Oxford History of Art

Twentieth Century Design

Jonathan M. Woodham

Oxford New York

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

1997

Contents

Introduction 7

Chapter 1 Towards the Twentieth Century IT

Chapter 2 Design and Modernism 29

Chapter 3 Commerce, Consumerism, and Design 65

Chapter 4 Design and National Identity 87

Chapter 5 The Second World War: Reconstruction and Affluence III

Chapter 6 Multinational Corporations and Global Products '4'

Chapter 7 Design Promotion, Profession, and Management 165

Chapter 8 Pop to Post-Modernism: Changing Values 183

Chapter 9 Nostalgia, Heritage, and Design 205

Chapter 10 Design and Social Responsibility 221

Notes 240

List of Illustrations 252

Bibliographic Essay 258

Timeline 274

Index 282

Oxford History of Art Series 288

Index

No/e: References 10 iUustrations afC in italic. There may also be tCJ<tuaJ references on the

same page.

Aalto, Aloo 50,56,5'160 Aalto. Alvar 30.58-60,59.156 Abrams, Mark 189

abstract fo rm 31,34,37. 40, 45,62,79. 131,154 advertising 145,184. :no, 211, 227, 238 agencies 15.150, [69,227

Aguew, Kcnncth 99 Aicher,Ot! 153. ' 78 Akioka, Yoshio IJ7 A1beck, Pat 215 Albers,Josef [77 Albini , Franco 125- 6,159 Alix, Charlotte 54 AlIDway, Lawrence 184-5 Ambasz, Emilia 193 anthropometries 180-1

Archer, L. Bruce I7r80 Arcos, Egmant 66 Armani, Giorgio 163 Armitagc,Joscph 215 Arndt, Gertrud 44 Arp, H ailS 123 Art Deeo 77.79-81,84-5 Ansand Crafts movement 11"4-1';. 18,24-5.

26.88, 227 Ashbct:, C. R. 24 Asplund, Gunnar Si8,159 Atkinson, Ronald 84 Austria 25

Baker, Sieve 144

BaJdessari, Luciano 55 Baldwin, William 210

Balla, Giacomo u, IJ, 54 Banham, PcterandMary 184 B:mham, Reyner 120, 183- 6 Barassi, Carlo 126 Barlow, Sir T homas 119 Barry, Gcrald 121 Barthes, Roland 183 Barron, Ralph 101}

Bauhaus 8,3°,31,38--46,44,47,48, 5°,56, 60, 63,100, IJ2, 149, 151, 177, 179

Baumeister, \Villi IJI Bayer, H erbcrt 41,46,150

2821NDF.X

Beck, H enry C. 26 Behrens, Peter 18, 2r5, 24, 25, )6, 53, 149 Bel Geddes, Norman 65,6,8,70-1,74,151,

lJo,175 Bcllgioioso, Ludovico 125 Bellini, Mario 150, 159,191 Benktzon, M aria 2J2-J Bentley, Nicholas 120

Bcrgstcn, Carl 56 Berlage, H . P. 36 Bcrnard,Oliver 84 Bernege. Paulette 85 Bcctocia, Harry I54 Bertram, Anthony 118 Bctjcmcn,J ohn 120 Bill, Ma;.; 12J,177 Black,Misha 169, 171 Blake,John £. 187 Boglec, Theodorc SI Bojesen, Kay 60 Bo nsicpc, G iu 178 Bourgeois, Victor 52 BoyIe, Gcoffccy 2J5 Brandt, Edgar 77 Brandt, Macianne 45,47 Branzi, Andrea 112, 160,192, 194 Sreer, Carl JO Breton, lules-Louis 85 Breuer, Marccl 41,52,61,151-4,

156-7,159 Britain:

commerce and consumerism 83-5 consumerism 223-5. 229~0 design profession 168,0 modernism 41, 60-[ national identity 8946 nostalgia 21rl9 pop culture 189-90 pre World War O nc n-12, 25. 26-] utility and beyond " ,21

British Standards Insrirutc 224-S, 230

Brody, Neville 199, 202, 20J, 2J8 BrugoIa, Renzo 196, 198 Brukalski, Stanislaw 8I Buckley, Cheryl 235 Buckminster FuUer, Richard 75-6, 156, 2JI.

