Unit 7: Chapters 21-23Unit 7: Chapters 21-23

Classification of PlantsClassification of Plants

Plants belong to the kingdom ___________

Plants are divided into ___________ (instead of Phylums)

Characteristics of Plants:1. ______________ - composed of many cells

2. __________ - have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

3. _________ - extra cell structure for support

4. __________ - waxy water proof coating

5. ______________ - convert sunlight into chemical energy,

_________, through the process of ________________

Plantae

Divisions

Multicellular

Eukaryotic

Cell Wall

Cuticle

Photosynthetic

glucose photosynthesis

Main Structures of Plants:1. _______- anchors the plant to soil; absorb water and minerals from the soil; transports those nutrients to the stem.

Types of Roots:a. _________ -single thick structures with smaller branching

roots; accumulate and store food. Ex: _______ and ______

b. ___________ - have many small branching roots that grow from a central point.

c. _________ - originate above ground and help support a plant. Ex. __________.

d. __________ - cling to objects such as walls and provide support for climbing stems.

Roots

Tap Roots

carrots beets

Fibrous Roots

Prop Roots

Corn plants

Aerial Roots

2. _______ - provide support for leaves and the reproductive structures of plants; plant stems with vascular tissue contain tissues for transport of nutrients and water.

3. _______ - responsible for photosynthesis Types of leaves: a. _______ leaves –consist of one blade that is not divided and its petiole. b. _________ leaves – consists of several leaflets with a single petiole

Stems

Leaves

Simple

Compounds

Characteristics of leaves:1. Leaf ________ a. _______ - veins run from the petiole more or less parallel out to the tip of the leaf.

b. _______ - one main vein with smaller veins branching off it and running parallel to each other.

c. ________ - several main veins radiate out from the petiole and have many smaller branches.

VENATION

Parallel

Pinnate

Palmate

2. Leaf ___________ a. ________ -the arrangement of two leaves on the stem are located on opposite sides of the stem.

b. _________ - the arrangement of the leaves appear so than one leaf is higher on the stem than the other leaf. c. ________ - the arrangement of the leaves are clustered together in groups of three or more leaves.

Arrangement

Opposite

Alternate

Whorled

Alternate

Whorled

Types of Plant Cells:1. _______________ - most abundant cells

found throughout plant living tissue; its spherical shaped with large central vacuole, and functions in photosynthesis, food storage, and

wound healing.2. _____________ - long cells with

unevenly thickened cell walls that provides support the growing regions of a plant

3. ____________ - cells with thick and rigid cell walls; die at maturity forms a region of dead cells that have ceased growing, and provides supports and strength for plants.

Parenchyma Cells

Collenchyma Cells

Sclerenchyma

Plant Tissues:1. ________ tissue – composed mostly of parenchyma cells; found throughout a plant; found associated with other tissues; supports vascular bundles; functions: __________, ______, ______

2. _______ tissue – responsible for transporting materials through plants Consists of: ______ - vascular tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals ______ - vascular tissue that conducts food

Ground

photosynthesis

storage support

Vascular

Xylem

Phloem

Ground tissue

Vascular tissue

3. ______ tissue – provides outer protection for the whole plant. Consists of: ________ - outer layer of cells with a waxy cuticle. Functions: 1. ____________ 2. _____________ 3. ______________ _______ - opening in the epidermis of leaves that

regulate the passage of gases in and out of the plant, surrounded by ____ ____ which control the opening and closing of stomata.

Dermal

Epidermis

Plant protection

Prevents water loss

Aids in gas exchange

Stomata

Guard cells

Epidermis

Internal Structure of a leaf

A. Ground tissue

Mesophyll

Spongy mesophyll

Palisade mesophyll

B. Vascular Tissue

Vascular bundle

phloem

xylem

C. Dermal Tissue

Cuticle Upper epidermis

Lower epidermisStomata

Guard cells

Classification of PlantsClassification of Plants Non-seeded Non-vascular Plants:Non-seeded Non-vascular Plants:(also known as _____ plants) (also known as _____ plants) 1. Division: __________ 1. Division: __________

include ________ include ________

2. Division: ___________ 2. Division: ___________

include ________ include ________

3. Division: _______ 3. Division: _______

include ______ include ______

spore

Hepaticophyta

Liver worts

Anthocerophyta

Horn worts

Bryophyta

mosses

Non-seeded Vascular Plants:Non-seeded Vascular Plants:

1. Division: __________ 1. Division: __________

include _________ include _________

2. Division: ___________________ 2. Division: ___________________

include ___________include ___________

3. Division: ____________________ 3. Division: ____________________

include ________ include ________

4. Division: __________ 4. Division: __________

include ______ include ______

Psilophyta

Whisk ferns

Lycophyta

Club mosses

Arthophyta

horsetails

Pterophyta

ferns

Seeded Vascular PlantsSeeded Vascular Plants

1. Division: _________ 1. Division: _________

include _____ include _____

2. Division: ________ 2. Division: ________

include ______, ______, ________ include ______, ______, ________

3. Division: _________ 3. Division: _________

include __________ include __________

Cycadophyta

cycads

Gnetophyta

Gnetoum Ephedra Welwitchia

Ginkophyta

Ginkgo biloba

4. Division: __________ 4. Division: __________

include _____ _________include _____ _________ __________ __________

5. Division: _________ 5. Division: _________

include ___________include ___________

Coniferophyta

Pines, cone bearing

evergreens

Anthophyta

Flowering plants

Seeded Vascular PlantsSeeded Vascular Plants GymnospermsGymnosperms A.A. B.B.

Examples:Examples:1.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.

AngiospermsAngiosperms A.A. B.B.

Examples:Examples:1.1.

2.2.

3.3.

“Naked” seed plants

Seeds are not enclosed in an ovary or fruit

Seeds are enclosed in an ovary

Flowering plants - Anthophytes

Cycads

Gentophytes

Ginkos

Conifers

Annuals – grow for 1 yr. or less

Biennials – grow for 2 yrs. & die

Perennials – grow for many years

Ex. Corn, wheat, peas, beans

Ex. Carrots, beets, turnips

Angiosperms Monocots DicotsExamples: Examples: _____________________ _______________________

Characteristics: Characteristics:

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

Grass, orchids, lilies, palms Shrubs, trees, cacti, vegetables

1 cotyledon – 1 seed leaf/ food source

Parallel veins

Petals in groups of threes

Stems - Scattered vascular bundles

Roots – strands of xylems that alternate w/strands of phloem

2 cotyledons – 2 seed leafs/ food sources

Branched netted veins

Petals in groups of 4 or 5

Roots – xylem forms central star-shaped mass w/ phloem cells between rays

Stems - Vacular bundles in periphery

2 cotyledons

1 cotyledon

Petals in groups of 4 or 5

Petals in groups of 3

Branch netted veins

Parallel veins

Peripheral vascular bundles in stems

Scattered vascular bundles in stems

Structure of a FlowerStructure of a Flower

Pistil

Stigma

Style

Ovule

Ovary

StamenAnther

Filament

Petal

Sepal

Receptacle

Pedicel

Pollen grains

The End.The End.