Television

“TV”redirects here. For other uses, see Television (dis-ambiguation) and TV (disambiguation).Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium that

American family watching TV, 1958

is used for transmitting and receiving moving imagesand sound. Television can transmit images that aremonochrome (black-and-white), in color, or in threedimensions. The word television comes from AncientGreek τῆλε (tèle), meaning “far”, and Latin visio,meaning“sight”. Television may also refer specificallyto a television set, television program, or television trans-mission.First commercially available in very crude form on an ex-perimental basis in the late 1920s, then popularized ingreatly improved form shortly after World War II, thetelevision set has become commonplace in homes, busi-nesses, and institutions, particularly as a vehicle for enter-tainment, advertising, and news. During the 1950s, tele-vision became the primary medium for molding publicopinion.*[1] In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting andsales of color television sets surged in the US and beganin most other developed countries.

The availability of storage media such as video cassettes(mid-1970s), laserdiscs (1978), DVDs (1997), and high-definition Blu-ray Discs (2006) enabled viewers to use thetelevision set to watch recorded material such as moviesand broadcast material. Internet television has seen therise of television programming available via the Internetthrough services such as iPlayer, Hulu, and Netflix.In 2009, 78% of the worldʼs households owned at leastone television set, an increase of 5% from 2003.*[2]The replacement of bulky, high-voltage cathode ray tube(CRT) screen displays with compact, energy-efficient,flat-panel alternatives such as LCDs (both fluorescent-backlit and LED-backlit), plasma displays, and OLEDdisplays was a major hardware revolution that began pen-etrating the consumer computer monitor market in thelate 1990s and soon spread to TV sets. In 2013, 87% oftelevisions sold had color LCD screens.*[3]The most common usage of television is for broadcasttelevision, which is modeled on the radio broadcast-ing systems developed in the 1920s. Broadcast televi-sion uses high-powered radio-frequency transmitters tobroadcast the television signal to individual television re-ceivers. The broadcast television system is typically dis-seminated via radio transmissions on designated channelsin the 54–890 MHz frequency band.*[4] Signals are of-ten transmitted with stereo or surround sound in manycountries. Until the 2000s, broadcast television programswere generally transmitted as an analog television signal,but over the course of the following decade, several coun-tries went almost exclusively digital. In addition to over-the-air transmission, television signals are also distributedby cable and satellite systems.A standard television set is composed of multiple internalelectronic circuits, including circuits for receiving and de-coding broadcast signals. A visual display device whichlacks a tuner is properly called a videomonitor rather thana television. A television system may use different tech-nical standards such as digital television (DTV) and high-definition television (HDTV). Television systems are alsoused for surveillance, industrial process control, and the

1

2 1 HISTORY

guidance of weapons in places where direct observationis difficult or dangerous. A 2004 study by the Children s̓Hospital and Regional Medical Center in Seattle, Wash-ington, found a link between infant exposure to televisionand ADHD.*[5]

1 History

Main article: History of television

In its early stages of development, television employed acombination of optical, mechanical, and electronic tech-nologies to capture, transmit, and display moving images.Modern broadcast TV systems do not involve mechanicalimage scanning methods, although the knowledge gainedfrom working on electromechanical systems was crucialin the development of fully electronic television.

Braun HF 1 television receiver, Germany, 1958

The first images transmitted electrically were sentby early mechanical fax machines, including thepantelegraph, developed in the late 19th century. Theconcept of electrically powered transmission of TV

