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HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH THUNDERSTORMS:
LIGHTNINGLIGHTNING
HEAVY RAINHEAVY RAIN
TORNADOTORNADO
HAIL HAIL (CHUNKS OF ICE)(CHUNKS OF ICE)
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH THUNDERSTORMS:
LIGHTNINGLIGHTNING
More about More about thunderstormsthunderstorms
A lightning bolt can heat the air it passes through to temperatures as high as 26,000 degrees Celsius.
It is the quick and intense heating of the air that generates shockwaves, which propagate rapidly away from the lightning bolt. These shockwaves become soundwaves as they travel through the air. This is how thunder is produced.
When a streak of lightning flashes across the sky, a crack of thunder is often heard several seconds later. Thunder happens because lightning heats the air to more than 43,000 degrees, causing the air to expand. As this air cools, it begins to contract. This quick expansion and contraction of air around the lightning starts air molecules moving back and forth, making sound waves, which we hear as thunder.
The creation of thunder
LIGHTNING FACTS:LIGHTNING FACTS: There are thousands of lightning strikes every day. There are thousands of lightning strikes every day.
Scientists think that lightning hits somewhere on the Scientists think that lightning hits somewhere on the earth about 100 times every secondearth about 100 times every second
More people are killed by lightning than by any other More people are killed by lightning than by any other kind of storm, including hurricanes and tornadoes.kind of storm, including hurricanes and tornadoes.
Every year, about 100 people are killed by lightning in Every year, about 100 people are killed by lightning in the United States and also about 100 people in Europe.the United States and also about 100 people in Europe.
In the whole world, lightning kills more than 1,000 In the whole world, lightning kills more than 1,000 people in a year, maybe many more. people in a year, maybe many more.
A lot more people are hurt by lightning than are killed A lot more people are hurt by lightning than are killed by it and many of those who live are hurt very badly. by it and many of those who live are hurt very badly.
LIGHTNING SAFETY RULES (OUTDOORS)
BE ALERT OF THE SIGNS OF THE IMPENDING STORM
GET AWAY FROM TREES OR TALL OBJECTS. STAY AWAY FROM HILLTOPS, BENCHES AND OPEN FIELDS AND SEEK SHELTER IN A LOW LYING AREA SUCH AS A DITCH OR RAVINE.
IF YOU ARE WITH OTHER PEOPLE, SPREAD OUT.
STAY AWAY FROM WATER OR WET AREAS.
Lightning safety experts have invented a "lightning safety position" that is very important to know if you are caught in a thunder storm and you can't find a shelter. This position looks hard, but it could save your life. There are several reasons for doing it.
It makes you a smaller target.It makes you a smaller target.With your heels together, if lightning hits the With your heels together, if lightning hits the ground, it goes through the closest foot, up to ground, it goes through the closest foot, up to your heel and then transfers to the other foot your heel and then transfers to the other foot and goes back to the ground again. If you don't and goes back to the ground again. If you don't put your feet together, lightning could go put your feet together, lightning could go through your heart and kill you.through your heart and kill you.You put your hands over your ears to protect You put your hands over your ears to protect them from thunder. them from thunder.
WHAT TO DO IF THERE IS NO SHELTER AND YOU ARE CAUGHT IN A THUNDERSTORM?
LIGHTNING SAFETY RULES (INDOORS)
STAY AWAY FROM ELECTRICAL SOCKETS, APPLIANCES, TELEVISION AND TELEPHONES;
SHUT-OFF THE MAIN POWER SWITCH.
STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS, WATER FAUCETS, PIPES AND ELECTRICAL OUTLETS.
