UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS'digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/le0284ce.pdf · 1 The Union of Socialist Soviet Republics includes the Federative Socialist Republic of

UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS'

NOTE. - As we stated in the introduction to the present volume, the Secre-tariat has not in all cases been able to carry out the full programme laid downfor it. This remark applies particularly to Soviet Russia, since the documentsit has obtained regarding this country have not enabled it to deal with all theessential points.

GENERALArea Population

Europe ............ 5,431,000 sq. km. 102,769,300 (1925)North Caucasus and Transcaucasia. 533,500 1 3,815,700 ~Siberia ......... 4,8I3,000 a 8,696,400Other Republics .. ,433,ooo 48,472,500 (1916)

Total ........... 21,210,500 ) 139,753,900

I.

Army.

A. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MILITARY SYSTEM OF THEUNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS

The military system of the Union has been completely reorganisedin 1925.

According to the report submitted to the Third Assembly of theSoviets of the Union on May i 9 th, 1925, by the People's Commissaryfor Military and Naval Affairs 2, the reorganisation of the militarysystem of the Union is necessitated by the impossibility of giving militarytraining to the whole of the annual contingent of men of military agewithin the limits of the present permanent army.

The military system of the Union combines the principles of a per-manent army and a militia. Each year there are from 950,000 to i,ooo,ooomen of the requisite age for military service.

1 The Union of Socialist Soviet Republics includes the Federative Socialist Republicof Russian Soviets, the Socialist Republic of the Soviets of the Ukraine, the SocialistRepublic of the Soviets of White Russia; the Federative Socialist Republic of theSoviets of Transcaucasia (Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia); the Turcoman SovietRepublic and the Usbeg Soviet Republic

2 See Izvestia of May 22nd, I925, and March 4th, 1926.

846 UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS

The present military forces number 562,000 men, including theRed Fleet. If we omit the directing and political personnel of the armyand only take into consideration its other elements, it is clearly not pos-sible, in view of the two-years period for military service, to incorporateannually in the units more than 270,000 men, including the Red Army,the Fleet, Customs Police, etc.

This would leave about half a million men untrained. The contin-gents of recruits can, however, be increased by drafting some of theavailable men into the territorial military formations.

The main principle of this system of territorial militias is to ensurepreparatory military training. At the present time 842,000 men arereceiving this training in 4,500 training centres. The territory of theUnion is divided for the purpose into a number of areas (divisional,department or army corps areas); their head authority for purposesof registration and mobilisation is the district Commissariat.

B. SUPREME MILITARY AUTHORITY AND ITS ORGANSFor the external defence of its territory, the Union possesses com-

mon military forces and a single command.

I. ASSEMBLY OF THE SOVIETS.

The Assembly of the Soviets of the Union and, failing the Assembly, theCentral Executive Committee of the Union are the supreme authorities of theUnion; they are competent to deal with the following military questions: thedeclaration of war, the conclusion of peace, the approval of the State budget,and the organisation and control of the military forces of the Union.

2. THE SOVIET OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIES.The Soviet of the People's Commissaries is designated by the Central Executive

Committee, the decisions of which it executes.

3. THE SOVIET FOR LABOUR AND NATIONAL DEFENCE.The Soviet for Labour and National Defence was established in order to co-

ordinate the activities of all public bodies in the sphere of national defence andin that of national economics.

The Soviet for Labour and National Defence, which is under the Soviet ofthe People's Commissaries, consists of 8 members appointed by the Soviet ofthe People's Commissaries.

It is presided over by the President of the Soviet of the People's Commissaries.

4. THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIAT FOR MILITARY AND NAVAL AFFAIRS.The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs, whose

task is to organise, control and provision all the armed forces through-out the territory of the Union, was constituted by virtue of Articles49 and 51 of the fundamental constitutional law of the Union.

The Commissariat is presided over and its activities are controlledby the People's Commissary.

UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS 847

The Commissariat deals in particular with:(a) The drawing up and execution of plans and measures for national

defence ;(b) The organisation of the military and naval forces of the Union;(c) Registration and calling-up for military service; the training and

preparing for war of the Red Army and the Red Navy;(d) The preparatory military training and athletic training on military

lines of all young men who do not enter the army or navy;(e) Preparation of lists of horses, vehicles, harness, etc.;(f) The political and general training of the military personnel of the

army and the navy;(g) The hydrographic department;(h) The means of communication of the Union for military and naval

purposes.The functions of the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval

Affairs also include the publication, in the event of mobilisation, of allorders regarding the calling-up of the troops and the supplying of thestores required by the army and navy of the Union.

In exceptional cases requiring an immediate decision, and involving the execu-tion of military and naval measures which in ordinary times would be outsidehis competence, the People's Commissary for Military and Naval Affairs actson his own responsibility and employs all possible means to protect the interestsof the Union. He reports at once, to the Soviet of the People's Commissaries ofthe Union, the measures which he has taken and the reasons which made itnecessary to take them.

The instructions of the People's Commissary for Military Affairs or his deputywith regard to the affairs of his Commissariat are issued in the form of decreesof the Revolutionary Military Soviet of the Union.

Decisions within the competence of all the other allied and affiliatedCommissariats are taken, in agreement with the countries concerned, by theRevolutionary Military Soviet of the Union.

5. THE REVOLUTIONARY MILITARY SOVIET OF THE UNION OFSOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS.

The Revolutionary Military Soviet of the Union is a supreme militaryorgan which controls the Red Army, the Navy, the Air Force and allthe military administrative organisations.

In addition to the People's Commissary, who is the President of the MilitaryRevolutionary Soviet, this Soviet consists of:

(a) The Deputy People's Commissary for Military and Naval Affairs;(b) The Commander-in-Chief of all the armed forces of the Union;(c) Members nominated by the Soviet of People's Commissaries.

6. ORGANISATIONS UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE REVOLUTIONARYMILITARY SOVIET OF THE UNTON.

The following are under the direct control of the RevolutionaryMilitary Soviet of the Union:

(a) The Staff of the Army, which is competent in all questionsconcerned with the military preparation of the country.

(b) The Administration of the Red Army, which is competentin all questions of army administration.