images in motion was first sketched in 1878 as thetelephonoscope shortly after the invention of the tele-phone. At the time, it was imagined by early science fic-tion authors that someday light could be transmitted overcopper wires as sounds were at that time.The concept of using scanning to transmit images wasput to actual practical use in 1881 in the pantelegraphthrough the use of a pendulum-based scanning mecha-nism. From this period forward, scanning in one form oranother has been used in nearly every image transmissiontechnology to date, including TV. This is the concept ofextquotedblrasterization extquotedbl, the process of con-verting a visual image into a stream of electrical pulses.In 1884, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a 23-year-old univer-sity student in Germany,*[6] patented the first electrome-chanical TV system which employed a scanning disk, aspinning disk with a series of holes spiraling toward thecenter, for rasterization. The holes were spaced at equalangular intervals such that, in a single rotation, the diskwould allow light to pass through each hole and onto alight-sensitive selenium sensor which produced the elec-trical pulses. As an image was focused on the rotatingdisk, each hole captured a horizontal“slice”of the en-tire image.*[7]Nipkowʼs design was not practical until advances inamplifier tube technology became available. Later de-signs used a rotating mirror-drum scanner to capture theimage and a cathode ray tube (CRT) as a display device,but moving images were still not possible due to the poorsensitivity of the selenium sensors. In 1907, Russian sci-entist Boris Rosing became the first inventor to use a CRTin the receiver of an experimental television system. Heused mirror-drum scanning to transmit simple geometricshapes to the CRT.*[8]Using a Nipkow disk, Scottish inventor John Logie Bairdsuccessfully demonstrated the transmission of moving sil-houette images in London in 1925*[9] and of moving,monochromatic images in 1926. Bairdʼs scanning diskproduced an image of 30 lines resolution, just enough todiscern a human face, from a double spiral of lenses.*[10]This demonstration by Baird is generally agreed to bethe world s̓ first true demonstration of TV, albeit a me-chanical form no longer in use. Remarkably, in 1927,Baird also invented the world s̓ first video recording sys-tem, extquotedblPhonovision; extquotedbl because thesignal produced by his 30-line equipment was in the audiofrequency range, he was able to capture it on 10-inchgramophone records using conventional audio recording

3

Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929).

technology. A handful of Bairdʼs Phonovision record-ings survive and were finally decoded and rendered intoviewable moving images in the 1990s using modern dig-ital signal-processing technology.*[11]In 1926, Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi designeda television system utilizing fully electronic scanningand display elements and employing the principle of“charge storage”within the scanning (or “camera”)tube.*[12]*[13]*[14]*[15]On 25 December 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demon-strated a TV system with a 40-line resolution that em-ployed a CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial HighSchool in Japan.*[16] This was the first working exam-ple of a fully electronic television receiver. Takayanagidid not apply for a patent.*[17]By 1927, Russian inventor Léon Theremin developed amirror-drum-based TV system which used interlacing toachieve an image resolution of 100 lines.*[18]In 1927, Philo Farnsworth made the world s̓ first work-ing television system with electronic scanning of both thepickup and display devices,*[19] which he first demon-strated to the press on 1 September 1928.*[19]*[20]

Philo Farnsworth

WRGB claims to be the worldʼs oldest television sta-tion, tracing its roots to an experimental station foundedon 13 January 1928, broadcasting from the General Elec-tric factory in Schenectady, NY, under the call lettersW2XB.*[21] It was popularly known as“WGY Televi-sion”after its sister radio station. Later in 1928, GeneralElectric started a second facility, this one in New YorkCity, which had the call letters W2XBS and which todayis known as WNBC.The two stations were experimental in nature and had noregular programming, as receivers were operated by en-gineers within the company. The image of a Felix theCat doll rotating on a turntable was broadcast for 2 hoursevery day for several years as new technology was beingtested by the engineers. Milton Berle claimed that he wasinvolved in a very early television experiment in Chicago,Illinois, in 1929.*[22]At the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931, Manfred vonArdenne gave the world s̓ first public demonstration of aTV system using a cathode ray tube for both transmissionand reception. The worldʼs first electronically scannedTV service began in Berlin in 1935. In August 1936, the