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH THUNDERSTORMS: HEAVY RAINS
MAY ALSO CAUSE LANDSLIDES IN MOUNTAIN AREAS
HEAVY RAINS (30 MIN TO 0NE HOUR) DURING THUNDERSTORMS) MAY CAUSE FLASH FLOODS OR FLOODING IN LOW LYING AREAS
Hail: Chunks of ice from the Hail: Chunks of ice from the skysky
Rising air breeds summer ice INSIDE THE THUNDERSTORM CLOUD
Path of hailstone
Strong air currents
Ice crystal collides with droplet, which freezes around it
Hailstone is carried around the cloud and coated with more ice
Heavy hailstone falls
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH THUNDERSTORMS:
HAIL (CHUNKS OF ICE FROM THE SKY)
COLD FRONTCOLD FRONT
Occurs when a region of moving cold Occurs when a region of moving cold air mass overtakes a region of moving air mass overtakes a region of moving warm air masswarm air massCharacterized largely by an increased Characterized largely by an increased cloudiness and heavy rainscloudiness and heavy rainsAffects the Philippines from November Affects the Philippines from November to Februaryto FebruaryEastern parts of the country receives Eastern parts of the country receives most of the associated rainfallmost of the associated rainfall
COLD AIR SINKS
WARM AIR RISESCold Air Cold Air
MassMass
ALONG THE FRONT, CLOUDS DEVELOP BRINGING RAIN
CC
OO
LL
DD
FF
RR
OO
NN
TT
A SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF HOW A COLD FRONTCOLD FRONT DEVELOPS AND ITS ASSOCIATED WEATHER
ANIMATED SATELLITE PICTURES OF A COLD FRONT (TAIL-END AFFECTING EXTREME NORTHERN LUZON) AND ITCZ AFFECTING SOUTHERN LUZON, VISAYAS AND MINDANAO
LL
LL
ITCZ
COLD FRONT
ITCZ
ITCZ
ITCZ
NN
EEWW
SS
SOUTHWEST MONSOON (HABAGAT)
SOUTHWEST MONSOONSOUTHWEST MONSOON
Locally known as “HABAGAT”; affects Locally known as “HABAGAT”; affects the country from July to Septemberthe country from July to September
Very warm and humidVery warm and humid
Occurs when warm moist air flows over Occurs when warm moist air flows over the country from the southwest direction.the country from the southwest direction.
Characterized by heavy rainfall that may Characterized by heavy rainfall that may last for a week.last for a week.
Brings rainy season to the western Brings rainy season to the western portion of the country.portion of the country.
NORTHEASTMONSOON(AMIHAN)
NN
EEWW
SS
Cold air from Siberia
NORTHEAST MONSOONNORTHEAST MONSOONLocally known as “Amihan”, affects the Locally known as “Amihan”, affects the eastern portions of the country from October eastern portions of the country from October up to late Marchup to late MarchStarts over Siberia as a cold, dry air mass Starts over Siberia as a cold, dry air mass but gathers moisture as it travels across the but gathers moisture as it travels across the Pacific Ocean before reaching the Eastern Pacific Ocean before reaching the Eastern Sections of the PhilippinesSections of the PhilippinesOccurs when the cold and intense Asiatic Occurs when the cold and intense Asiatic winter Anti-cyclone sends northeasterly winter Anti-cyclone sends northeasterly winds across the Philippineswinds across the PhilippinesCharacterized by widespread cloudiness Characterized by widespread cloudiness with rains and showerswith rains and showers
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (ITCZ)
Showers to heavy rains which may cause flashfloods or floodingsSevere thunderstormsBreeding ground of tropical cyclones
Intense Low Pressure Systems Winds rotate in a counter-
clockwise direction Originates from tropical oceans Generally moves westward then
polewards
TROPICAL CYCLONESTROPICAL CYCLONES
CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE PHILIPPINESCYCLONES IN THE PHILIPPINES
TROPICAL DEPRESSIONTROPICAL DEPRESSION Maximum winds near the center of between 35 and 64 KPH
TROPICAL STORMTROPICAL STORM Maximum winds near the center of between 64 KPH and 118 KPH
TYPHOON TYPHOON Maximum winds exceed 118 KPH
((Super Typhoon- was conceived by JTWC with max winds of greater than 200 kph near the center)
FREQUENCY OF PASSAGE OF TROPICAL CYCLONES BY GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES IN THE PHILIPPINES
5 cyclones in 2 yrs2 cyclones
per year
5 cyclones in 3 yrs
3 cyclones in 2 yrs
1 cyclone per year
1 cyclone in 12 yrs
WHAT GOES ON INSIDE A TYPHOON?
