Unit 01: Lab Safety, Lab Equipment & Scientific Method

SafetySafetySymbolsSymbols

A Corrosive material is one which causes damage to skin, eyes or other parts on the body on contact. The

technical definition is written in terms of

"... destruction, or irreversible damage to living tissue at the site of contact".

Reactive material could react when exposed to air and/or water, or when the material is disturbed, heated, or illuminated

Lab EquipmentLab Equipment

BeakerBeaker

Beakers hold solids or Beakers hold solids or liquids that will not release liquids that will not release gases when reacted or gases when reacted or are unlikely to splatter if are unlikely to splatter if stirred or heated.stirred or heated.

Beaker TongsBeaker Tongs

Beaker tongs are used Beaker tongs are used to move beakers to move beakers containing hot liquidscontaining hot liquids

Erlenmeyer FlaskErlenmeyer Flask

Erlenmeyer flasks hold Erlenmeyer flasks hold solids or liquids that may solids or liquids that may release gases during a release gases during a reaction or that are likely to reaction or that are likely to splatter if stirred or heated.splatter if stirred or heated.

Florence FlaskFlorence Flask

Rarely used in first year Rarely used in first year chemistry, it is used for the chemistry, it is used for the mixing of chemicals. mixing of chemicals. Narrow neck prevents Narrow neck prevents splash exposure.splash exposure.

Graduated CylinderGraduated Cylinder

A graduated cylinder A graduated cylinder is used to measure is used to measure volumes of liquids.volumes of liquids.

Triple Beam Balance

A balance is used to measure the mass of solid substances.

Test TubesTest Tubes13 x 100 mm test tubes13 x 100 mm test tubes

10 x 75 mm test tubes10 x 75 mm test tubes

IgnitionIgnitiontubetube

Test Tube HolderTest Tube Holder

A test tube holder is A test tube holder is useful for holding a test useful for holding a test tube which is too hot to tube which is too hot to handle.handle.

Test Tube BrushesTest Tube Brushes

Test tube brushes are used Test tube brushes are used to clean test tubes and to clean test tubes and graduated cylinders.graduated cylinders.

Forcing a large brush into a Forcing a large brush into a small test tube will often small test tube will often break the tube.break the tube.

Test Tube RacksTest Tube Racks

Test tube racks are for holding and Test tube racks are for holding and organizing test tubes on the organizing test tubes on the laboratory counter. laboratory counter. After washing flip test tube over on After washing flip test tube over on wooden peg to dry.wooden peg to dry.

Rubber StoppersRubber Stoppers

Rubber stoppers are used to Rubber stoppers are used to close containers to avoid close containers to avoid spillage or contamination.spillage or contamination.

Containers should never be Containers should never be heated when there is a heated when there is a stopper in place.stopper in place.

Spot PlatesSpot Plates

Spot plates are used when we Spot plates are used when we want to perform many small want to perform many small scale reactions at one time. scale reactions at one time.

Glass Stir RodGlass Stir Rod

A glass rod is used to A glass rod is used to manually stir solutions. It manually stir solutions. It can also be used to transfer can also be used to transfer a single drop of a solution.a single drop of a solution.

Scoopula

A scoopula is used to transfer solid materials.

ForcepsForceps

Forceps (or tweezers) are used to pick up small Forceps (or tweezers) are used to pick up small objects.objects.

FunnelFunnel

A funnel is used to A funnel is used to aid in the transfer aid in the transfer of liquid from one of liquid from one vessel to another.vessel to another.

Watch GlassWatch Glass

A watch glass is used to A watch glass is used to hold a small amount of hold a small amount of solid, such as the product solid, such as the product of a reaction.of a reaction.

Wash BottleWash Bottle

A wash bottle has a spout A wash bottle has a spout that delivers a wash that delivers a wash solution to a specific area. solution to a specific area. Distilled water is the only Distilled water is the only liquid that should be used in liquid that should be used in a wash bottle.a wash bottle.

Weighing BoatWeighing Boat

Weighing boats are used to Weighing boats are used to weigh solids that will be weigh solids that will be transferred to another vessel.transferred to another vessel.