234-6 Bura1I, Paul 237 Burck, Gilbert 112

Burke, T. 2.)9 Buscher, Nma 45

Callen, Anrhea 8 CampbeU,Joan 44-5 C assandre, Arn 150 Castdli, Giulio U6,1)1 CastclJi-Fcrrieri,Anna Il7 Casriglione, Achille and Pier 127 Ce1ati, Fausto 196 Chareau, Pierre 54 Chase, Stuart 21I C herm ayefT, Serge 61 China 31 Clifl: Clarice 84 Clinch, Edwin 118 Coates, Nige\ 137 Coates, W ells 51 ,61 Coiani, Luigi 132 Colombini, Cioo 126,131 Colombo, j oe 127 commerce and consumerism 65-86 Conran, T'erence uS Constructivism, Russia 30,35,37, 4°, 4J,

62--:3,91 consumerism 65-86, 1JI-2, 144, 14rS, 2:U-J9 Cooper, Susie 84 corporate identity 23-4,141-63,179, 212,239 Council of Industrial Design (COlD) 9,

11~2t, 158-<), 171, 171- 4, r87, 190, 213, 230 Crabtrceand F.vclyn 211-14 Crane, Walter 18 Craven, Shirte}' 189 Curtice,Harlow K. 228 Cutler. H. T. Il8 CzajkowslU, J6zef 87. 8lT90 Czcschka, C. O. 22,23

Dalto n, Sir Hugh IH)

Darlcy, G illian 219 Davis, Frcd :m Day, Lucienne UI

Day, Richard 81,8J Dc Pas,Jonathan 192 De Stijl, Holland 35- 8,40,44,62,80 del Renzio, Tony 184 Dell, Christian 43 Denby, Elizabeth n8 Depcro, Fortunato 54 Deskey, Donald 80, 1]5 Deutsch, Oscar 84-Deutscher Werkbund 20,, 22,32,351,

41, 44-q, 51, 56" 60, 77, 100, 103, 130, 134, 165,167,169,226

D cvas, Prosper 212 D oblin,jar 158- 9 Dohncr, H. Creston III D orfles, Ciles 18) Dorfman, Arid 147 Dorn, Marion 61 Drcyfuss, H enry 67.69,82,167,180-1 Drosrc, Magdalene 45 Dufrenc. M aurice 77

Dufy, Raoul 79 Dunand,jean 78 D upas.]ean 77 DlJrbino,Donato 192

Drlan, Bob 196 Dyson,James 185

Earncs, Charles 60,123, 131,1.15, '51, 153,157, '59

Earnes, Ray 60 Earl, Harl ey J. 115,116.228 Ehrncke, FritzHeUmut 21

Eiermann, Egon 131 Ei fner, L orem. 131 Elcnga, Henk 201

EllUngron,john 237,239 English, Michael 202 ergonomics 180-1 Ertc 79 Evans, Bercsford 170 exhibitions:

Black Eycs and Lemonade (Whitechapd 1951) 2[4

Britain Can Make It (1946) IJg-20,1]1 British Empire (Wembley 19241'5) go-I Century of Pr ogres. (Chicago f93Jf 4) 65,

72 , 205-6 C ologne (1914) 23,25,27,38,44 D resden (1906) 19-zf Exposition I nternationalc (Paris 1925) 53.

76-S, 80-1, 8,S, 90. 102 Exposition Internationale (Paris 1937) 88-q,

92-5 Festival of Britain (1951) 120-1 Formohnc Ornamtnt (1924) 47 G cbt Mie VicrJahre Z cit (1937) 100 G ood D esign Show(MOMA 1951)

156,173 Graphic Language ofNcville Brody

(V&A 1988) 199 Green D esigner(r986) 237 Ideal H ome 84.91 ,186 Italy; The Ncw D omestic Landscape

(MOMA) ' 93 ltalyat W ork (USA 1950) 124- 5 Machine Art (MOMA 1934) 30,]2,156 Monza (1930) 92- 4 rnotQramas 116-q, 129 New York World's Fair (1939/40) 65,72-4.