THE “EYE” OF A TYPHOON
DIFFERENT VIEWS OF A TYPHOON
Direction of hurricane movement
Eye wall
Warm, moist air spirals upward
Rainbands
Air sinks in the eye
Icy cirrus clouds are thrown outward by the spin
Warm sea
Strong winds
The satellite image of Hurricane Allen (1980) clearly shows the eye of the hurricane
Wet air rises and condenses to produce rain
Clouds spin in layers around the eye
Ships caught in severe hurricanes rarely survive the combined battering of wind, waves, rain and hail
CROSS SECTION OF A TYPHOON
THE “EYE”
114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 1374
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
12025
20
15
5115
5135
135
25
THE PHILIPPINE AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY [PAR]
ONCE A TROPICAL CYCLONE IS INSIDE THE
PARPAR, IT IS GIVEN A PHILIPPINE NAME
AABBCCDDEEFFGGHHIIJJKKLLMMNNOOPPQQRRSSTTUUVVWWYYZZ
II II II III III IV IV20012001 20022002 20032003 2004200420052005 20062006 20072007 2008200820092009 20102010 20112011 2012201220132013 20142014 20152015 20162016
•AURING•BAROK•CRISING•DARNA•EMONG•FERIA•GORIO•HUANING•ISANG•JOLINA•KIKO•LABUYO•MARING•NANANG•ONDOY•PABLING•QUEDAN•ROLETA•SIBAK•TALAHIB•UBBENG•VINTA•WILMA•YANING•ZUMA
AGATONAGATONBASYANGBASYANGCALOYCALOYDAGULDAGULESPADAESPADAFLORITAFLORITAGLORIAGLORIAHAMBALOSHAMBALOSINDAYINDAYJUANJUANKAKAKAKALAGALAGLAGALAGMILENYOMILENYONENENGNENENGOMPONGOMPONGPAENGPAENGQUADROQUADRORAPIDORAPIDOSIBASIBSIBASIBTAGBANWATAGBANWAUSMANUSMANVENUSVENUSWISIKWISIKYAYANGYAYANGZENYZENY
AMANGAMANGBATIBOTBATIBOTCHEDENGCHEDENGDODONGDODONGEGAYEGAYFALCONFALCONGILASGILASHARUROTHARUROTINENGINENGJUANINGJUANINGKABAYANKABAYANLAKAYLAKAYMANANGMANANGNINIÑAÑAONYOKONYOKPOGIPOGIQUIELQUIELROSKASROSKASSIKATSIKATTISOYTISOYURSULAURSULAVIRINGVIRINGWANG-WANGWANG-WANGYOYOYYOYOYZIGZAGZIGZAG
AMBOAMBOBIDAYBIDAYCOSMECOSMEDUGONGDUGONGENTENGENTENGFLORFLORGILINGGILINGHATAWHATAWINGGOINGGOJULIANJULIANKENKOYKENKOYLAWINLAWINMANOYMANOYNONOYNONOYOSANGOSANGPANDOYPANDOYQUINTAQUINTARIGODONRIGODONSIGLASIGLATOTOYTOTOYUSAUSAVIAJEROVIAJEROWASIWASWASIWASYOYONGYOYONGZOSIMOZOSIMO
NAMING OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE PHILIPPINES
OLD NAMES OF TROPICAL CYCLONESOLD NAMES OF TROPICAL CYCLONES
ATRINGATRINGBININGBININGKURINGKURINGDALINGDALINGELANGELANGGORINGGORINGHULINGHULINGIBIANGIBIANGLUMINGLUMINGMILINGMILINGNARSINGNARSINGOPENGOPENGPININGPININGRUBINGRUBINGSALINGSALINGTASINGTASINGUNDINGUNDINGWALDINGWALDINGYEYENGYEYENG
AKANGAKANGBISINGBISINGKLARINGKLARINGDELINGDELINGEMANGEMANGGADINGGADINGHELINGHELINGILIANGILIANGLOLENGLOLENGMIDINGMIDINGNORMINGNORMINGOYANGOYANGPASINGPASINGRITANGRITANGSUSANGSUSANGTERINGTERINGUDINGUDINGWELINGWELINGYANINGYANING
AURINGAURINGBEBENGBEBENGKARINGKARINGDIDINGDIDINGETANGETANGGENINGGENINGHELMINGHELMINGISINGISINGLUDINGLUDINGMAMENGMAMENGNENENGNENENGONIANGONIANGPEPANGPEPANGRENINGRENINGSENDANGSENDANGTRININGTRININGULDINGULDINGWARLINGWARLINGYAYANGYAYANG
ASIANGASIANGBIRINGBIRINGKONSINGKONSINGDITANGDITANGEDENGEDENGGLORINGGLORINGHUANINGHUANINGISANGISANGLUSINGLUSINGMARINGMARINGNINGNINGNINGNINGOSANGOSANGPARINGPARINGREMINGREMINGSENIANGSENIANGTOYANGTOYANGULPIANGULPIANGWELPRINGWELPRINGYERLINGYERLING
