347:Trading Ships in Italy
1348:Black Death reached beyond Italy to Spain + France -> Rest of Europe
The Black PlagueImage 1 2 3
Question 1: What do you see in the picture?
Question2: What can you infer about the image?
Social Upheaval
Brought terror and upheaval as people had no way to stop the disease
Social Upheaval
Magic & Witchcraft
Wild Pleasures
God’s Punishment
Social Upheaval
Christians blamed Jews for the plague
Expulsion of
The Jews
Complete Reading and Questions
Economic Effects
By the late 1300s, the European economy plunged!
As workers + employers died, production declined -> Survivors demanded higher wages
Economic Effects
1. Landowners and Merchants pushed for laws to limit wages
Landowners
Guilds
Economic Effects
2. Restrictions sparked explosive revolts
*Peasants*
Black Death
What positives come out of the Plague?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRtOQyo6ZpM
Major ImpactsEstimated population of Europe from 1000 to 1352.
1200 59 million
1300 70 million
1347 75 million
1352 50 million
Major Impacts
Upheaval in the Church
The Hundred
Years’ War
Exit Slip
1. Write a journal entry pretending to be a member of the English population who has heard that an Italian Ship that may be infested is travelling to your city. What have you heard? How may you feel?
OR
2. Draw a picture/postcard depicting what you have learned today about the Black Plague.
D O N O W: A F T E R O U R U N I T O N T H E M I D D L E A G E S , W H AT W O U L D YO U S AY A R E T H E M A J O R
E V E N T S / T U R N I N G P O I N T S O F T H E T I M E P E R I O D ?
AIM: WHAT WERE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES AND HOW DID THEY AFFECT LIFE IN
WESTERN EUROPE AT THAT TIME?
REVIEW
MEDIEVAL SKITS
• You and your group will prepare a brief skit/commercial (of approx. 4 minutes) on one of the main topics from the Middle Ages.
LET’S SUMMARIZE….
Should the Medieval Era, commonly referred to as the Middle Ages, be defined as the “Dark Ages”?