76, tog. II5, 206 Osaka In ternational D esign Festivals 137,175 RIMA (Milan 1946) 122 Sesquicentennial (Philadcphia 1926) 205-6 Stockholm (19)0) S6-8 This is Tomorrow (Whitechapel 1956) 185- 6 Triennali 55- 6, 60,105, 1l2.l2S, 12,8, l]2,

191,194,226 Uscful Objects in Wartime (MOMA1?42)

'" WeisscnhofSiedlungen (Stuttgart 1927) 49, 51--:3, 97

Exner, Virgil u 6 Expressionism l,J, 38~, 47

INDEX 283

Farr, Michael 181 Fehlbaum, Rolf 157 Festival style 120-1 Figini, Luigi 55 Fischer, Volkcr 203 folk art 8/9,92, 2lo-n, 214 Follot, Paul 77 Ford, Henry 12, 66, 75, 128, 206 Forty, Adrian 8 Foster, Norman 1.17 France 15,25/,53- 4,76-81,84- 5,8/9,

'7' Frank,Josef 50 Frankl, Paul T. 76,109 Franko, Lawrence 134-5 Frcchet, Andrc 79 Frederick, Christine 49-50 Friedan, Betty Il3 functionalism 35,47,49-50,58- 9,62,65,1.10,

'3' Futurism, Italy U- I4,54-5

Galbraith,J. K. Il7, 131, 146, 223, 228 Gans, Herbert Il3 GardeIla,Ignazio 12,,5 Garret, Michac1 203 Gate, Simon r67 Gebhardt, Ernst SI Gehry, Frank 157 geometric form 30-1,35,37,41,44,61,79- 80,

83-5 Germany;

consumerism 226 design profession IJ2, !J/Bo modernism 32-3,35-6,38- 53 national identity 96- 102 postwar reconstruction 128J2, I36 pre World War Onc n-I2, 14, 17, r8-27

Gcrnsback, Hugo 71 Gibbons, Cedric 8r,83 Gidding,Jaap 80 Giedion, Siegfried 7 Giocosa, Dante 107,122 Gismondi, Ernesto 196 Gispen,W.H. 39,167 Gliiser, Kate IJ4 Gloag,John 89- 90, u8-19 Godani, Mario and Bnmella 196 Gorell, Lord 168 Graves, Michael 137, 160,162- 3 Graves, Robert 90 Gray, Eileen 54 Gray, Milner 169 green design 236-9 Gregotti, Vittorio 163 Greiman, April 199 Gretsch, Hermann 52,98, TOO

Griffin, Rick 202 Groag,Jacques n8 Gropius, Walter 21,23,32,38- 41,43-5,44, 47,

52,61,151,153, I77 Guerriero, Allessandro and Adriana 194 Gugelot, Hans 153, IJ8

284 INDEX

Guild, Lurelle 67 Guillen!, Rene and Charlotte Chaucet- 77

H aas, Hcrman 20 Habraken,John 234 Hailes,J. 239 Hald, Edward 167 HaIlet, Roy 215 H amilton, Richard 178,184, I85, 187 Hamilton, Terry 184 Harper, Peter 235 H arvey, Cyrus 212 Havindcn, Ashley 169 Heal,Ambrosc 25- 6 Hebdige, Dick 189 Heineken, Alfred 234 Henderson, Nigel 184 Henrion, F. H. K. 141,143,153 Herbst, Rene 54 heritage I59-63, 205- 19 Heskctt,John 52,96 HewisoTl, Robcrt 2T7 Heyman,J.D.22,23 Hitdebrand, Margaret 100 Hinc, Thomas n6 hippymovcmcnt 234-6 Hitchcock, Henry Russell 34 Hobsbawm, Eric 141,2II Hochschule fur Gcstaltung (VIm) LJ/80 Hofmann,Josef 24 Hoggart, Richard 189 Holdaway; Bernard I89 Holdcroft, Harold 96, zIJ HoUand 34,36-8,40,165 Hollein, Hans r60, r62- 3, 199

HoU6s, Ruth 45 Honda, Soichiro 136 Hulanicki, Barbara 205 Hungary 122,165,216 Hussey, Christopher 93 Huszar, Vilmos .37 H uxley, Aldous 75 Huygen, Frederique 89

Igishaki, Taizo q6 Tllich,Ivan 235 Ingram, Tom 21.1 lnoue, Takeshi 136 International Stylc 34- 5,52 Ireland 172 Irvine, Sandy 239 Isozaki,Arata /60,163 Issigonis, Alec I2J Italy 12-14,34,54-6, I02/, ]21-8, 191, Itten,Johannes 177

Jaeobsen , Arnc 130 Jacobsen, Egbert 150,157 Japan 88, '32/, 173, q6 Jastrzebowski, Wojcicch 90 Jeanneret, Pierre 54,159 Jencks, Charles r62, 191, 235 Jcnsen, Georg 60