AABBKKDDEEGGHHIILLMMNNOOPPRRSSTTUUWWYY
AUXILLIARY LISTAUXILLIARY LISTANDINGANDING ANINGANING ADINGADING APIANGAPIANGBINANGBINANG BIDANGBIDANG BARANGBARANG BASIANGBASIANGKADIANGKADIANG KATRINGKATRING KRISINGKRISING KAYANGKAYANGDINANGDINANG DELANGDELANG DADANGDADANG DORANGDORANGEPANGEPANG ESANGESANG ERLINGERLING ENANGENANGGUNDANGGUNDANG GARDINGGARDING GOYINGGOYING GRASINGGRASING
II IIII IIIIII IVIV19971997 19981998 19991999 2000200020012001 20022002 20032003 2004200420052005 20062006 20072007 20082008
YEAR NAME AREAS DAMAGESAFFECTED ( Billions )
•1990 T. RUPING Central Visayas 10.85•1995 T. ROSING Southern Luzon 9.30•1993 T. KADIANG Central Luzon 8.75•1988 T. UNSANG Southern Luzon 5.64•1984 T. NITANG Northeastern Mindanao/ Visayas 3.91•1991 T. TRINING Northern Luzon 3.47•1995 T. MAMENG Visayas 2.80•1988 T. YONING Visayas 2.75•1993 T. MONANG Southern Luzon 2.34•1985 T. SALING Central Luzon 2.18•1992 T. MARING Northern Luzon 2.16•1987 T. HERMING Northern Visayas 2.06•1984 T. UNDANG Eastern Visayas 1.54•1990 T. ILIANG Luzon 1.50•1994 T. KATRING Luzon 1.43•1989 T. SALING Southern Luzon 1.39•1989 T. GORING Northern Luzon 1.36•1992 T. GLORING Eastern Luzon 1.35•1980 T. ARING Central Luzon 1.34•1993 T. PURING Southern Visayas 1.33•1995 T. PEPANG Visayas 1.20•1987 T. SISANG Southern Luzon 1.12
DISASTROUS TYPHOONS IN TERMS OF DISASTROUS TYPHOONS IN TERMS OF DAMAGES (MORE THAN ONE BILLION PESOS) DAMAGES (MORE THAN ONE BILLION PESOS)
DISASTROUS TYPHOONS IN TERMS OF DEATHSDISASTROUS TYPHOONS IN TERMS OF DEATHS
YEAR NAME AREAS DEATHS AFFECTED
•1991 T. URING Eastern Visayas 5,101 (REMEMBER?)•1995 T. ROSING Southern Luzon 936•1984 T. NITANG Southern Visayas/ 900
Northern Mindanao•1984 T. UNDANG Visayas 895•1987 T. SISANG Southern Luzon 808•1990 T. RUPING Cntral Visayas 508•1993 T. MONANG Southerm Luzon 272•1995 T. PEPANG Visayas 265•1988 T. YONING Visayas 217•1981 T. DINANG Southern Luzon 188•1988 T. UNSANG Southern Luzon 157•1993 T. PURING Southern Visayas 157•1993 T. KADIANG Central Luzon 126•1995 T. MAMENG Visayas 116•1982 T. BISING Visayas 112•1986 T. GADING Northern Luzon 106•1980 T. ARING Central Luzon 103•1982 T. WELING Northern Luzon 96•1989 T. GORING Northern Luzon 90•1989 T. SALING Southern Luzon 88
STRONG WINDS FLOODS/HEAVY RAINS STORM SURGES LANDSLIDES MUDFLOW
HAZARDS DUE TO TROPICAL HAZARDS DUE TO TROPICAL CYCLONES: CYCLONES:
HOW TYPHOONS CREATE KILLER STORM SURGES
AT COASTAL AREAS, THE STORM SURGE PHENOMENON CAUSES A GREAT PORTION OF THE DAMAGE DUE TO TYPHOONS!!!
Public Storm Warning Signal Number 1A tropical cyclone may threaten or affect the locality. Winds of not more than 60 KPH may be expected in at least 36 hours.
Keep listening to your radio for more information or updates about the weather disturbance.
Prepare flashlights, batteries, matches, kerosene lamps or candles and charcoal in anticipation of power failure - check the capacity of the house to withstand strong winds and strengthen the house if necessary.
