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Unit 13
The Cold War at Home and the 1950s
1A. Baby Boom1A. Baby BoomIt seems to me that every other It seems to me that every other young housewife I see is pregnant.young housewife I see is pregnant. -- British visitor to America, -- British visitor to America, 19581958
1957 1957 1 baby born every 7 1 baby born every 7 secondsseconds
Movement to the Suburbs Movement to the Suburbs
$7,990 or $60/month with $7,990 or $60/month with no down payment.no down payment.
Levittown, L. I.: Levittown, L. I.:
““The American The American Dream”Dream”
1949 1949 William LevittWilliam Levitt produced produced 150 houses per week. 150 houses per week.
2B. Suburban Living2B. Suburban Living
SHIFTS IN POPULATION SHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, DISTRIBUTION,
1940-19701940-1970
19401940 19501950 19601960 19701970Central CitiesCentral Cities 31.6% 32.3% 31.6% 32.3% 32.6% 32.0% 32.6% 32.0%SuburbsSuburbs 19.5% 23.8% 19.5% 23.8% 30.7% 30.7% 41.6%41.6%Rural Areas/Rural Areas/ 48.9% 43.9% 48.9% 43.9% 36.7% 26.4% 36.7% 26.4%Small TownsSmall Towns
U. S. Bureau of the Census.U. S. Bureau of the Census.
Transmission of a Common American Culture
The Typical TV Suburban FamiliesTransmission of a Common American Culture
The Typical TV Suburban Families
The The Donna Donna Reed Reed ShowShow1958-1958-19661966
Leave It Leave It to Beaverto Beaver1957-19631957-1963
FatherFather Knows Knows BestBest
1954-19581954-1958
The Ozzie & Harriet The Ozzie & Harriet ShowShow
1952-19661952-1966
Television – The Western Television – The Western
Davy CrockettDavy CrockettKing of the Wild King of the Wild
FrontierFrontier
The Lone RangerThe Lone Ranger(and his faithful(and his faithfulsidekick, Tonto): sidekick, Tonto): Who is that masked Who is that masked man??man??
Sheriff Matt Sheriff Matt Dillon, Dillon,
GunsmokeGunsmoke
Why so popular? Represented rugged individualism /law and order
TelevisionTelevision 1946 1946 7,000 TV sets in the U. S. 7,000 TV sets in the U. S.1950 1950 50,000,000 TV sets in the U. S. 50,000,000 TV sets in the U. S.
Mass Audience Mass Audience TV celebrated TV celebrated traditionaltraditional
American values. American values.
Television is a vast wasteland.Television is a vast wasteland. Newton Minnow, Chairman of the Newton Minnow, Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, Federal Communications Commission, 19611961
Truth, Justice, and the American way!Truth, Justice, and the American way!
Teen Culture Teen CultureIn the 1950s In the 1950s the word the word “teenager”“teenager” entered entered
the American language. the American language.
By 1956 By 1956 13 mil. teens with $7 bil. to spend 13 mil. teens with $7 bil. to spend a year. a year.
1951 1951 “race music”“race music” “ROCK ‘N ROLL” “ROCK ‘N ROLL”
Elvis PresleyElvis Presley “The “The King”King”
Religious Revival
Religious Revival Today in the U. S., the Christian faith is back in Today in the U. S., the Christian faith is back in
the center of things.the center of things. -- -- TimeTime magazine, 1954 magazine, 1954
Church membershipChurch membership: : 1940 1940 64,000,000 64,000,000 1960 1960 114,000,000 114,000,000
Television PreachersTelevision Preachers: :
1. Catholic 1. Catholic Bishop Fulton J. SheenBishop Fulton J. Sheen “Life is “Life is Worth Living” Worth Living”
2. Methodist Minister 2. Methodist Minister Norman Vincent PealeNorman Vincent Peale The Power of Positive ThinkingThe Power of Positive Thinking
3. 3. Reverend Billy GrahamReverend Billy Graham ecumenical ecumenical message;message; warned against the evils of Communism. warned against the evils of Communism.
Religious RevivalReligious RevivalHollywoodHollywood: apex of the biblical : apex of the biblical
epics.epics.
It’s un-American to be un-religious!It’s un-American to be un-religious!
-- -- The Christian CenturyThe Christian Century, 1954, 1954
The Robe The Ten Commandments Ben HurThe Robe The Ten Commandments Ben Hur 1953 1956 19591953 1956 1959
Well-Defined Gender Roles
Well-Defined Gender RolesThe The ideal modern womanideal modern woman married, cooked married, cooked
and and cared for her family, and kept herself busy cared for her family, and kept herself busy by joining the local PTA and leading a troop by joining the local PTA and leading a troop of Campfire Girls. She entertained guests in of Campfire Girls. She entertained guests in her family’s suburban house and worked out her family’s suburban house and worked out on the trampoline to keep her size 12 figure.on the trampoline to keep her size 12 figure. -- -- LifeLife magazine, 1956 magazine, 1956
MarilynMarilynMonroeMonroe
The The ideal 1950s manideal 1950s man was the provider, protector, was the provider, protector, and the boss of the house. -and the boss of the house. -- - LifeLife magazine, 1955 magazine, 1955
1956 1956 William H. Whyte, Jr. William H. Whyte, Jr. The The Organization Man Organization Man
A a middle-class, white a middle-class, white suburban suburban male is the ideal.male is the ideal.