4 1 HISTORY

Olympic Games in Berlin were carried by cable to TVstations in Berlin and Leipzig where the public could viewthe games live.*[23]In 1935, the German firm of Fernseh A.G. and theUnited States firm Farnsworth Television owned by PhiloFarnsworth signed an agreement to exchange their tele-vision patents and technology to speed development ofTV transmitters and stations in their respective coun-tries.*[24]On 2 November 1936, the BBC began transmitting theworldʼs first public regular high-definition service fromthe Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London.*[25] Ittherefore claims to be the birthplace of TV broadcastingas we know it today.In 1936, Kálmán Tihanyi described the principleof plasma display, the first flat panel display sys-tem.*[26]*[27]Mexican inventor Guillermo González Camarena alsoplayed an important role in early TV. His experimentswith TV (known as telectroescopía at first) began in 1931and led to a patent for the“trichromatic field sequentialsystem”color television in 1940.*[28]Although TV became more familiar to the general pub-lic in the US at the 1939 Worldʼs Fair, the outbreak ofWorld War II prevented it from being manufactured on alarge scale until after the warʼs end. True regular com-mercial television network programming did not begin inthe US until 1948. During that year, conductor ArturoToscanini made his first of ten TV appearances conduct-ing the NBC Symphony Orchestra,*[29] and Texaco StarTheater, starring comedian Milton Berle, became tele-visionʼs first gigantic hit show.*[30] Since the 1950s,television has been the main medium for molding publicopinion.*[1]Amateur television (ham TV or ATV) was developed fornon-commercial experimentation, pleasure, and publicservice events by amateur radio operators. Ham TV sta-tions were on the air in many cities before commercialTV stations came on the air.*[31]In 2012, it was reported that TV revenue was growingfaster than film for major media companies.*[32]

1.1 Color TV

Color TV is part of the history of television, thetechnology of television, and practices associated with

Title card for NBC, promoting their broadcast“in RCA color”.

televisionʼs transmission of moving images in colorvideo.In its most basic form, a color broadcast can be createdby broadcasting three monochrome images, one each inthe three colors of red, green and blue (RGB). When dis-played together or in either rapid succession or opticallyoverlapped, these images will blend together to producea full color image as seen by the viewer.One of the great technical challenges of introducing colorbroadcast television was the desire to conserve bandwidthpotentially three times that of the existing black-and-white standards and not use an excessive amount of radiospectrum. In the US, after considerable research, theNational Television Systems Committee (NTSC)*[33]approved an all-electronic system developed by RCAwhich encoded color difference information (renderingthe hue and saturation of colors) separately from thebrightness information (rendering the lightness and dark-ness of colors) and greatly reduced the resolution of thecolor difference information in order to conserve band-width. The brightness image remained compatible withexisting black-and-white television sets at full resolution,while color TVs could decode both the extra informa-tion (low resolution color difference) and the brightnessimage and then combine the brightness image with thecolor difference image to produce a full-color image. Thehigher resolution black-and-white and lower resolutioncolor-difference images combine in the eye to producea seemingly high-resolution full-color image. The NTSCstandard represented a major technical achievement.Although all-electronic color was introduced in the US in

5

1953,*[34] high prices and the scarcity of color program-ming greatly slowed its acceptance in the marketplace.The first national color broadcast (the 1954 Tournamentof Roses Parade) occurred on January 1, 1954, but dur-ing the following 10 years most network broadcasts, andnearly all local programming, continued to be in black-and-white. It was not until the mid-1960s that color setsstarted selling in large numbers, due in part to the colortransition of 1965 in which it was announced that overhalf of all network prime-time programming would bebroadcast in color that fall. The first all-color prime-timeseason came just one year later.Early color sets were either floor-standing console mod-els or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy, so inpractice they remained firmly anchored in one place. Theintroduction of GE s̓ relatively compact and lightweightPorta-Color set in the spring of 1966 made watchingcolor television a more flexible and convenient proposi-tion. In 1972, sales of color sets finally surpassed salesof black-and-white sets. Also in 1972, the last holdoutamong daytime network programs converted to color, re-sulting in the first completely all-color network season.Color broadcasting in Europe was not standardized on thePAL format until the 1960s, and broadcasts did not startuntil 1967. By this point many of the technical problemsin the early sets had been worked out, and the spread ofcolor sets in Europe was fairly rapid.By the mid-1970s, the only stations broadcasting inblack-and-white were a few high-numbered UHF stationsin small markets and a handful of low-power repeaterstations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots.By 1979, even the last of these had converted to color,and by the early 1980s B&W sets had been pushed intoniche markets, notably low-power uses, small portablesets, or use as video monitor screens in lower-cost con-sumer equipment in the television production and post-production industry.