-

Jensen, Gustav 76 Johnson, Howard 144 Johnson, Philip 3°,]2']4,156 JOhnstoll, Edward 26 Jones, Barbara 213 Ja nes, Terry 199 Juhl, Finn 156 Juhlin, Sven- Eric 232"""3

Kage, Wilhelm 5r8, [67 Kamman,J. 39 Kandinsky, Wassily 38,40,167 KaufmannJr, Edgar 31, [51 , 154, 156,

"7 Kawakubo, Rei 135 Keck, G. F. 72 Kepcs, Gyorgy 150 Kcrsting, WaIter Mafi a 97 J(jmura, Kazuo 175 IGnross, Robin 179 Kira, Alexander 181

Kita, Toshiyuki 184

Klein, Calvin 163 Klint, Kaarc 60 Knight, C layton lO9

Knol~ H aIlS and Florence 153-'" Kohlmann, Eticnne 77 Koike, Pro( Iwataro 135 Korea 175 Kosugi,Jiro 137 Kramer, Ferdi nand 4]

Kuramata, Shim 135, 160

Lacroix, Christi;ln I6J LambeIt, Margarct 213 Landmann , Ludwig 48 Landor, Waiter 169 Lang. Fritl'. 75 Laura Ashley 96,205,215-16 La:;do, Paul 76 Le Corbusicr J], 52-4,51, 56, 77, 156/"

'59 Ugcr, Fernand 54,150 Leowald, Georg 131 Lcscaze, WiUiam 76 Leslie, S. C. Ll9

Levitt, WilliamJ. II~FJ, 205

Libera,Adalbcrto T05 Lissirsky, El ]8, 40,46, 50 Loewy, Raymond 6f70, 68, 73, 76 , 82, 136,

158-9, 167. 170, 175 Loffelhardt, Hcinz 100

Lomazzi, PaoIo 192 Loos, Adolf 32, Jl 8 Loti, Pierre 132 Lucchi, M iche1e de 160, 194, 196 Luce, H enry 67 Lynes, Russell If[

M cConncll,John 239 MacEwan, Ma1colm :214 McGrath, Raymond 61

McHale,John 184-5

Mackenzie, Dorothy 237 M ackintosh, C harles Rennie [8,24,159 M cMein. Neyea 109 Madgc, Paulinc :232,239 Magistretti. Vieo 159.191 MaJdonado, Tomas 17,8 Mallct-Stcvens, Robert 54 Marchetti , A lessandro 105 Marinetti, Filippo Tomma~o u,.'i4 Mariscal, Xavier 160, 199 marketi ng 15, 143, 147, lIS-17, 227 Marriott, Charles 213 Man. E nid 118,21J Masera, Paolo ID5 Maslov, V. 91 mass-production:

commercc and consumerism 65,75,77,

8J modernism 30,3,8,4°,44,48,51,54,

58-9,62 prc World War One n- l2, 14, 18, 25, 27

M assey, Anne 185 M atcr, Maurice 77 Malhsson, Brunu 59 Matsui, Y. 88 Matsushita, Konosuke 136, M atrc1art, Armand 148 Matter, H crbert ISO

May,Ernst 43.49 M eeston, Stanley C. 144 Mcicr, Richard 163 M clnikov, Kons tanin 56 Memphis 14, 1.15,160-1, 163, J9.r9 lvl endini, Alessandro 162,194,196 M enghi, Roberto f:26 Menghshocl, H aIlS Christian .z.u Meycr, Adolf 40 Meycr, Edna 49

Meyer, Hannes 39 Mics van der Rohe, Ludwig 52,56, 15r4, 156.

159,177 Miller, D aniel 8, 69,0 M iUer, H efman 153, 159 Minns, Eden and Bianca 121

Minoletti , Giulio 123 M iyake, lsscy 135 modernism 23, :29- 63, 77, 89, 96/, 100, Il7,

11 8, 124,130 , 15S-9 affluence and I1rI8,124 corporate identity and I50-q

Mogeiin, E lse 44 Moholy-Nagy, Liz\6 40-1,46, 61, 150 Mollino. Carlo 125-6 Mondri an, Pier 36 M oore, H enry 123 ~1orri s, WiUiam 9,11, 14,198,227 Moscoso, Victor 202 Moser, Koioman 24 Muthe, Ceorg 40 Miiller, Gerd Alfred 15],155