Progress Through Science Progress Through Science
1951 -- 1951 -- First IBM Mainframe First IBM Mainframe ComputerComputer
1952 -- 1952 -- Hydrogen BombHydrogen Bomb Test Test
1953 -- 1953 -- DNADNA Structure Discovered Structure Discovered
1954 -- 1954 -- Salk VaccineSalk Vaccine Tested for Tested for PolioPolio
1957 -- First Commercial 1957 -- First Commercial U. S. U. S. NuclearNuclear Power Plant Power Plant
1958 -- 1958 -- NASANASA Created Created
1959 -- Press Conference of the 1959 -- Press Conference of the First 7First 7 American Astronauts American Astronauts
Progress Through ScienceProgress Through Science
1957 1957 Russians launch Russians launch SPUTNIK SPUTNIK II
1958 1958 National National Defense Defense Education Act Education Act
Duck and Cover DrillsFear of Nuclear Attack
Nuclear Arms Race
U.S.
vs.
Soviets
Prosperity the 1950s
• 50 million autos sold/ boom in industries related to the auto
• Interstate highway system is begun and frequent travel is common. 44, 000 miles
• Television enters a majority of homes. By 1960 50 million homes
• GI Bill allows millions of veterans to go to college.• High birth rate results in the baby boom.• Movement to the Sun Belt: South and West: offered jobs,
warmer climates, and a lower cost of living.
Response Communist Subversion
• Loyalty Review Board: federal employees investigated.
• Committee on Un-American Activities: investigation of American Communist Party.
• Smith Act of 1940 made the teaching or advocating of the forceful overthrow of the US government illegal.
• Dennis v the United States: Smith Act held as constitutional.
The House Committee on Un-American Activities
• McCarran Internal Security Act
• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Case
• The Alger Hiss Case
McCarthyism
• Compared to Salem Witch Trials
• Wisconsin Republican Joseph R.McCarthy
McCarthy’s reckless claims:
•Senator Joseph McCarthy (1950)
•list of 205 State Department employees that were members of the Communist party.
· After thousands of Americans had their lives ruined after being accused of being communists, McCarthy’s popularity lessened as the nation learned that he had no proof behind his accusations.
· McCarthy’s claim was never proven, but he helped to increase a fear of communism in America known as the “Red Scare”.
McCarthyism
• According to the cartoon, what does McCarthy really have, instead of proof?
• What is the message of the cartoon?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_uTbVfDtgI&feature=related
Spy Cases
• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
• Communist Party immigrants
• Accused of passing atomic secrets to Soviets.
• Convicted of treason and executed in 1953
Domestic Issues under Eisenhower
• Soil Bank Plan: paid farmers to take land out of production
• AFL-CIO
• Earl Warren 14th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
The Warren Court Judicial Activities
• Judicial Activitism: this meant that decisions of the Court not only provided interpretations of the Constitution, but initiated broad changes in American life.
The Supreme Court of the 1950’s and 1960’s
• Watkins v. US
• Brown v. Board of Education
• Mapp v. Ohio
• Baker v. Carr
• Gideon v. Wainwright
• Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US
• Miranda v. Arizona
The Warren Court Judicial Activities
• Brown vs Board of Ed of Topeka (1954): racial segregation of schools violated the 14th amendment.
• Baker v Carr (1962): one person, one vote rule ordered states to setup congressional districts on an equal basis.
• Engal v. Vital (1962): state laws requiring prayers in school violated the first amendment.
• Gideon v Wainwright (1963): state laws denying felony suspects legal counsel violated the 6th amendment.
• Miranda v. Arizona (1966): authorities must inform accused persons of their “due process” rights under the 5th and 6th amendments.
Objective: To examine the importance of the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS.
Major Victory
· African Americans continued their struggle for equality, which became known as the civil rights movement.
· In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional.
Challenging the law:
A Sign at the Greyhound Bus Station, Rome, GeorgiaSeptember 1943. (Esther Bubley, photographer)
"The Rex theater for Negro People." Leland, Mississippi, November 1939.Marion Post Wolcott, photographer.
" People waiting for a bus at the Greyhound bus terminal." Memphis, Tennessee. September 1943.
Esther Bubley, photographer.
· With help from the NAACP, the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka reached the Supreme Court, challenging the constitutionality of Plessy v. Ferguson.
· In the case, Oliver Brown challenged that his daughter, Linda, should be allowed to attend an all-white school near her home instead of the distant all-black school she had been assigned to.
Oliver Brown was a welder for the Santa Fe Railroad and a part-time assistant pastor at St. John African Methodist Episcopal Church.
Linda Brown was in the third grade when her father began his class action lawsuit.
· Brown’s lawyer, Thurgood Marshall, argued that “separate” could never be “equal” and that segregated schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee to provide “equal protection” to all citizens.
* In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Brown family, and schools nationwide were ordered to be desegregated.