2 Geographical usage

Main article: Geographical usage of television

• Timeline of the introduction of television in coun-tries

Color bars used in a test pattern, sometimes used when no pro-gram material is available.

Television introduction by country

3 Content

3.1 Programming

See also: Television program and Category:Televisiongenres

Getting TV programming shown to the public can happenin many different ways. After production, the next step isto market and deliver the product to whichever marketsare open to using it. This typically happens on two levels:

1. Original Run or First Run: a producer creates aprogram of one or multiple episodes and shows iton a station or network which has either paid forthe production itself or to which a license has beengranted by the television producers to do the same.

2. Broadcast syndication: this is the terminologyrather broadly used to describe secondary program-

6 3 CONTENT

ming usages (beyond original run). It includes sec-ondary runs in the country of first issue but also in-ternational usage which may not be managed by theoriginating producer. In many cases, other com-panies, TV stations, or individuals are engaged todo the syndication work, in other words, to sell theproduct into the markets they are allowed to sell intoby contract from the copyright holders, inmost casesthe producers.

First-run programming is increasing on subscription ser-vices outside the US, but few domestically produced pro-grams are syndicated on domestic free-to-air (FTA) else-where. This practice is increasing however, generally ondigital-only FTA channels or with subscriber-only first-run material appearing on FTA.Unlike the US, repeat FTA screenings of an FTA net-work program usually only occur on that network. Also,affiliates rarely buy or produce non-network program-ming that is not centered around local programming.

3.2 Funding

Television sets per 1000 people of the world

Around the globe, broadcast TV is financed by govern-ment, advertising, licensing (a form of tax), subscription,or any combination of these. To protect revenues, sub-scription TV channels are usually encrypted to ensure thatonly subscribers receive the decryption codes to see thesignal. Unencrypted channels are known as free to air orFTA.In 2009, the global TV market represented 1,217.2 mil-lion TV households with at least one TV and total rev-enues of 268.9 billion EUR (declining 1.2% comparedto 2008).*[35] North America had the biggest TV rev-enue market share with 39% followed by Europe (31%),

Asia-Pacific (21%), Latin America (8%), and Africa andthe Middle East (2%).*[36]Globally, the different TV revenue sources divide into45%−50% TV advertising revenues, 40%−45% sub-scription fees and 10% public funding.*[37]*[38]

3.2.1 Advertising

TVʼs broad reach makes it a powerful and attractivemedium for advertisers. Many TV networks and stationssell blocks of broadcast time to advertisers (“sponsors”) to fund their programming.*[39]

United States Since inception in the US in 1941,*[40]television commercials have become one of the most ef-fective, persuasive, and popular methods of selling prod-ucts of many sorts, especially consumer goods. Duringthe 1940s and into the 1950s, programs were hosted bysingle advertisers. This, in turn, gave great creative li-cense to the advertisers over the content of the show. Per-haps due to the quiz show scandals in the 1950s,*[41]networks shifted to the magazine concept, introducingadvertising breaks with multiple advertisers.US advertising rates are determined primarily by Nielsenratings. The time of the day and popularity of the chan-nel determine how much a TV commercial can cost. Forexample, it can cost approximately $750,000 for a 30-second block of commercial time during the highly pop-ular American Idol, while the same amount of time forthe Super Bowl can cost several million dollars. Con-versely, lesser-viewed time slots, such as early morningsand weekday afternoons, are often sold in bulk to pro-ducers of infomercials at far lower rates.In recent years, the paid program or infomercial has be-come common, usually in lengths of 30 minutes or onehour. Some drug companies and other businesses haveeven created“news”items for broadcast, known in theindustry as video news releases, paying program directorsto use them.*[42]Some TV programs also weave advertisements into theirshows, a practice begun in film*[43] and known asproduct placement. For example, a character could bedrinking a certain kind of soda, going to a particularchain restaurant, or driving a certain make of car. (Thisis sometimes very subtle, with shows having vehicles pro-vided bymanufacturers for low cost rather than wranglingthem.) Sometimes, a specific brand or trademark, or mu-

3.2 Funding 7

sic from a certain artist or group, is used. (This excludesguest appearances by artists who perform on the show.)