(c) The Inspection Department of .the Revolutionary MilitarySoviet. The functions of this body include the controlof military preparations, the control of the militaryschools, inspection of preparatory military training,inspection of cavalry, artillery, engineers and signallingservices.

(d) The Political Department, which directs the political andgeneral training of the army.

(e) The Air Department.(f) The officer in charge of supplies for the Red Army, who has

under his control:(i) Artillery Department.(2) Technical Military Department.(3) Department of Military Construction.(4) Intendance Department.(5) Department of Military Finance.

(g) The Committee of Military Studies, which examines thegeneral question of the defence of the country.

(h) The Red Fleet Department.

7. THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.

The Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of the Union isappointed and dismissed by the Soviet of the People's Commissaries.

Within the limits of the decisions of the higher authorities of theUnion, the Commander-in-Chief enjoys complete autonomy in allstrategical questions, provided he reports the matter to the People'sCommissary and to the Revolutionary Military Soviet of the Union.

The following are under the orders of the Commander-in-Chief, as definedin special regulations:

(a) The Deputy Commander-in-Chief for Naval Affairs, as regards alloperations questions;

(b) The Deputy Commander-in-Chief for the cavalry;(c) The staff of the army;(d) The military health inspectorate;(e) The officer in charge of military training establishments;(f) The officer in charge of the artillery, who is also the head of the prin-

cipal artillery administrative department;(g) The head of the engineers administrative department;(h) The head of the veterinary administrative department;(i) All military academies.

The following are also directly under the orders of the Commander-in-Chief.

As regards military operations :

(a) All army commanders in the military frontier districts and the com-manders of independent armies;

(b) The air department;(c) The officer commanding the organs of the Union engaged upon special

missions.Generally, and through the intermediary of army commanders:

The fortresses and fortified districts throughout the territory of the Union.


8. STAFF OF THE ARMY.

At the head of the staff of the Red Army is the Chief of Staff, whois appointed by the Revolutionary Military Soviet.A Commissary for War, appointed by the Revolutionary MilitarySoviet, is accredited to the staff of the Red Army.The staff comprises:The office of the ist Deputy Chief of Staff, consisting of:

(a) An Operations Section;(b) An Intelligence Section;(c) An Army Training Section;(d) Military Topographical Section.

The office of the 2nd Deputy Chief of Staff, consisting of:(a) An Organisation Section;(b) A Mobilisation Section;(c) A Personnel (Cadres) Section.

The Central Department for the military training of workers, which is respon-sible for all questions relating to sports and preparatory military training:The Central Department for Military Communications ;The Signal Service Department ;The Staff Central Cipher Section ;The Staff Intendance Section.

9. POLITICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY MILITARYSOVIET OF THE UNION.

The Political Department of the Revolutionary Military Sovietis an organ which controls political instruction and administrativepolicy in the Red Army and in the Navy of the Union.

This Department receives instructions from the Central Committeeof the Communist Party and is informed of the decrees and orders ofthe Revolutionary Military Soviets.

At the head of the Political Department is an official appointed bythe Revolutionary Military Soviet.

Commissaries are accredited to the Commanding Officers.The rights and duties, together with the competence of the Political Depart-ment as regards political instruction and administrative policy in the Army andthe Red Navy, are determined by special regulations approved by the Revolu-tionary Military Council of the Union.

IO. OFFICER IN CHARGE OF SUPPLIES OF THE RED ARMY.

The Officer in Charge of Supplies has supreme control over thesupplies of the Red Army as regards material and other requirements.He is also responsible for the general supervision of the execution ofmilitary supply orders.

A Commissary appointed by the Revolutionary Military Soviet of the Unionis accredited to the Officer in Charge of Supplies. The rights and duties of thisofficial are determined by general regulations concerning the military commissaries,as approved by the Revolutionary Military Council of the Union.

54


The Officer in Charge of Supplies is appointed by decree issued bythe Revolutionary Military Soviet. He acts under the orders of theRevolutionary Military Soviet of the Union and receives instructionsand advice from the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of theUnion.

The Officer in Charge of Supplies has under his direct orders:

(a) The Department of Military Intendance, which is responsible for allmatters relating to the military provisioning of the Red Army;

(b) The Military Engineering Department;(c) The Artillery Department;(d) The Air Department of the Red Army;(e) The Communications Department of the Red Army.

The Central Department for Military Communications is also under the Officerin Charge of Supplies as regards special railway equipment.

iI. DELEGATES OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIAT ON THE SOVIETS

OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIES OF THE ALLIED REPUBLICSAND ON LOCAL ORGANS.

The Delegates of the People's Commissariat for the Military and Naval Affairsof the Union on the Soviets of the People's Commissaries of the Allied Republicsare appointed according to the general regulations governing the People's Com-missaries of the Union and are under the direct orders of the People's Commissariatfor the Military and Naval Affairs of the Union.

The local organs of military and naval administration throughout the territoryof the Union receive instructions from the People's Commissary for the Militaryand Naval Affairs of the Union and are directly under the latter.

The military districts are administered by Army Commanders, who areappointed by the Revolutionary Military Council of the Union. In special cases theRevolutionary Military Council may establish Revolutionary Military Councilsin these districts.

The rights and duties, as well as the composition, of the Army Command andof the Military Councils of the districts are determined by the RevolutionaryMilitary Council of the Union.

The rights, duties and composition of the local military and naval organs aredetermined, in accordance with the laws in force, by the Revolutionary MilitaryCouncil.

C. COMPOSITION OF THE RED ARMY IN PEACE-TIME

The Red Army is divided in peace-time into

(i) Field troops;(2) Training detachments;(3) Auxiliary troops for service behind the front line;(4) Special troops comprising :

(a) The troops of the Political Department;(b) Frontier Guards;(c) Detachments for special purposes.


(i) The field troops or troops in the Active Army are organised inunits possessing fairly large cadres. The fortress garrisons also formpart of the field troops.

(2) The training detachments are employed for the training ofthe cadres and the troops; they train the future instructors andspecialists and they are responsible for the training of the horses. Inthe event of war, these detachments may be used as cadres for thecreation of new units.

(3) The auxiliary detachments intended for service behind thefront line are composed of men fit for military service whom it is notdesirable to employ in the Field Army because they belong to the bour-geoisie. Labour companies varying in number are established for thispurpose in each military district. These detachments are not formedinto units larger than a company.