Bunsen BurnerBunsen Burner

Bunsen burners are used for Bunsen burners are used for the heating of nonvolatile the heating of nonvolatile liquids and solids.liquids and solids.

StrikersStrikers

Strikers are used to light Strikers are used to light Bunsen burners. Bunsen burners.

The flints on strikers are The flints on strikers are expensive. Do not operate expensive. Do not operate the striker repeatedly just to the striker repeatedly just to see the sparks!see the sparks!

Ringstands and their Ringstands and their ComponentsComponents

Ringstands are a safe and Ringstands are a safe and convenient way to perform convenient way to perform reactions that require heating reactions that require heating using a Bunsen burner.using a Bunsen burner.

RingstandRingstand

Ringstands and their Ringstands and their ComponentsComponents

Utility ClampsUtility Clamps

Utility clamps are used to Utility clamps are used to secure test tubes, distillation secure test tubes, distillation columns, and burets to the columns, and burets to the ringstand.ringstand.

Ringstands and their Ringstands and their ComponentsComponents

Iron RingIron Ring

Iron rings connect to a Iron rings connect to a ringstand and provide a ringstand and provide a stable, elevated platform for stable, elevated platform for the reaction.the reaction.

Ringstands and their Ringstands and their ComponentsComponentsWire GauzeWire Gauze

Wire gauze sits on the iron ring Wire gauze sits on the iron ring to provide a place to stand a to provide a place to stand a beaker. beaker.

How to properly write up a lab.

Must be on a sheet of paper.

Requirements:

• Name, Title, Date

• Objective

• Data

• Analysis

• Conclusion

Labs will be graded using a rubric.

Laboratory Report FormatTitle: Start with your name, the title and date

of the lab.

Using the Scientific Method to Solve Problems 8-28-2007

Mrs. Owen

Objective: Write the objective.

Laboratory Report Format

Using the Scientific Method to Solve Problems 8-28-2007

Mrs. Owen

Objective: To make observations. To observe and record how a system changes over time. To develop a hypothesis that fits the evidence you collect.

Data: Follow procedures. A data table may need to be copied or created.

Laboratory Report Format

Using the Scientific Method to Solve Problems 8-28-2007

Data:

Part A

First Observations

Coke Diet Coke

Part B

Experiment One Observations

Similarities Differences

Mrs. Owen

Laboratory Report FormatAnalysis: Answer the questions, graph data or

show calculations.

Using the Scientific Method to Solve Problems 8-28-2007Mrs. Owen

Laboratory Report Format

Conclusion: Answer questions in complete sentences in paragraph form. Refer back to purpose/objective.

Concisely state findings.

Using the Scientific Method to Solve Problems 8-28-2007 Conclusion:

Mrs. Owen

Scientific Method• The scientific method is a logical approach

to the solution of scientific problems.

• It uses a systematic method of solving problems based on experiments and observations.

Scientific Method

• An observation is the information obtained through the senses.

• A hypothesis is the proposed explanation for the observation.

• An experiment is carefully controlled, repeatable procedure for gathering data to test a hypothesis.

Scientific Method

• A theory is a thoroughly tested model that explains why experiments give certain results. It is possible that a new experiment could disprove it.

Scientific Method• A scientific law is a concise statement

that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments. Laws describe a natural phenomenon without explaining it.

Scientific Method

In early summer of 1965, a University of Florida assistant coach sat down with a team of university physicians and asked them to determine why so many of his players were being affected by heat and heat related illnesses.

The researchers — Dr. Robert Cade, Dr. Dana Shires, Dr. H. James Free and Dr. Alejandro de Quesada — soon hypothesized two key factors that were causing the Gator players to ‘wilt’: the fluids and electrolytes the players lost through sweat were not being replaced, and the large amounts of carbohydrates the players’ bodies used for energy were not being replenished.

The researchers then took their observation into the lab, and scientifically formulated a new, precisely balanced carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage that would adequately replace the key components lost by Gator players through sweating and exercise. They called their concoction ‘Gatorade’

Experimental Groups

• Control Group- the group in an experiment used as a comparison.

• Test Group- group in which one variable is changed at a time.– Variables

• Independent Variable- Variable that stands alone and continues in the same way. Example: time

• Dependent Variable- Depends on the independent variable. Example: Solubility