United Kingdom The TV regulator oversees TV ad-vertising in the United Kingdom. Its restrictions have ap-plied since the early days of commercially funded TV.Despite this, an early TV mogul, Roy Thomson, likenedthe broadcasting licence as being a “licence to printmoney”.*[44] Restrictions mean that the big three na-tional commercial TV channels: ITV, Channel 4, andFive can show an average of only seven minutes of adver-tising per hour (eight minutes in the peak period). Otherbroadcasters must average no more than nine minutes(twelve in the peak). This means that many imported TVshows from the US have unnatural pauses where the UKcompany does not utilize the narrative breaks intendedfor more frequent US advertising. Advertisements mustnot be inserted in the course of certain specific proscribedtypes of programs which last less than half an hour inscheduled duration; this list includes any news or currentaffairs programs, documentaries, and programs for chil-dren; additionally, advertisements may not be carried in aprogram designed and broadcast for reception in schoolsor in any religious broadcasting service or other devo-tional program or during a formal Royal ceremony or oc-casion. There also must be clear demarcations in timebetween the programs and the advertisements.The BBC, being strictly non-commercial, is not allowedto show advertisements on television in the UK, althoughit has many advertising-funded channels abroad. The ma-jority of its budget comes from television license fees (seebelow) and broadcast syndication, the sale of content toother broadcasters.

Ireland The Broadcasting Commission of Ireland(BCI) (Irish: Coimisiún Craolacháin na hÉireann)*[45]oversees advertising on television and radio within Ire-land for both private and state-owned broadcasters.There are some restrictions based on advertising, espe-cially in relation to the advertising of alcohol. Such ad-vertisements are prohibited until after 7 pm. Broadcast-ers in Ireland adhere to broadcasting legislation imple-mented by the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland andthe European Union. Sponsorship of current affairs pro-gramming is prohibited at all times.As of 1 October 2009, the responsibilities held by theBCI are gradually being transferred to the BroadcastingAuthority of Ireland.

3.2.2 Taxation or license

Television services in some countries may be funded bya television licence or a form of taxation, which meansthat advertising plays a lesser role or no role at all. Forexample, some channels may carry no advertising at alland some very little, including:

• Australia (ABC)

• Japan (NHK)

• Norway (NRK)

• Sweden (SVT)

• United Kingdom (BBC)

• United States (PBS)

• Denmark (DR)

The BBC carries no television advertising on its UK chan-nels and is funded by an annual television licence paidby premises receiving live TV broadcasts. Currently, itis estimated that approximately 26.8 million UK privatedomestic households own televisions, with approximately25 million TV licences in all premises in force as of2010.*[46] This television license fee is set by the gov-ernment, but the BBC is not answerable to or controlledby the government.The two main BBC TV channels are watched by almost90% of the population each week and overall have 27%share of total viewing,*[47] despite the fact that 85% ofhomes are multichannel, with 42% of these having accessto 200 free to air channels via satellite and another 43%having access to 30 or more channels via Freeview.*[48]The licence that funds the seven advertising-free BBCTVchannels currently costs £139.50 a year (about US$215)regardless of the number of TV sets owned. When thesame sporting event has been presented on both BBC andcommercial channels, the BBC always attracts the lion s̓share of the audience, indicating that viewers prefer towatch TV uninterrupted by advertising.Other than internal promotional material, the AustralianBroadcasting Corporation (ABC) carries no advertising;it is banned under the ABC Act 1983. The ABC receivesits funding from the Australian government every threeyears. In the 2008/09 federal budget, the ABC receivedA$1.13 billion.*[49] The funds provide for the ABCʼstelevision, radio, online, and international outputs. The

8 4 SALES OF TELEVISION SETS

ABC also receives funds from its many ABC shops acrossAustralia. Although funded by the Australian govern-ment, the editorial independence of the ABC is ensuredthrough law.In France, government-funded channels carry advertise-ments, yet those who own television sets have to pay anannual tax (“la redevance audiovisuelle”).*[50]In Japan, NHK is paid for by license fees (known inJapanese as reception fee (受信料 Jushinryō)). Thebroadcast law that governs NHKʼs funding stipulatesthat any television equipped to receive NHK is requiredto pay. The fee is standardized, with discounts for officeworkers and students who commute, as well a general dis-count for residents of Okinawa prefecture.