(4) The special troops are under the Commissariat for War as re-gards recruiting, organisation, equipment, supply, military trainingand effectives. As regards their use, they are under the competentcivil authorities.

(a) The troops of the State Political Department are divided into battalions,companies, squadrons and half-companies, which are organisedon the same lines as the corresponding units of the Red Army.Most of these troops are composed of volunteers who have servedin the Red Army. They have staffs and commanders in the militarydistricts.

(b) The frontier guard troops are responsible for protecting the propertyof inhabitants in the frontier districts, putting a stop to smuggling,preventing the unlawful crossing of the frontier, etc. They constitutean independent unit, divided into three districts, which are sub-divided into sectors and sub-sectors. They are grouped into batta-lions, companies, squadrons and half-companies. They are organisedin the same way as the corresponding units of the Red Army. Thefrontier guard troops are composed mainly of volunteers.

(c) At the head of the detachments for special duties is an officer, assistedby a staff. In the military districts and in the departments, thesedetachments are placed under the orders of the military commandersof the districts or departments.

The consist mainly of communists and are formed into independent batta-lions and squadrons organised in the same way as in the Red Army.

This category of troops also includes the detachments for special purposesattached to the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party.

D. TERRITORIAL MILITARY AREAS

The territory of the Union is divided into a certain number of mili-tary areas. Some of these areas bear the name of fronts or armies, inview of the fact that they may become future theatres of war. The areasare so organised that they can be placed upon a war footing in a veryshort space of time.


The military areas are as follows :Chief town

(i) Moscow area ........... Moscow.(2) Leningrad area .......... Leningrad.(3) Volga area . .Samara.(4) Ukraine area . .Kharkov.(5) Area of the Northern Caucasus . Rostov.(6) Western Front .......... Smolensk.(7) Turkestan Front . Tashkent.(8) Siberian area ..... . Novo Nikolaydvsk.

(9) Army of the Red Flag of the Caucasus Tiflis.

The composition of military areas :

At the head of the administration of a military district is the officerin command of the armed forces in the district or the RevolutionaryMilitary Soviet, consisting of the officer in command of the armed forces,his deputy and members of the revolutionary military committee.

The officer in command of a military district is appointed by theRevolutionary Military Council of the Republic, and is directly underits orders ; as regards military operations, the officer in command ofthe district is under the Commander-in-Chief of the Army.

The military district comprises:The Secretariat of the Revolutionary Military Committee of the officer

in command of the military district;The staff of the district;The Administrative Department of the military district;The Inspector of the district;The Political Department;The Air Department;The officer in charge of supplies The Health Department.

The military commissariats of the Departments ("Gubernya") and Districts("Uesd").

The chief object of these bodies is to organise mobilisation in theevent of war. At the head of each department and each canton is amilitary commissary.

E. HIGHER UNITS

Light infantry corps.

At the head of these corps is a commander, a deputy commander,and a military commissary.

1 The official documents which the Secretariat has been able to obtain do not givethe number of the higher and lower units. According to unofficial service publica-tions, the Red Army is composed of 63 infantry divisions; 12 divisions of cavalry,and 43 cavalry brigades; 189 infantry regiments; 96 cavalry regiments; 503artillery batteries and 29 pioneer battalions. The accuracy of these figures cannotbe vouched for.


The corps command comprises:the staff;a medical officer and a veterinary officer;an officer in command of the artillery;a political inspectorate;an engineer officer, who commands the independent battalion of

field engineers;an officer in charge of military supplies;a military tribunal.

Each army corps contains 2 divisions of light infantry;I group of heavy artillery, with 2 batteries and i Army artillery

park;i battery of field engineers, with 2 companies and i park company;i signal company.

Light infantry divisions.

At the head of each division is a commander, a deputy commander,and a military commissary.

The divisional command comprises:the divisional staff and a military commissary;the officer in command of the artillery;the officer in charge of military supplies;the divisional medical officer;the divisional veterinary officer;the military tribunal section;the inspectorate delegate of the workers and peasants (only in

divisions which are not included in the corps) the political section;the club.

The division consists of:3 light infantry regiments;i cavalry regiment (with 4 squadrons);I group of light artillery with 3 batteries;i howitzer group with 2 batteries;i divisional artillery park ;i divisional school (infantry, cavalry and machine-guns);i divisional artillery school;i company of field engineers;i signal company;I motor group.

Cavalry corps.This corps consists of 2 cavalry divisions and i signal squadron.The command consists of a corps staff, a political inspectorate, medical

and veterinary officers, and an officer in command of the artillery.


Cavalry division.

At the head is a divisional commander and a military commissary.The command consists of a staff, a medical officer, a veterinary

officer, an officer in charge of military supplies, a divisional engineerofficer, who commands the independent field engineers squadron, apolitical section, an inspectorate delegate, a military tribunal sectionand a club.

The cavalry division comprises:3 cavalry brigades, each containing 2 regiments;i group of horse artillery with 3 batteries and i ammunition

column;i school (cavalry and machine-gun cavalry);I divisional field hospital;i independent squadron of field engineers;i signal squadron.

Independent cavalry brigade.

At the head of the cavalry brigade are a commander and a militarycommissary.

The brigade command comprises:a staff, which has the same powers and duties as the divisional

staff;a political section;an inspectorate delegate;an officer in charge of military supplies;a medical and a veterinary officer;a brigade engineer officer, who commands the independent half-

squadron of field engineers;The brigade consists of 3 cavalry regiments, I independent group

of two horse-drawn batteries, i independent half-squadron of fieldengineers and i school.

F. ARMS AND SERVICESInfantry.

The basic unit of the Red Infantry is the Light Infantry Regiment.At the head of the regiment are a Commander and a Military Commis-sary, together with their deputies.

The Regiment consists of:The staff of the regiment, with a Chief of Staff and his deputies;3 battalions;a company of scouts, which is sub-divided into two sections of

foot scouts, and one mounted section;


a signalling company; (three sections);a field battery of three sections with two to three guns each;instructors in engineering and camouflage;a chemical section.

Each battalion is divided into three companies of riflemen, eachcontaining three combatant sections and one administrative section,and one company of machine-gunners with I2 machine-guns.

