Unbonded post-tensioned shear walls of calcium silicateelement masonryvan der Meer, L.J.

DOI:10.6100/IR753875

Published: 01/01/2013

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Citation for published version (APA):Meer, van der, L. J. (2013). Unbonded post-tensioned shear walls of calcium silicate element masonryEindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven DOI: 10.6100/IR753875

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https://doi.org/10.6100/IR753875https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/unbonded-posttensioned-shear-walls-of-calcium-silicate-element-masonry(51d595da-65be-4d93-8c59-48daae18abbc).html

Unbonded post-tensioned shear wallsof calcium silicate element masonry

L.J. van der Meer

Unbonded post-tensioned shear wallsof calcium silicate element masonry

PROEFSCHRIFT

ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan deTechnische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van derector magni cus, prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn, voor een

commissie aangewezen door het College voorPromoties in het openbaar te verdedigenop donderdag 23 mei 2013 om 16.00 uur

door

Lex Jasper van der Meer

geboren te Venlo

Dit proefschri is goedgekeurd door de promotor:

prof.ir.-arch. D.R.W. Martens

Copromotor:dr.ir. A.T. Vermeltfoort

Bouwstenen 181

A catalogue record is available from the Eindhoven University of Technology LibraryISBN: 978-90-386-3374-9

is dissertation was prepared in X ELATEX by the author and printed by Eindhoven Uni-versity of Technology Printservice

Cover design: Sonja van der Meer (SvdM architecture & engineering)

Copyright 2013, L.J. van der MeerAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy-ing, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the copyrightowner.

Constitution of the doctoral committee:

prof.dr.ir. B. de Vries (chair)Eindhoven University of Technology, e Netherlands

prof.ir.-arch. D.R.W. MartensEindhoven University of Technology, e Netherlands

dr.ir. A.T. VermeltfoortEindhoven University of Technology, e Netherlands

Professor J. Ingham PhD MBAe University of Auckland, New Zealand

Prof.Dr.-Ing. E. GunklerHochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, Germany

prof.dr.ir. D.A. HordijkDel University of Technology, the Netherlands

prof.dr.ir. A.S.J. SuikerEindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands

Acknowledgements

is dissertation would not have been completed without the support of family, friends,colleagues and other people involved. I would like to thank all of you for your support,assistance, guidance, advice and encouragement.

First of all, I would like to thankmy supervisors, Prof. DirkMartens andDr. AdVermelt-foort. Aer I obtained my MSc degree, Dirk Martens offered me a temporary positionas a research assistant for the group of Masonry Structures, which allowed us to writethe PhD research proposal. Ad Vermeltfoort supervised one of my MSc research projectsand captured my interest in experimental research. I would like to thank you both for thevaluable and numerous discussions that gave direction to the project.

e effort of the other members of the doctoral committee is also highly appreciated.Many thanks for your feedback, which helped to improve the quality of my work. Inparticular I would like to thank Prof. Jason Ingham, who was willing to spend the timeand effort to travel to Eindhoven, literally from the other side of the world. FurthermoreI owe gratitude to Prof. Akke Suiker, who provided invaluable advice related to niteelement modelling.

ToVNK and IKOBBKB, I would like to expressmy sincere gratitude for generously fund-ing our research project for four and a half years. A special word of thanks goes to TijnCoppens, former director of VNK, for his enthusiastic involvement in the project fromday one, which continued aer his retirement.

Our research was discussed from a practical viewpoint during several meetings with acommittee of industrial partners. I would like to thank Hans Verkleij (Calduran Kalk-zandsteen), Arthur Claessens (Xella Nederland) and Andrew Zielinski (Dywidag Sys-tems International) for their participation in these meetings and also for arranging thematerials for the experimental investigations as well as some very insightful constructionsite visits. Furthermore I would like to thank SimonWijte (AdviesbureauHageman), Erik

vii

viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Kampman and Ton van Beek (IKOBBKB) for their participation in themeetings. I wouldlike to acknowledge Erik Kampman also for conducting related experimental research atIKOB BKB.

e experimental research would have been impossible without the dedicated support ofthe staff of the Pieter van Musschenbroek laboratory: Eric Wijen, eo van de Loo, RienCanters, Cor Naninck, Johan van den Oever, Martien Ceelen, Toon van Alen and HansLamers. I enjoyedworking in the lab togetherwith all of you a lot and Iwould like to thankyou for the good working atmosphere. Furthermore I owe a word of thanks to the staffof the Building Physics laboratory for facilitating the outdoor prestress loss experiments,especially to weatherman Wout van Bommel for sending me the climate data. Furtherthanks goes to MSc students Jop Courage, Gerwin Paters and Jeroen Hendriks for theirassistance with some of the experimental work, to Gerard Nabuurs (Xella Nederland)for constructing the shear wall specimens, and last but not least to VEBO and Cugla forproviding materials for the shear wall specimens free of charge.

On the computational side, the soware DIANA developed by TNO DIANA was a greatasset. I would like to thank Professor Paulo Loureno (University of Minho) for his ma-sonry macro-model, for putting its source code online and for answering some of myquestions. At TNO DIANA I would like to thank Gerd-Jan Schreppers for his interest inmy work with Lourenos model and Wijtze Pieter Kikstra for his attempts to incorporatea 3D-version of Lourenos model in DIANA and to solve my issues with the model.

Of course Iwould also like to thank allmy (former) PhDcolleagues of the 9th oor: SanderZegers, Paul Teeuwen, Dennis Schoenmakers, Roel Spoorenberg, Frank Huijben, Ronaldvan der Meulen, Sarme Silitonga, Juan Manuel Davila Delgado and Saleh Mohammadi.ank you for the gezelligheid during the lunch- and coffee-breaks, aer-work beersand all-you-can-eat sushi dinners. I would also like to thank Bram van Gessel from theDepartment of Applied Physics for our regular lunch-time run-training, which helpedto clear the mind. Furthermore I am grateful for the support of the secretaries of the9th oor, Nathaly Rombley, Karin Nisselrooij-Steenbergen, Bianca Magielse and MarlynAretz, may she rest in peace.

I would like to thank my parents, Ruurd and Gerri, my sister Sonja, her boyfriend Davidand my girlfriends parents Frans and Gerry for the pleasant times together, which dis-tracted my attention from PhD matters. To Sonja I owe a special thanks for designingthe cover of this dissertation. Last but certainly not least I wish to thank my girlfriendEmmy. anks for your never-ending support and for our high-quality time together!

Lex van der MeerEindhoven, April 2013

Summary

CASIEL masonry consists of prefabricated CAlcium SIlicate ELements (CASIELs) thatare bonded by thin-layer mortar. In Northwest Europe, CASIEL masonry is popular forapplication in load-bearingwalls and shearwalls in low-rise buildings. Shearwalls have tobear vertical loads and ensure the overall lateral stability of a building for horizontal loadssuch as wind and seismic loading. e recent development of CASIELs with a compress-ive strength of 36 MPa and above is bene cial for the application of CASIEL masonry inload-bearing walls and shear walls in medium-rise buildings. However, due to the mod-est tensile strength, the horizontal load capacity of unreinforced CASIEL masonry shearwalls is determined by the overturning moment about the base of the wall. e over-turning moment and hence the horizontal load capacity can be increased by verticallypost-tensioning a CASIEL masonry shear wall.

A CASIEL masonry shear