3.2.3 Subscription

Some TV channels are partly funded from subscriptions;therefore, the signals are encrypted during broadcast toensure that only the paying subscribers have access tothe decryption codes to watch pay television or specialtychannels. Most subscription services are also funded byadvertising.

3.3 Genres

Television genres include a broad range of programmingtypes that entertain, inform, and educate viewers. Themost expensive entertainment genres to produce are usu-ally dramas and dramatic miniseries. However, othergenres, such as historical Western genres, may also havehigh production costs.Popular culture entertainment genres include action-oriented shows such as police, crime, detective dramas,horror, or thriller shows. As well, there are also othervariants of the drama genre, such as medical dramasand daytime soap operas. Science fiction shows can fallinto either the drama or action category, depending onwhether they emphasize philosophical questions or highadventure. Comedy is a popular genre which includessituation comedy (sitcom) and animated shows for theadult demographic such as South Park.The least expensive forms of entertainment programminggenres are game shows, talk shows, variety shows, andreality television. Game shows feature contestants an-swering questions and solving puzzles to win prizes. Talkshows contain interviews with film, television, and mu-

sic celebrities and public figures. Variety shows featurea range of musical performers and other entertainers,such as comedians and magicians, introduced by a host orMaster of Ceremonies. There is some crossover betweensome talk shows and variety shows because leading talkshows often feature performances by bands, singers, co-medians, and other performers in between the interviewsegments. Reality TV shows“regular”people (i.e., notactors) facing unusual challenges or experiences rangingfrom arrest by police officers (COPS) to weight loss (TheBiggest Loser). A variant version of reality shows depictscelebrities doing mundane activities such as going abouttheir everyday life (The Osbournes, Snoop Dogg s̓ FatherHood) or doing manual labor (The Simple Life).

4 Sales of television sets

North American consumers purchase a new television seton average every seven years, and the average householdowns 2.8 televisions. As of 2011, 48 million are soldeach year at an average price of $460 and size of 38inches.*[51]

Televisions for consumer purchase

• Note: Vendor shipments are branded shipments and ex-clude OEM sales for all vendors

9

5 Social aspects and effects on chil-dren

Main article: Social aspects of television

Television has played a pivotal role in the socialization ofthe 20th and 21st centuries. There are many aspects oftelevision that can be addressed, including negative issuessuch as media violence. Current research is discoveringthat individuals suffering from social isolation can em-ploy television to create what is termed a parasocial orfaux relationship with characters from their favorite tele-vision shows and movies as a way of deflecting feelingsof loneliness and social deprivation.*[54]Several studies have found that educational television hasmany advantages. The Media Awareness Network, ex-plains in its article“The Good Things about Television”*[55] that television can be a very powerful and effectivelearning tool for children if used wisely.In 2010 the iPlayer incorporated a social media aspectto its internet television service, including Facebook andTwitter.*[56] Other devices that allow interactivity - suchas the Apple TV, Google TV and Chromecast - havemade it possible for users to access content through theinternet on their TVs and social media websites likeYouTube. Also, the use of the television for video games,especially on consoles such as the Wii, has contributed toa growing kinaesthetic connection between television andviewers.*[57]

6 Environmental aspects

With high lead content in CRTs and the rapid diffusionof new flat-panel display technologies, some of which(LCDs) use lamps which contain mercury, there is grow-ing concern about electronic waste from discarded televi-sions. Related occupational health concerns exist, as well,for disassemblers removing copper wiring and other ma-terials from CRTs. Further environmental concerns re-lated to television design and use relate to the devicesʼincreasing electrical energy requirements.*[58]

7 See also• Broadcast-safe

• Content Discovery Platform

• Handheld television

• Information-action ratio

• List of countries by number of television broadcaststations

• List of television manufacturers

• List of years in television

• Media psychology

• Outdoor television

• Computer monitor/VDU

• Sign language on television

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11

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[46] “TV Licensing-FOI: Licences facts and figures”. tvli-censing.co.uk. Retrieved 10 December 2012.