Infantry Armament.Rifles, I891 pattern, with five cartridges, Io to 12 rounds a minute.Revolvers, Nagane system, with seven chambers, and the Browning, with seven

chambers.Automatic Rifles, the Chocha, calibre 8.8 mm., with 20 rounds, firing 15o rounds

a minute, range 1,420 metres, and the Feodoroff, calibre 6.7 mm., with 25 rounds,firing 80 to Ioo rounds a minute, range 1,420 metres.

Light Machine-guns. The Lewis gun, calibre 7.2 mm., with 47 rounds, firing500 rounds a minute, range 1,700 metres.

Machine-guns. Maxim, firing 5oo rounds a minute, range 21/2 kms.; Colt,400 to 500 rounds a minute, range 21/2 kms.

Guns. The McLean pattern, calibre 37 mm., firing up to 20 rounds a minute,range 2 to 3 kms., and the Rosenberg pattern, calibre 37 mm., firing 8 roundsa minute, range 2 to 3 kms.

Cavalry.The cavalry is divided into strategic cavalry and divisional cavalry.

The basic cavalry unit is the corps. Each corps contains two or threedivisions. The division consists of:

3 brigades of 2 regiments each;i group of horse artillery with 3 batteries of 4 guns;i signal squadron;i squadron of sappers.

The independent brigade consists of:3 regiments;i battery of .horse artillery with 4 guns;A half-squadron of signallers;A half-squadron of sappers.

The divisional brigade consists of 2 regiments. The regiment con-sists of 4 squadrons and a machine-gun squadron.

Artillery.

The Red artillery consists of:light artillery (foot, horse and mountain);field howitzer artillery;heavy field artillery;special artillery: trench, anti-air and heavy.

The field artillery consists of:groups of light foot artillery with 3 batteries of 4 guns; each

battery is divided into 2 sections;


groups of horse artillery, containing 3 batteries with 4 guns;groups and i battery of mountain artillery, which are organised

the same way as the foot artillery.howitzer groups, containing 2 batteries with 4 guns.groups of heavy artillery, containing 2 batteries with 4 guns.

At the head of the groups is a commander and a militarycommissary. The command and the services of the artillery group arethe same as those of the light infantry regiments.

There are also district training batteries in the military districts.The personnel of these batteries is divided into permanent and tempo-rary personnel. The length of the course for the temporary personnelis from 6 to 9 months.

The special artillery is employed for the destructive bombardmentof fortifications.

The trench artillery consists of groups of mine-throwers and inde-pendent batteries.

Artillery Armament. Gun, 1915 pattern, Rosenberg system, 37 mm.; automaticgun, 37 mm., McLean system; gun 76.2 mm., 1902 and 1909 patterns; howitzer,122 mm., 190o9-1910o pattern; 107 mm. gun, 1910o pattern; 153 mm. gun, I9o9 pattern.

Engineers.The Engineers consist of:

(i) Companies of sappers belonging to the rifle divisions, consistingof staff and 3 platoons.

(2) Battalions of sappers belonging to the rifle corps, consistingof 2 companies of sappers and an engineers' park. Eachcompany is divided into 4 sections.

(3) Squadrons of sappers from the cavalry divisions, consistingof staff and 3 sections.

(4) Half-squadrons of sappers belonging to the cavalry brigades,consisting of 2 sections.

(5) Camouflage companies, consisting of staff and 4 sections.(6) Bridging battalions, consisting of staff and from 2 to 3 com-

panies.(7) Electro-technical battalions, consisting of staff, 2 mounted

searchlight companies and a motor searchlight company.(8) Searchlight companies forming a unit, consisting of a staff

and 2 sections (motor and railway searchlights).(9) Motor-cyclist corps.

(io) Automobile park.The mining section is composed of various groups.

Technical corps.The technical corps consist of: armoured car troops6; railway

sections; signal sections; the aeronautical corps; chemical warfare troops.Auxiliary services.

The auxiliary services are divided into lines of communication andsupply services, transport services, the disciplinary service, etc.


G. RECRUITING SYSTEM

I. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE.

All citizens of the Union are liable to compulsory military service.Only workers may be entrusted with. the armed defence of the Union.The rest of the population is subjected to other military duties. Com-pulsory military service, which begins at the age of ig and lasts tillthe close of the fortieth year, is divided up as follows:

preparatory military training;service with the colours;service in the reserve.

The population which does not belong to the workers' class is passedinto the territorial reserve.

(a) Preparatory military training.All males on completing their nineteenth year are liable to a period

of preparatory military training lasting for two years.

(b) Service with the colours.Citizens who have completed their twenty-first year are called upon

to serve for five years. Such service is performed in the regular army,or in territorial mobile formations or, finally, outside the army.

The period of service in the army, the navy and certain naval for-mations of the Government Political Administration is for five years,one year being passed on furlough. Specialists in the air forces andspecialists belonging to the coast defence formation, etc., who haveattended a special course of training also serve for five years, but ofthis period two are spent on furlough. In all other branches - staff,administration, military establishments, etc. - the period of servicewith the colours is two years. During the remainder of the time, i.e.,three years, men are on long leave.

They are called up for further training for not more than one month;in the case of senior and subaltern ranks, this period must not exceedtwo months.

The conditions of military service in the territorial mobile forma-tions are as follows:

(a) During the first year men undergo training for three monthsand are sent home on leave for nine months.

(b) During the next four years men belonging to the artillery andinfantry (riflemen) and to certain divisional units are called up forfurther training, for not more than five months in all and not morethan two months in any one year; men in the cavalry are called upfor a period of eight months in all but not for more than two monthsin each year; men belonging to the special formations are called upfor a period of six months in all but not more than two months in anyone year.


In addition, men of all arms who belong to the territorial formationsare liable, during the periods between their ordinary trainings, to becalled up for further trainings for not more than one week in each year.

Men on long leave belonging to the regular army and also those inthe mobile formations and men undergoing training outside the armycadres may be recalled from leave by order of the People's Commissaryfor Military and Naval Affairs for periods other than those providedfor by law.