Muller-Munk, Peter 76 multinationals and global products 141-63 Munari, Bmno 160

INDEX 285

.-

Museum Of Modern Art (MOMA) (N ew York) 30-4,]2, rn, 125, 151, JSS-9, [90-1, 193-4, z06

museums 29-33,154- 9 M uthesius, H ermann 18-19, 21, 25, 35. 37,

77, 167

Nadcr, Ralph II7, 226, 228-9 national identi ty S/no, 205, 209

Naumann, Fricdrich 20

Navone, PaoIa 194 Nelson, Gcorgc 82,151,153,194

N eutra. Richard ITl,232 N ew International Style 1.17,160- 3, 196,203 Nichols,}. C. II{

NizzOll, Marcello 55.123,149,159-60,167 nostalgia and heritage 205- 19 Nayes, Eliot 15I~, lp, 156

Oberheim, Robert 155 Ohga, Norio 137 Olios, Wally '4(,143-4, 239 Olivetti .IT, 149-52, 157, [59-60, 194 Olivetti, Adriano 55, J49 Opsvik, Peter 2]]

organic form I2r4, 130, 132 Orwcll, Gcorgc 90, r87 Otte, Benita Koche- { { ,51

Ono, Carl Ilo Oud,].]. P 38,49,52

Packard. Vance II7, 226" 229, 233 Paepke, WaIter P. ISO

Pagani, Carlo 124 Pagano, Giuseppe 105

PalIavicino, Cesare 122 Panter, G ary 201

Paolozzi, Eduardo 184

Papanek, Victor 232-3 Parisi, lco uS Parker, San ford 112

Paul, Bruno 18,22, 23 Paulsson. Gregor 56-S Peach, H enry 25- 6 Peel, Sir Robert 12 Pern:ssutti, Enrico 125 Perriand, Charlotte 54,157,159 Persico, Edoardo 55 Pevsncr, Nikolaus 7,8,29,33,44,83, Il7, 168,

183-4 Piaecntini, Marcdlo 103 Pick, Frank 26,149 Pininfarina, Scrgio 123, 126 Pintori, Giovanni 149 Pioneers if Modern Design:from William

Morris 10 Widler Gropius (Pevsner) 7,29,44

Poelzig, Hans rS Poland 51,62,81, 87, 89, 165, 171- 2 Polglase, Van Nest 81 Pollini, Gino 55 PoUock, Griselda 8

Ponti, Cio 55,105,123,125- 7,159 ,167,191

286 INDEX

pop to post modernism 183-203 Popova, Liubov 41 Portoghesi, Paolo 162-3 Post-modernism 18r203 Powcll, Addie [62 Prampolini, Enrico 54 Pritchard,MollyandJack 61 profession, design 165-81,230- 4 Pronaszko,Andrej 6:rJ Propst, Ndson and Robcrt 153 psychadelie art 20I- 2 Pugin, A . W . N. 227 punk 199,203

QianJun-tao J1 Qyanr, Mary [89

Race, Ernest 120 Radical design 192- 4 Radice, Barbara 196{ Ragghianti, C arlo Ludovico 160

Rams, Dieter 153,155 Rand, Paul 151-J Ranger, Terencc I41,2Il Rat fur Formgebung 130, T36, 158, 172- 3 Rationalism, Italy 55-6, I02, 104, [24

Ravilious, E. 95 Read, Herbert 32,61,168 reconstruction and postwar affiucnce

1If- 39 Reeves, Ruth 106,109, 206 Reid,Jamie 203 Rcilly, Paul 120, ' 90 Renzi, Mafio de 105

Rcynolds,Joshua 198 Rhead, Charlotte 84

Rhoads, WiUiam 209 Richards, Charles 79

Rideout,John Gordoll ra9 Rietvcld, Gcrrit 3T8, 44, 159 Rockefeller Jr,John D. 206 Rodchcnko, Alexander 38 ,40, If'7

Roddick, Anita 237 Rogers, Ernesto 122,137 Rohde, Gilbert 153 Romano, Giuseppe 107 Roorcla, Frank]. 73 Roselli, Alberto q6 Ruhlmann,Jacqucs-Emil 7/9,78 Russell, Gordon Jl8- 20

Russell. R. D. uS Russia, modernism in 3°,3/8,40-1 ,43, 5°,

" ""3

Saarinen, Eero 123, fSZ- 4

Sakashita, Kiyoshi 137 Sakier, George 76 Samuelson, Alexander 109 Sanders, Harland 144 Sanderson,Arthur 9,216 Sapper, Richard lp, 139, 186 Sato, Shozo 137 Savi.lle, Peter 203