George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit, following Supreme Court decision ending segregation.
Integrated schools:
· In Little Rock, Arkansas, Gov. Orval Faubus opposed integration.
· Gov. Faubus was violating federal law.
· In 1957, he called out the National Guard in order to prevent African Americans from attending an all-white high school.
· Therefore, Pres. Eisenhower sent troops to Little Rock where, under their protection, the African American students were able to enter Central High School.
African American students arriving at Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas, in U.S. Army car, 1957.
Members of the 101st US-Airborne Division escorting the Little Rock Nine to school
Kennedy
• New Frontier• Lower tariffs• Increased minimum wage• Increased social security benefits• Expansion of space program• Aid to depressed cities• Aid to the handicapped• Special Olympics• 1962: University of Mississippi: James Meredith:
federal troops
• November 22, 1963• •President Kennedy traveled to Dallas, Texas to• campaign for re-election.• •A parade had been scheduled.• •As the motorcade passed by the Texas School Book• Depository, a shot rang out.• •Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1:00 pm.• •Lee Harvey Oswald, the known assassin, was captured.• •Jack Ruby, a nightclub owner, stepped through the• crowd and shot Oswald, killing him.• President Lyndon
“We have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward toward the Great Society.”- Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Johnson• Great Society• 24th Amendment: banned poll taxes in federal elections.• Civil Rights Acts (1964/1968) outlawed discrimination in
employment and public accommodations connected with interstate commerce. 1968 banned discrimination in housing and real estate.
• Medicare (1965) heath care to the elderly• Medicaid (1966) extended health care to low income families,
blind and the disabled.• Voting Rights Act (1965) registered African Americans to vote
and banned literacy tests for voting in counties where more than half the population couldn’t vote.
• VISTA: domestic peace corps used volunteers to run programs to help teach job skills.
• Department of Housing and Urban development (1965)• Department of transportation (1966)
Major Events of the Civil Rights Movement
Little Rock Crisis Montgomery Bus Boycott
March on Washington, D.C.
Watts Riots
Civil Rights Milestones
• 1947: Jackie Robinson becomes first African American to play in the major leagues.
• 1948: Truman ends segregation in the military.• 1954: Brown v the Board of Ed• 1956-1957 Montgomery Bus Boycott protests
segregation on city buses.• 1957: Eisenhower uses National Guard to
enforce desegregation of schools in Little Rock Arkansas.
Desegregation
• Freedom Rides: crossing state lines on interstate buses, white and black riders highlighted segregation.
• Robert Kennedy US Attorney General persuaded the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to desegregate the buses.
• University of Mississippi: James Meredith
Desegregation
• Martin Luther King: – Montgomery bus boycott 1955 (Rosa Parks)– Civil Disobedience– 1963 Birmingham Alabama: peaceful march:
police attacked marchers with dogs, water from fire hoses, and electric cattle prods. King and other protesters were arrested.
– March on Washington 1963 200,000 marchers: “I Have A Dream Speech”
Key Civil Rights Legislation
• Civil Rights Act of 1957
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Fair Housing Act of 1968
• 24th Amendment to the US Constitution
Desegregation
• Medgar Evers was an NAACP leader who organized economic boycotts, marches and picket lines.
• 1963 he is assassinated by Byron De LA Beckwith.
• Two all white juries fail to reach a verdict.
• 1994 he is finally convicted and sentenced to life in prison.
Rights of Disabled Citizens
• 1840-1860 Dorthea Dix argued that the mentally ill should be put into humane
• 1865 President Lincoln established Gallaudet College for hearing impaired students
• Early 20th century: normalization help disabled enter mainstream society.
• The Vocational Rehabilitation Act 1920 first major federal program to assist disabled veterans
Activism 1962 - 1990
• 1962: President’s Council on Mental Retardation• Development of Special Olympics• Litigation Court Cases
– 1971 PARC v the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania• Equal protection under the law. Special Ed Programs
– 1972 Mills v the Board of Education of the District of Columbia
• Children between 7 and 16 must be included in regular classes unless the school district provides a special program.
Legislation
• Education of the handicapped Act (1966)• Vocationally Rehabilitation Act 1973 Amendment
to the 1920 Act prohibited discrimination against the physically disabled in any federal and state programs supported by federal funds.– Provided for ramp access to public building, specially
equipped buses for passengers in wheel chairs, suitable bathroom facilities and sign language interpretations of public television programs.
Americans With Disabilities Act
• 1990
• Protects 43 million mentally and physically disabled children
Black Civil Rights Groups
• Black Panthers• NAACP• Urban League: fought against discrimination in
housing and employment/ increasing job opportunities for African Americans
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference: led by Martin Luther King: coordinated efforts to end segregation in the south
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded by James Farmer advocated passive resistance
1960s Music
Woodstock 1969
Woodstock, New York – August 1969•400,000 people gathered to listen to rock music.•Rock and Roll, drugs, sex, and nudity were common at the festival.
Thank You
• Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
• http://teacher2.smithtown.k12.ny.us/
gallucci/US%20History/Unit%2016%20-%201960s
%20America/PPT%20-%201960s%20America.pdf