Women belonging to the workers' category may be permitted toperform military service as volunteers in time of peace for the periodlaid down in the Voluntary Service Law. In time of war, the People'sCommissary of the Union may, after consultation with the Commissaryfor Military and Naval Affairs, call on women belonging to the workers'class to perform special compulsory military service.

The numbers of citizens called up annually to serve in the regulararmy and in the territorial mobile formations and the numbers liablefor training outside the army are fixed each year by the Soviets ofLabour and Defence.

The period of training outside the army is six months. It may notextend over more than two consecutive months in any one year.

During their entire period of service with the colours, men belongingto this class form part of the fighting formations of the Red Army orof the military administrations in their place of domicile.

In case of mobilisation, men of this class who are on leave are calledup and drafted into the various formations of the Red Army.

(c) Service in the reserve.After the period of service with the colours, all men are passed into

the reserve .army, which consists of the Ist line reserve, and the 2ndline reserve.

Men up to thirty-four are drafted into the former and men fromthirty-four to forty into the latter.

Reservists may be called upon to undergo further training for atotal period not exceeding three months.

Citizens who have been drafted into the reserve are liable to a specialtax' for the entire period they are in the reserve ; this tax is levied onlyin peace-time.

II. EXEMPTION FROM SERVICE FOR FAMILY REASONS.

In time of peace, men liable for military service with the colours may, undercertain conditions, be excused service in the regular army for special family reasons ;men belonging to this class perform their military service in the territorial mobileformations; they can also be given their military training outside the army.

III. EXEMPTION FROM MILITARY SERVICE ON RELIGIOUS GROUNDS.

Citizens who, by birth or education, are members of families belonging tocertain religious sects may be excused from compulsory military service. If declared" fit for service with the colours " after passing their medical examination, theyare liable to perform certain public services (during epidemics, outbreaks of epi-zootic disease, etc.).


IV. POSTPONEMENT.

Students liable to service with the colours may secure postponement to enablethem to complete their studies.

V. DISTRIBUTION OF THE RECRUITS.

As soon as they have passed their medical examination, men aredrafted into the regular army or into the territorial mobile formationsin an order determined by lot.

Within each of the categories determined by the drawing of lots, the contingentis made up by first taking the fit men who cannot claim exemption on any groundsand then, if necessary, supplementing their number by men supporting a family,these being called upon according to their family situation.

Men who do not belong to the contingent of the active army or the territorialmobile formations are given their military training outside the army.

VI. MILITARY SERVICE OF STUDENTS OF COLLEGES OR HIGHER

EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS.

Students of higher educational establishments, workers' faculties, technicalschools and secondary schools are given preparatory military training.

VII. VOLUNTEERS.

Men between i8 and 34 may be enlisted as volunteers. Men accepted forvoluntary military service remain in the active army for one year.

In principle, voluntary service does not exempt from service in the activearmy.

VIII. MOBILISATION.

Men belonging to the regular army or the mobile territorial forma-tions who are on leave, men who are performing their military servicewithout being in the army, and also reservists, may be mobilised inthe event of war.

Mobilisation is decreed by the Soviets of Commissaries of the Union.Men allowed postponement are exempted from mobilisation; they may be

called up by a special decree.The mobilisation of the following may be postponed:

(a) Workmen and employees in factories, workshops and establishmentsengaged in supply work for the Red Army;

(b) Workmen and employees in the transport and communication services;(c) The employees in the different branches of State political adminis-

tration ;(d) Skilled workmen and employees in workshops, factories and establish-

ments manufacturing articles of primary necessity for the population;(e) The responsible officials of certain Union administrations;(f) Certain professors of teaching establishments.

IX. CADRES.

The cadres include .(a) regimental staff, (b) political staff,(c) administrative staff, (d) medical staff and (e) veterinary staff.

The regimental cadres include subaltern, middle-grade, senior andhigher personnel.


The subaltern personnel is recruited from among men who havereceived the necessary training during their service in units of the RedArmy.

The other grades are recruited from among soldiers who have receivedmiddle-grade, advanced or special military training or who have hadmilitary experience.

The age-limit for middle-grade personnel is fixed at 50; for theother grades at between 55 and 6o.

After reaching the age-limit, the middle-grade, senior and higherpersonnel pass into the reserve, where they remain until they are 50,55 or 60 according to their category.

The middle-grade and senior personnel of the reserve are employedto train men who are performing their service outside the army, for amaximum period of twelve months. They may also be called up forfurther training.

Military Schools.The military schools may be classified as follows

Training schools;Repetition courses for non-commissioned ranks;Advanced courses for officers;Military academies.

Training schools.The training schools are intended for the training of the subaltern personnel

The period of study is 3-4 years. There are training schools for infantry, artilleryand engineers.

Repetition courses for the subaltern personnel.These courses are intended for the further training of the subaltern personnel.

and for the extension of their military and political training. They are dividedinto courses for machine-gunners cavalry, artillery, engineers, signallers andintendance. The length of the course is eight months (the intendance course isthree and a-half months).

Advanced courses for officers.These courses are intended for the advanced training of officers in tactical

and technical questions and for the further training of specialists in signalling,camouflage and chemical and tank warfare. The length of the course is elevenmonths.

Military colleges.The military colleges provide higher military training for officers and train

the higher military commanders.They are divided into:

(a) The military college of the Red Army, which provides a general educa-tion as well as general military training.

(b) The technical and military engineering college.(c) The artillery college.(d) The military intendance college.(e) The naval college.(f) The aviation college.(g) The army medical college.

UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS 86I

II.

Navy.

LIST OF UNITS(I925)

(Navies of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).BALTIC, ETC. FLEET.

Battleships:i. Pariskaia-Kommuna Normal displacement: 23,370 metric tons. Length:

(I9II) 594 feet. Beam: 87 feet. Mean draught: 27% feet.2. Marat (1911) H.P. 42,000 = 23 kts. Guns: 12 12-inch; 16

4.7-inch; 2 3-inch (anti-aircraft); 4 torpedo-tubes(i8-inch.).

Cruisers:i. Klara Zetkin Displacement : 7,600 tons. Length : 5073/4 feet.

Beam : 501/3 feet. Draught : I81/3 feet. H.P.50,000 = 29.5 kts. Guns: I5 5-.- inch; 4 4-inch(anti-aircraft); 4 3-inch; 2 torpedo-tubes. Cancarry Ioo mines.