-

Scandinavia J4. 50, 56- 60, 165.173 . 225 Schaefer, Herwin 8 Scharoull , Hans 1] 1

Schawinsky, Alexander 149 Schlink, FrederickJ. 22I Schmidt,Joost 40 Schmidt, Karl 20 Schnaidt, Claude 1]8 SchoU,lngc 177 Schultzc-Naumhurg, Paul 98 Schumachcr, E ugcne 116,235 Schiittc-Lihotsky, C rete 49- 50 Scolari, Carla 192

SCOft , D ouglas 170 Sears Roebuck 16-J7,69

Scgalen, Martinc 84 Sert,Josep Lluis 88 Sharp, Martin 202 Sheldon, Roy 66 Shire, Peter 160 Silver, Nathan 2J5

Singapore 175 Sironi, Mafio l OS, 107

Slaler, Eric 85 Sloan,AlfredP. 137 Smith, Sir Hubert Llewellyn 26 Smirhsoll, Alison and Peter 1867 Soavi, Giorgio 160 social responsibili ty and design :m-J9 Sognot, Louis 54 Soloviev, Yuri Il2 Sortsass J r. EHore 150, 160, 163, '94, 196,

198--l}

Sowdcn , Ccorge 163 Sparke, Penny [77 Speer,AJbert lOO

Stabler, Harold 25 Stam, Mart 38,52

standardization 21,25,35, 37,38,50-1,5.3-4,59,

65,75,97 Starck, PhiJippe ,61,205 Stcichen, Edward 109

Stepanova, Varvara 38,40, 167 Slephen,Jo hn 189 St6tzl,Gunta 43,45 Srud ioAJchymia 194-8 Stukenbrok. August 17 Swedish SocietyofIndustrial De~ign 32,3,8,

s6-S, 165, 225 Swid, Nan 162 Syszko-Bohusz, Adolf 6~J

Taiwan I75 T allents. Stephen 95 Tanaka,lkko IJ5 Tatlin, Vladimir 38,167 Taut, Bruoo l3 TayIor, Frederick \V"inslow [2,66, u8

Ta)'lor,John 94 Tcague, WaIter D orwin 6,8,70,72-4,149,

167, I75 Tc:igc. Karol JO Tclakowska, Wanda q2

Terragni, Ciuseppc 5S-6 Tessenow, Hcinrich 49 T hackera, John 198 T homas, MarkHardand 120

Th un,l\:1athco 160 Troosr, Paul Ludwig 23 Tqsquets, Oscar 162

Ug''''' Yoko 137 UIman, Doris 75 Umeda,Masanori 135 United States:

colonial revival 20S-IJ commerce and consumerism 05, 6 consumerism 121-5, 22,9 France and 79-81 national identity 10/9

postwarltalyand 124-8 pOStwar reconstruction llr-I7

prc World War Onc n-u,15-17 Urban,Joseph 76 Utida, Y 88 utili ty design 25, Ill, [1,21, 125, 223

Vale, Brendaand Robert 237 van Alcn, William 80 van de Velde, Henry 21,23, 35,167 van den Haspcl, Tom 201

van der Leek, Baft 3,8 van D oesburg, Theo 367, 40,46 van Doren, Harold 67. 7°,1°9,175 Vandcrlans, Rudy 199 Vclarde, G ilcs lIS

Venini, PaoIo 128 Venturi, Robert It5, 16.r-3, 183, 19 1,

'oS Voelker, j ohn 185 Vydra.Josef 63

Wagenfeld , Wilhelm 48,52 ,100 Walker, G eorge 1I6 WaJsh, Kevin 219 Wasson-Tucker, Sman 151 Watso n. T homas 151 Wcingart, Wolfgang 199 W eissler, Sabinc 99 Wcrkstattcnmovcment 19- 20, 27,43 Westwood, Vivienne 190

Weymouth, Nigel 202 Wilson, Wes 202 ''''inden , Peter 212,214

Wrighr, Frank Lloyd 9,]6 , 159 Weight, H enry 82, 151 Wrighr,Joseph 226 Wright, Patrick 214.238 Wright, Russel 67,/07, '75

Yamashita, Kazumasa J6]

Yokoo, Tadanori 135

Zanini , Marco 160

Zanuso, Marco 125, 132 Zevi, Bruno 124

INDEX287