What to do?
PUBLIC STORM WARNING PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNALSSIGNALS
PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNAL PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNAL
NO. 1NO. 1
A tropical cyclone may threaten the locality. Winds between 60-100 kph may be expected in at least 24 hours.
Board up windows or put storm shutters in place.Board up windows - making use of good lumber
which are securely fastened.Store drinking water in covered containers as
water supply may be cut-off. Children are advised to stay indoors.
Stay at home!!! Keep posted for updates from your radio.
Public Storm Warning Signal Number 2
What to do?
PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNALSPUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNALS
PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNAL PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNAL
NO. 2NO. 2
A tropical cyclone will affect the locality. Winds of 100 - 185 Kph may be expected in at least 18 hours.
Keep your radio on and listen to the latest news about the tropical cyclone.
Everybody is advised to stay indoors.
If the house is not strong enough to withstand the battering of strong winds go to designated evacuation center or seek shelter in stronger building and stay there until the typhoon has passed.
What to do?
PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNALS
Public Storm Warning Signal Number 3
PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNAL PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNAL
NO. 3NO. 3
A very strong typhoon will affect the locality. Very strong winds of more than 185 kph may be expected in at least 12 hours.
Stay in safe houses or evacuation centers!!
What to do?
PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNALS
Public Storm Warning Signal Number 4
PSWS NO. 1
WINDS OF UP TO 60 KPH EXPECTED IN AT LEAST 36 HOURS
PSWS NO. 2
WINDS OF UP TO 100 KPH EXPECTED IN AT LEAST 24 HOURSWINDS OF UP TO 185 KPH EXPECTED IN AT LEAST 18 HOURS
PSWS NO. 3PSWS NO. 4
WINDS OF MORE THAN 185 KPH EXPECTED IN AT LEAST 12 HOURS
TO SUMMARIZE, TO SUMMARIZE,
MANILA
TYPHOON PASSING NORTH OF THE PLACE (CLOSELY WATCH FOR THE WIND DIRECTIONS AS THE TYPHOON APROACHES);
THE WINDS OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE
MANILA
TYPHOON PASSING NORTH OF THE PLACE (CLOSELY WATCH FOR THE WIND DIRECTIONS AS THE TYPHOON APROACHES);
THE WINDS OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE
MANILA
TYPHOON PASSING NORTH OF THE PLACE (CLOSELY WATCH FOR THE WIND DIRECTIONS AS THE TYPHOON APROACHES); BACKING WINDS DUE WEST
THE WINDS OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE
MANILA
TYPHOON PASSING SOUTH OF THE PLACE (CLOSELY WATCH FOR THE WIND DIRECTIONS AS THE TYPHOON APROACHES); VEERING DUE EAST)
THE WINDS OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE
MANILA
TYPHOON PASSING SOUTH OF THE PLACE (CLOSELY WATCH FOR THE WIND DIRECTIONS AS THE TYPHOON APROACHES); VEERING DUE EAST)
THE WINDS OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE
MANILA
TYPHOON PASSING SOUTH OF THE PLACE (CLOSELY WATCH FOR THE WIND DIRECTIONS AS THE TYPHOON APROACHES); VEERING DUE EAST)
THE WINDS OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES ? TROPICAL CYCLONES ?
Rainfall increases groundwater and the water levels of dams that provide drinking water, irrigation water and power generation.
Rains mean water for plants. About 50% of our water supply comes from rainfall brought by tropical cyclones.
Decreases the level of pollutants.
Starting up an El Niño eventThe western Pacific Ocean warms and cools in cycles. Normally, east-to-west winds pile up warm water in the western Pacific, while cold water from deep in the ocean rises to the surface along the South American Coast. Every few years, the trade winds change, allowing the pool of warm water to move east where it blocks the rising cold water. These changes help trigger the global weather changes associated with El Niño.
Once the water reaches the ground, one of two processes may occur; 1) some of the water may evaporate back into the atmosphere or 2) the water may penetrate the surface and become groundwater. Groundwater either seeps its way to into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or is released back into the atmosphere through transpiration. The balance of water that remains on the earth's surface is runoff, which empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried back to the oceans, where the cycle begins again.
The hydrologic cycle begins with the evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean. As moist air is lifted, it cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds. Moisture is transported around the globe until it returns to the surface as precipitation.
THE HYDROLOGIC OR WATER CYCLE