2. Rurik Normal displacement : 15,I90 tons. Length: 529 feet.Beam: 75 feet. Mean draught: 26 feet. H.P. I9,700- 21 kts. Guns : 4 io-inch; 8 8-inch ; 20 4.7-inch;2 torpedo-tubes (I8-inch).

3. S. S. S. .R. 6,830 metric tons. Dimensions : 410 x 55 X 21 4feet (mean draught). H.P. ii,6oo = 20 kts. Guns:to 6-inch; 5 6-pdr.

13 destroyers:

No. Type Date Displace- H.P. Coal or Oil Tubes, Max.ment Mines draught

tons tons feet

2 Uritsky .... 19I2-15 1,6Io 32,000 400 9/80 9 ¼A2 Karl Marx .. 912-23 1,350 32,700 I50 9/80 9 2/3

5 Trotsky . ... 1912-23 I,26o 30,000 150 9/80 9 3/4 Sladkow . . 1 I904-07 580 6,500 205 3/25 8 12

9 submarines:

No. Type Date Displace- H.P. Tubes, Max.No._____ T ype Date ment andGear draught

I tons 700 i Kommunist . ... 1916-17 250

.1 500 e --

I ' 840i Rabotchi ..... .. OO } 4 I2 2

6 Bolshevik ..... 00 8 12 /2

Miscellaneous : 40 different units (gunboats, armoured gunboats, mine-layers).


BLACK SEA FLEET.

Cruisers:

i. Tchervonaya Ukraina Displacement: 7,600 metric tons. Length: 519 34(1915) feet. Beam: 495/8 feet. Draught: I8A feet. H.P.

55,000 = 29.75 kts. Guns: i6 6-inch; 4 3-inch,A.A., 2 torpedo-tubes (i8-inch). Can carry ioomines.

2. Komintern 6,750 tons. Dimensions : 436 x 54 x 2o /2 feet.H.P. 19,500 = 23 kts. Guns: i6 6-inch; z ii-pdr.2 torpedo-tubes (i8-inch).

3 destroyers:

I. Kor/u Displacement: 1,325 tons. Guns: 4 4-inch; 4 9-pdr.,2. Levkos i 9-pdr. A.A. 9 18-inch tubes. Oil fuel only:3. Nezamoshnik 390 tons.

3 torpedo-boats:

i. Marti (1901) Displacement: 245-350 tons. Guns: 2 ii-pdr; 22. Schmidt (1901go) 15-inch tubes. (Marti : 2 i8-in.).3. Badina.

4 submarines:

i. AG 23 Nezamuzhnyaya Displacement: 375-467 tons. 4 i8-inch tubes.(1916-I920)

2. AG 24 Kommunist(1916-1922)

3. AG 25 Kamenev(I916-I922)

4. Politruk (19II-I915) Displacement: 650-784 tons. Fuel: 2I tons. Tubes, 4.

Miscellaneous : i8 different units (gunboats, sloops, etc., including 4 destroyersand other units of Caspian, Volga and Amour Flotilla.)

'SUMMARY TABLE OF NAVAL UNITS

Number Total Depreciatedtonnage tonnage2

Battleships and battle-cruisers ....... 2 46,740 12,853Coast defence vessels and monitors..... . --Aircraft-carriers ............. - -Cruisers and light cruisers ........ 5 43,970 6,66iTorpedo-boats and destroyers ....... 22 19,155 3,500Submarines ............... 3 7,430 1,489Miscellaneous Craft I .......... II5 ,6x8 746

Total .............. 128,913 25,249

2 Gunboats, stoops, etc.2 Depreciated tonnage (on January ist, 1926), is calculated as follows:

(i) For battleships, battle cruisers, coast defence ships, monitors, 'aircraft-carriers and miscellaneousvessels, a reduction in original tonnage at the rate of 1/20 per annum from date of completion.

(2) For cruisers andlight cruisers, a reduction of 1/17 per annum from date of completion.(3) For torpedo craft and submarines, a reduction of x /12 per annum from date of completion.


III.

Budget Expenditure on National Defence.

A. NOTES ON BUDGET PROCEDURE.

(I) The financial year covers the period from October ist to September3oth. The single budget for the Soviet Socialist Union is composed of:

(a) the general budget of the Union, and(b) the local budgets of the Republics constituting the Soviet Socialist

Union, namely, the Russian Federation, the Ukraine, White Russia, Trans-caucasia, the Turcoman Republic and the Republic of Usbek.

The single budget for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for the yeari924-25 was framed in accordance with the law of October 29th, 1924, andfor the first time included the whole of the territory of the' Union. That lawregulated the budget rights of the Union and of the Republics composing theUnion.

Like former budgets, the I924-25 budget was a " tentative "budget. Thissystem dates from the days of currency depreciation, the figures entered in thebudget being subject to re-adjustment according to the results of the monthly closedaccounts. In this way the budget estimates can be modified even during the cur-rent financial year according to the results obtained for the part of the year whichis already past. Although stabilisation of the currency now makes it possibleto replace this provisional system by a stable one, the budget for 1924-25 was stillof a tentative nature.

The budget for 1925-26, prepared in October 1925, was modified once, inApril 1926. After that modification was effected the figures were accepted asfinal, and the system may be said to have arrived at stability for the first time.

The framing of a single budget for the whole Union has led to a distinctionbeing made between Union receipts and the receipts of the Republics, whichdistinction was provided for in the law of October 29th, I924.

Furthermore, the receipts in the single budget for the Union are divided intoordinary and extraordinary receipts. The latter include the yield from the saleof State property, the proceeds of loans and the issue of small currency. ,

Expenditure is also divided into ordinary and extraordinary. Extraordinaryexpenditure includes grants to industry and agriculture, the costs of electrifica-tion, loans to the communes, and the expenses of State aid to victims of mis-fortune and of relief in cases of disasters of an extraordinary nature such asthe famine and flood at Leningrad.

(2) Both the general budget of the Union and those of the Republics aregross budgets. The only net receipts shown are the net profits of nationalisedundertakings.

