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Brief Overview of UltrasoundBrief Overview of Ultrasound
Ultrasonic frequencies are high frequency Ultrasonic frequencies are high frequency signals that are above range of human signals that are above range of human hearing. hearing.
Human hearing range is 20 Hz to 20 kHzHuman hearing range is 20 Hz to 20 kHz Ultrasound instruments sense 20 kHz to 100 Ultrasound instruments sense 20 kHz to 100
kHzkHz High frequencies have characteristics that High frequencies have characteristics that
work differently than low frequencies in the work differently than low frequencies in the audible range. audible range.
SOUND PENETRATIONSOUND PENETRATION
Low Frequency WaveLow Frequency Wave– Vibrate Solid SurfacesVibrate Solid Surfaces
– Large Objects Appear Large Objects Appear TransparentTransparent
High Frequency WaveHigh Frequency Wave– ShortShort
– WeakWeak
– Can not Penetrate Can not Penetrate Solid ObjectsSolid Objects
MPEG
SUPERSONIC FLYBY OF AN F14 SHOWING THE SOUND WAVE WITH A VAPOR CLOUD
How Do We Detect Ultrasound?How Do We Detect Ultrasound?
Using a digital ultrasonic Using a digital ultrasonic translator which provides:translator which provides:
Display Screens with test Display Screens with test data including Decibel and data including Decibel and Frequency read outs.Frequency read outs.
Software for data Software for data managementmanagement
Sound recording ability Sound recording ability and sound analysis and sound analysis software software
How Do these Ultrasonic Translators How Do these Ultrasonic Translators Work?Work?
The Ultrasound is detected and The Ultrasound is detected and these sounds are then translated these sounds are then translated down into lower frequencies down into lower frequencies within the range of human hearingwithin the range of human hearing
They are heard through They are heard through headphonesheadphones
And observed as intensity And observed as intensity increments on a meter or display increments on a meter or display panel.panel.
Interchangeable Modules Interchangeable Modules
Leaks Are Detected By:Leaks Are Detected By:– Scanning ModuleScanning Module– Stethoscope ModuleStethoscope Module– Tone methodTone method
Specialized Methods Specialized Methods May Be Considered:May Be Considered:– Long Range Module Long Range Module
Non Accessible LeaksNon Accessible Leaks
– Liquid Leak Amplifier Liquid Leak Amplifier Laminar or “TINY” LeaksLaminar or “TINY” Leaks
Where Do Air Leaks Occur?Where Do Air Leaks Occur?
Mechanical SealsMechanical Seals Threaded FittingsThreaded Fittings Sealant Problems Sealant Problems GasketsGaskets Corrosion/ErosionCorrosion/Erosion Structure PenetrationsStructure Penetrations
Considerations in Leak DetectionConsiderations in Leak Detection TurbulenceTurbulence Orifice ShapeOrifice Shape Fluid Characteristics: Fluid Characteristics:
Viscosity & Molecular Wt. Viscosity & Molecular Wt. Pressure DifferentialsPressure Differentials Distance From LeakDistance From Leak Competing UltrasoundsCompeting Ultrasounds Accessibility to LeakAccessibility to Leak Atmospheric ConditionsAtmospheric Conditions
Relating Sound Levels to CFMRelating Sound Levels to CFM
dB vs. CFMDigital
Reading150 PSIG
125 PSIG
100 PSIG
75 PSIG
50 PSIG
25 PSIG
10 PSIG
10 dB 0.73 0.69 0.51 0.38 0.36 0.03 0.01
20 dB 1.13 0.95 0.77 0.58 0.38 0.22 0.15
30 dB 1.79 1.48 1.24 0.99 0.64 0.58 0.48
40 dB 2.70 2.28 1.94 1.62 1.15 1.10 0.93
50 dB 3.86 3.35 2.85 2.47 1.90 1.79 1.49
60 dB 5.27 4.70 3.98 3.54 2.89 2.65 2.18
70 dB 6.93 6.32 5.33 4.82 4.13 3.68 2.99
80 dB 8.84 8.21 6.90 6.31 5.62 4.87 3.92
90 dB 11.00 10.37 8.69 8.03 7.35 6.23 4.97
100 dB 13.41 12.81 10.69 9.96 9.32 7.75 6.14
Note: All Readings are Compensated for Atmospheric Pressure
Conducting a Compressed Air Conducting a Compressed Air SurveySurvey
Gather DataGather Data– Compressor InfoCompressor Info– PSIG Operating dataPSIG Operating data– Hours of OperationHours of Operation
Begin Survey at Begin Survey at CompressorCompressor
Follow Air Lines to all Follow Air Lines to all Pieces of EquipmentPieces of Equipment
Record dB Readings of Record dB Readings of LeaksLeaks
Take Photographs of Take Photographs of LeaksLeaks
Generate a Cost ReportGenerate a Cost Report
Place Recorded Place Recorded dB Readings in dB Readings in Analysis Analysis SoftwareSoftware
Generate Report Generate Report of dB Sound of dB Sound Level of Each Level of Each Leak Converted Leak Converted to CFM with to CFM with Associated kW Associated kW Usage and Usage and Annual Cost of Annual Cost of LeakLeak
Leak # dB Distance Location/EquipLeakage
Rate CFMkW use
Annual Cost
1 63 0 Top of receiver 4.0 0.80 $3492 60 0 DH annealer 3.6 0.72 $3163 71 0 Gardner Denver Compressor 5.1 1.02 $4464 33 0 DM3 1.2 0.24 $1075 44 0 EH1 Supply 2.0 0.40 $1746 44 0 EH4 Annealer 2.0 0.40 $1747 37 0 EH3 Supply 1.5 0.29 $1288 36 10 Above EH3 Supply 0.6 0.13 $569 61 0 EH2 Annealer 3.7 0.75 $32710 51 0 EV1 Supply 2.6 0.52 $230
Place Pictures with ReportPlace Pictures with Report
Place Photos of Place Photos of Each Leak Each Leak Location that Location that Numerically Numerically Matches the Cost Matches the Cost ReportReport
AIR LEAKS COST !!!!!!AIR LEAKS COST !!!!!!
LEAK DIALEAK DIA AIR-LOSSAIR-LOSS LOSS/DAY LOSS/DAY LOSS/YR.LOSS/DAY LOSS/DAY LOSS/YR. CFMCFM CU.FT/DAYCU.FT/DAY $ $ $ $
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/641/64 .40 .40 576 576 0.140.14 50.40 50.40 1/321/32 1.60 1.60 2,304 2,304 0.580.58 211.00 211.00 3/643/64 3.66 3.66 5,270 5,270 1.321.32 481.00 481.00 1/161/16 6.45 6.45 9,288 9,288 2.322.32 846.00 846.00 3/323/32 14.50 14.50 20,880 20,880 5.225.22 1,904.001,904.00 1/81/8 25.80 25.80 37,152 37,152 9.299.29 3,389.003,389.00 3/163/16 58.30 58.30 83,952 21.00 83,952 21.00 7,661.007,661.00 1/41/4 103.00 103.00 148,320 37.08 13,526.00 148,320 37.08 13,526.00 5/165/16 162.00 162.00 233,280 58.32 21,275.00 233,280 58.32 21,275.00 3/83/8 234.00 234.00 336,960 84.24 30,731.00 336,960 84.24 30,731.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NOTE: Based on 100 PSI, $0.25 /mcf, 8760 hours / year NOTE: Based on 100 PSI, $0.25 /mcf, 8760 hours / year