Unit 3: Natural Resources Oil and Gas Canadian Geography
1202
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5.4.1 Canadas Sedimentary Basins Nonrenewable Resources:
Nonrenewable resources are those that cannot be replaced by any
natural means. Fossil Fuels: Formed from the remains of plant and
animal life that once lived in tropical swamps or shallow areas.
(Petroleum, natural gas, and coal) Fuels form in sedimentary basins
These basins are found everywhere in Canada except for the Canadian
Shield, and the Appalachian Mountains.
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Sedimentary Basins: A sedimentary basin is an area of the earth
that has a natural dip in the land that over time fills with
sediment. Canada has seven sedimentary basisn 1. Western Canada 2.
Cordilleran 3. Beaufort Sea Mackenzie Delta 4. Arctic Islands 5.
Eastern Canada-Offshore 6. St. Lawrence 7. Hudson Bay The Eastern
Canada-Offshore basin offers the greatest potential for offshore
oil development
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Western Canada Sedimentary Basin is the largest on land Oil
sands found in Alberta 4
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Eastern Canada Offshore Basin is the largest offshore basin Oil
Fields Hibernia Terra Nova White Rose 5
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5.4.2 Oil and Gas Traps What do these traps all have in
common?
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Oil and gas traps need three things: 1. Cap Rock: Non porous
rock that prevents oil flowing out of the trap 2. Reservoir Rock:
Porous rock in which oil can accumulate 3. Source Rock: Rock that
contains the decomposing material, usually dense metamorphic rock.
How oil and gas traps work Over millions of years organisms in
sedimentary rock decay and release their oils (hydrocarbons.)
Petroleum mixes with ground water and floats to the top Cap rock
prevents the petroleum from moving up, and causes it to pool.
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8 Fault trap A type of trap which is caused by the movement of
rocks along a fault line. The rock has generally moved near a layer
of impermeable rock. Impermeable layer blocks hydrocarbons from
moving from the reservoir to the surface.
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Anticline trap A type of hydrocarbon trap whose closure is
controlled by the presence of an anticline.
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Salt dome trap A type of trap made by a salt dome. This is a
mushroom-shaped made of salt, commonly having an overlying cap
rock.
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11.1.2 continued 11 Limestone Reef Trap A stratigraphic trap
collects oil due to changes of rock rather than faulting or folding
of the rock This is the case with a limestone reef trap
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5.4.3 Drilling in the High Arctic Drilling in the Arctic has
several issues. 1. Exploration for oil is expensive. 2. Extraction
damages the environment. 3. Extraction and shipping can be
expensive. To extract oil in an acceptable companies use 1.
Pipelines 2. Directional Drilling License to DrillLicense to
Drill
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5.4.4 Oil Drilling Platforms There are four types of offshore
drilling platforms. Submersible (Platform) Jack-up Anchored
semi-submersible Dynamically positioned semi-submersible See Page
223 in your text.
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Offshore Drilling Platforms Submersible (Platform): Built of
concrete or steel. Anchored to the seabed. Economically feasible in
water up to 520m deep.
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Offshore Drilling Platforms Submersible: Advantages: Stability
Safety Tend to be massive with room for Production, crew quarters,
and drilling. Disadvantages: Expensive Not reusable
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Offshore Drilling Platforms Jack Up: Designed to move from
place to place Deploys legs to anchor itself Used at relatively low
water levels
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Oil Drilling Platforms Jack Up: Advantages: Moveable
Economically Feasible Reusable Disadvantages: Cannot operate in
deep water like other platforms
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Oil Drilling Platforms Dynamically Positioned Semi-Submersible:
Have pontoons that allow for the rig to float. But are heavy enough
to keep the rig floating upright Uses thrusters to remain in
position Effective in areas where water is between 180m and 1800m
deep
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Oil Drilling Platforms
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Dynamically Positioned Semi-Submersible: Advantages: Moveable
Can be used in deep water Disadvantages: Bad weather often causes
problems Unsafe? Ocean Ranger
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Oil Drilling Platforms Anchored Semi-Submersible: Usually towed
into a particular location Legs filled to a point with water for
stability Anchored to the sea floor so that it does not move out of
place
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Oil Drilling Platform Anchored Drilling Platform: Advantages:
Operate in deep sea Cost effective Has some space for crew and
production but not as big as platform Disadvantages: Not as easily
moved
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Gravity Based Structure (GBS) 23
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Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) 24
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Economic Benefits of Oil A story close to home 134.5 million
barrels in 2007 Terra-Nova, White Rose, Hibernia Total value of
production $10.3 billion Creates Jobs in many fields Not only those
directly involved with pumping oil.
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Jobs Fields Related to Oil Industry Coatings, insulation
Hydraulic, pumps and compressors Lifting/crane operations Rigging
Fluids and chemicals Lighting Marine safety equipment Flowlines,
valves and fittings Oilfield industrial supplies Equipment rentals
Cargo and Freight Handling Catering and accommodations
Offshore/marine fabrication Engineering and design consultants
Environmental consultants Medical services Seismic and survey
Tubular goods Leak detection Electrical/instrumentation personnel
& services Testing and inspection Remote Operated Vehicle
support Health and safety Drilling Well services Subsea Opt.,
maint. & const. personnel Warehousing and logistics Marine
logistics & transportation Oil shipment & storage Oil
Companies Sub-Contractors Contractors