(3) Expenditure on national defence is entered in the general budget ofthe Soviet Union. Military undertakings, like other nationalised undertakings,are under the Supreme Economic Council of the Union, but are directly adminis-tered by a special department, which also includes two authorities of a militarynature: the Mobilisation and Demobilisation Committee and the Committeefor Military Supply Orders.


B. BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE.

I. Summary of Defence Expenditure.

TABLE I.

1923-24 I 1924-252 1924-25 1925-26

Estimates

Roubles (ooo,ooo's omitted)The People's Commissariat for Military Roubles (oooooo's omitted)and Naval Affairs ........ 385.7 407.2

Health Administration of the RedArmy and Navy of Workers andPeasants ............ .5.9 8.1

Total.... 391.6 415.3 464.8 635.5

/o % % ToIndex number of defence expenditure ioo io6 19 162

Index number of wholesale prices:1914 = Ioo ........ I64

'180 I80 I86

I923-24 = ioo ........ 1oo iio iio 113

Defence expenditure reduced to pre-war Roubles (ooo,ooo's omitted)price level ........... 239 231 258 342

Index number of expenditure reduced % % % %to pre-war price level ...... ioo 97 io8 I43

- Average, January - August I924.2 Original estimates.* Estimates including modifications effected during the financial year.

NOTES. - The figures in the table above include State expenditure on thesocial insurance of officials. These sums are paid into a social insurance fund,which provides assistance in the event of temporary incapacity, disablement,unemployment and sickness. The budget does not yet make any provision forpensions.

Increased budget estimates for national defence. - As has been mentioned,the budget for i924-25 was still of a tentative nature.

During the financial year I924-25 the expenditure estimates were increasedon several successive occasions, in proportion to the receipts collected. In thesecond column of the table above for 1924-25 is shown the expenditure onnational defence after the modifications effected in the course of that financialyear.

II. Analysis of Defence Expenditure.

The following table gives details of the original budget of the People's Com-missariat for Military and Naval Affairs for the financial years 1923-24, 1924-25.Details of the modified estimates for I924-25 or of the estimates for 1925-26are not available.


TABLE 2.

1923-24 1 I924-25

Estimates

PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIAT FOR MILITARY AND NAVAL AFFAIRS. Roubles (ooo's omitted)i. Salaries of administrative authorities:

Army .................... 21,38 22,438Army.. 21,938 22,438Navy ........... 5,062 6,005

2. Pay:Army .................... 53,041 68,967Army..53,041 68,967Navy . ......... ........... 3,767 4,748

3. Social insurance :Army ................ . 2,428 2,341Navy . .............. 694 605

4. Travelling expenses:Army .................... 2,576 3,691Navy . . ... .. . . . .. . ... . . .. . 50 200

5. Office expenditure, etc.:Army ................... . 1,343 1,200Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 oo

6. Services to the Communes:Army .................... 624 1,470Army..624 1,470Navy ................... .. 370 350

7. Special expenditure on the military court:Army . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. 4 65Army..45 65Navy . ....... ....... 7 8

8. Expenses of postal, telegraph and telephone services:Army .................... 1,370 2,000Navy............... I35 150

9. Transport of troops and goods on railways and inland andmaritime waterways:

Army .. 4.......'........ 4,000Navy .................... 00 300

io. Other transport of troops and goods:Army .................... 1,975 2,000Navy...........1........ . I48 146

ii. Material:Army .................... 44,350 39,944Navy . . 2,386 2,240

12. Victualling of troops and horses:Army .................... 65,250 68,970Navy . .;....... ........... 2,700 2,235

I3. Purchase, upkeep and repair of transport material:Army.. 2,500 2,900

Navy ........... 3,412 3,900i6. Purchase of horses ............. ...... 2,000 3,70017. Purchase, upkeep and repair of technical and special material

for the Army. ..... ... 6,220 6,000i8. Purchase, upkeep and repair of technical and special material

belonging to the military and technical administration:Army .. .................. 5,054 5,100Navy ..... I46 oo00

19. Purchase, upkeep and repair of the special material and thearmaments of the Supreme Military Authority of theUnion. ... 11,420 12,076

20. Purchase, upkeep and repair of the material belonging to thetopographical authorities of the Army .2. 20 30

21. Purchase, upkeep and repair of material for games andathletics .... ..... .......... 190 Igo 4522. Purchase, upkeep and repair of special material belonging tothe Army veterinary authorities ........... 20 170

23. Navigation ................... 600 760

55


TABLE 2 (continued). 9 23- 24 I924 - 2 5

Estimates

Roubles (ooo's omitted)

24. Safety of navigation .................. 432 30025. Army fortifications . . . ............... 750 50026. Other Army works ................... 7,93 10,50027. Construction and upkeep of ports and lighthouses ...... 1,013 i,01528. Construction, repair and armament of vessels ........ 7,302 10,19029. Working expenses of Army topographical detachments . . . 250 23430. Special Army training ................. 1,286 2,62931. Military training:

Army .................... 2,500 2,691Navy .... .... . ............ 250 300

32. Political training :Army .................... 1,945 1,992Navy ................... .. II9 i6o

33. Publications:Army .................... 680 545

.Navy .................... 37 3534. Mobilisation measures ...... ........... .. 280 63535. Special expenditure ................. . 1,350 6oo0036. Payment for military supply orders given to the Central

Administration for military undertakings ........ 74,900 63,90037. Special expenditure by the Navy .......... . . or38. Payment of fees .................... 20039. Reserve ........................ - 1,500

Total ...... 361,448 383,000Territorial and Frontier Expenditure:i. Pay .......................... 11,052 11,9742. Office expenditure ................... 293 I453. Fuel ......................... 437 4004. Post, telegraph and telephones ............. 162 975. Travelling expenses .................. . 375 3616. Transport expenses ................... 654 5307. Armaments ...................... 792 4508. Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 99. Material ........................ 3,231 2,9IO

io. Victualling and forage .................. 5,600 5,720ii. Railway transport. ................... 322 51512. Technical and special material .............. 561 44113. Purchase of horses ................... 614. Training of troops ................... 259 23515. Naval court ...................... 407 400i6. Social insurance. ................... .. 53 60

Total...... 24,218 24,247Total for the People's Commissariat for Military

and Naval Affairs. ......... 385,666 407,247HEALTH ADMINISTRATION OF THE RED ARMY AND NAVY

OF WORKERS AND PEASANTS.i. Pay ................ ......... . 4,619 6,8602. Office expenditure ................... 23 353. Post, telegraph and telephones ............. 33 354. Transport of goods ................... 28 205. Travelling expenses ................... 44 986. Health instruction ................... 8 i87. Hospital administration ................ 313 1968. Medical material and stores and anti-epidemic material. . .98 2419. Invalid diet . ..................... 270

io. Accounts with civilian hospitals .8 16ii. Expenditure by the Military Academy of Medicine. ... . 27 3512. Convalescent equipment ..... . ............ 2 213. Social insurance . .................. . 198 330

Total, Health Administration ..... 5,652 8,156Transcaucasia ............ 288

Total ...... 5,940 8,156


In the budget for I924-25, expenditure on the Army and Navy is placed jointlyunder the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs. This expenditurewas entered separately in the budget for i923-24. The reason for the change liesin the unification of the military and naval forces under the RevolutionaryMilitary Council of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This new systemmakes it possible to centralise the supplies of the necessary material for theArmy and the Navy and to suppress certain central authorities. Defenceexpenditure also includes expenditure on frontier guards and on the TerritorialArmy.

As regards the Union's mounted police, credits are entered in the budgetfor the Federative Republic of Russian Soviets, and these are shared by the otherRepublics. In future, expenditure on the upkeep of the mounted police will beiacluded in the general budget of the Union.

In addition to the expenditure included in the table above, the general budgetof the Union includes the expenses of the central administration of military under-takings, which for the year 1923-24 amounted to 0.5 million roubles and for1924-25 to one million roubles. Subsidies granted by the State to military under-takings amounted for 1923-24 to i5.8 million roubles and for 1924-25 to 17 millionroubles.

III. Receipts collected by Defence Departments.

The receipts from the administration of the People's Commissariat for Militaryand Naval Affairs are estimated for 1924-25 at 0.9 million roubles. They includelighthouse and pilotage dues, the receipts from the sale of disused material,official publications, etc.

IV.

Production and Exchange of Goods of Importancefor National Defence.

(P = Production; I = Imports; E ==Exports.)

I. FUEL

(A) COAL, ETC. 192I 1922 1923 1924 *1925

Metric tons (ooo's).Coal P 8,680 8,717 14,504 15,878 17,637

I 251 605 495 46E a240

Coke I 5 x4 io

(B) MINERAL OILS.

Petroleum, crude P 3,775 3,974 5,055 6,022 6,933Fuel oil E 5.6 31.8 398Motor spirit E 6.5 49.1 51.0 271Lubricating oil E 0.4 9.0 2.5 674Illuminating oil I 0.5

E 0.5 2.0 3.3

* Trade figures refer to year ending Sept. 30oth, 1925.Including coke.


II. ORES AND METALS

(A) ORES. I921 1922 1923 1924 *I925

Metric tons (ooo's).Iron P 144 225 500 1,o094 2,500

E -9 13 89

Copper P 0.5 24 I 80 Xoo 224

Manganese P 12 54 96 ? 249E 38.1 37.6 37 527

Zinc P 5.1

Pyrites P 6.3 4.5 20.3

(B) METALS.

Pig iron P II5 z87 530 757 1,551Steel ingots and castings P 184 361 726 1,139 2,149Iron and steel pro- I 93 i8 9 o1

ducts 3E I 79 85

Copper P 0.2 0.2 2.9 3.5 44.o1 4.2 - - 3.0

Zinc P o0.6 1.5I 0.6 .4 12.0

Lead I 1.2 4.0 9.9 14.0

III. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 5

(A) CEREALS. 1921 1922 I923 1924 *i925

Metric tons (ooo's).Wheat P 4 6,500 4 8,989 o10,300 xo,389 17,993

I 83 263 0.05 0.05E 0.3 - 333 249 167

Wheaten flour 6 1 76 355 22E 0.5 0.2 3.4 0.03

Rye P 410,200 4 i8,5oo 4 I8,000 17,577 20,830I 58 218 o.oi 0.09E -- 3 1,196 636 72

Rye flour 6 I:E. 2.1 5.8

Barley P 4 3,000 4 4,300 44,800 3,805 5,981I 0.03 22.2 0.IE 220 227 199

Oats P * 5,000 7,700 7, 7 ,8oo 7,390 o,86I 2 33 - — —E - 104 44 42

Maize P 4 1,500 o 2,400 42,500 2,395 4,482I o.1 292 i.0 E - 35 2x5 118

Rice I 14 48 1o — 0.02E o.oi

(B) POTATOES. P 22,000 4 23,000 33,000 30,840 44,281I 13 5E - o.oI

* Trade figures refer to year ending September 30oth., 1925.Copper pyrites.

2 Crude and semi-manufactured iron and steel.3 Scrap iron and steel.4 Estimate.5 Trade figures for 1921 to 1924 relate to trade through European frontiers only.6 " Wheaten flour " includes other flour.


IV. LIVE-STOCK(Effective Number and Trade.)

1921 1922 1923 1924 *1925Thousand head.

Cattle Eff. 36,818 33,031 38,682 46,235 51,200I 12.8E 1o.i

Sheep Eff. 48,412 39,038. -55,427 67,084 77,000

Pigs Eff. 12,490 7,637 9,128 16,828 x6,90o

Horses Eff. 23,331 18,875 20,066 22,232 24,600

Goats Eff. 1,310 985 1,594 2,120

V. MEATS

1921 1922 1923 1924 *l925

Metric tons.Fresh, chilled and frozen I - - o.6

Preserved, other ,I -- 3.9 -

VI. VARIOUS PRODUCTS 2

1921 1922 1923 1924 *1925

Metric tons (ooo's).COTTON, raw I 0.5 0.2 38.8 95.8 91.0

FLAX P 286.1 319.2 233.1 283.6 403.9

RUBBER, raw I 0.2 2.4 2.4 2.1 5.0

* Trade figures refer to year ending September 3oth., 1925.1 Metric tons (ooo's omitted).2 Trade figures for I92I to 1924 relate to trade through European frontiers only.

Documents

UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS'digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/le0284ce.pdf · 1 The Union of Socialist Soviet Republics includes the Federative Socialist Republic of