[47] “viewing statistics in UK”. Barb.co.uk. Retrieved 17April 2009.

[48]“The CommunicationsMarket: Digital Progress Report –Digital TV, Q3 2007”(PDF). Archived from the originalon 25 June 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2010.

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[50] Ministry of Finance

[51] Martin, Andrew (2011-12-27).“Plummeting TV PricesSqueeze Makers and Sellers”. The New York Times. pp.B1. Retrieved 27 December 2011.

[52]“Japanese TVMakers GainMarket Share asWeaker YenBoosts Sales”. Bloomberg. 26 September 2013.

[53] “Global LCD TV Shipments Fall for the First Time in2012; Outlook Cautious for 2013”. DisplaySearch. 21March 2013.

[54] Butler, Fionnuala, Cynthia Pickett. “ImaginaryFriends.”Scientific American. Scientific AmericanMagazine. 28 July 2009. Web. 26 Mar. 2010.http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=imaginary-friends

[55] Media Awareness Network, “The Good Things AboutTelevision”

[56] New BBC iPlayer: Integration with Facebook and Twitter

[57] Giddings, S.; H. Kennedy (2010). extquotedbl ex-tquotedblIncremental Speed Increases Excitement ex-tquotedbl: Bodies, Space, Movement, and TelevisualChange”. Television and New Media 11 (3): 163.doi:10.1177/1527476409357592.

[58] “The Rise of the Machines: A Review of Energy UsingProducts in the Home from the 1970s to Today” (PDF).Energy Saving Trust. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 31 August2007.

9 Further reading

• Albert Abramson, The History of Television, 1942to 2000, Jefferson, NC, and London, McFarland,2003, ISBN 0-7864-1220-8.

• Pierre Bourdieu, On Television, The New Press,2001.

• Tim Brooks and Earle March, The Complete Guideto Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 8thed., Ballantine, 2002.

• Jacques Derrida and Bernard Stiegler, Echographiesof Television, Polity Press, 2002.

• David E. Fisher and Marshall J. Fisher, Tube: theInvention of Television, Counterpoint, Washington,DC, 1996, ISBN 1-887178-17-1.

• Steven Johnson, Everything Bad is Good for You:How Todayʼs Popular Culture Is Actually MakingUs Smarter, New York, Riverhead (Penguin), 2005,2006, ISBN 1-59448-194-6.

• Jerry Mander, Four Arguments for the Eliminationof Television, Perennial, 1978.

• Jerry Mander, In the Absence of the Sacred, SierraClub Books, 1992, ISBN 0-87156-509-9.

• Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: PublicDiscourse in the Age of Show Business, New York,Penguin US, 1985, ISBN 0-670-80454-1.

• Evan I. Schwartz, The Last Lone Inventor: ATale of Genius, Deceit, and the Birth of Television,New York, Harper Paperbacks, 2003, ISBN 0-06-093559-6.

• Beretta E. Smith-Shomade, Shaded Lives: African-American Women and Television, Rutgers Univer-sity Press, 2002.

• Alan Taylor, We, the Media: Pedagogic Intru-sions into US Mainstream Film and Television NewsBroadcasting Rhetoric, Peter Lang, 2005, ISBN 3-631-51852-8.

• Amanda D. Lotz, The Television Will Be Revolu-tionized, New York University Press, ISBN 978-0814752203

12 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

10 External links• A History of Television at the Canada Science andTechnology Museum

• The Encyclopedia of Television at the Museum ofBroadcast Communications

• The Evolution of TV, A Brief History of TV Tech-nology in Japan NHK

• Televisionʼs History – The First 75 Years

• Worldwide Television Standards

• Global TV Market Data

• Television in Color, April 1944 one of the earliestmagazine articles detailing the new technology ofcolor television

• Littleton, Cynthia. “Happy 70th Birthday, TVCommercial broadcasts bow on July 1, 1941; Va-riety calls it 'corney' extquotedbl, Variety, 1 July2011. WebCitation archive.

13

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text• Television Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television?oldid=627422946 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Joao, Carey Evans, Derek

Ross, Mav, Bryan Derksen, RobLa, Manning Bartlett, Mark, Andre Engels, JeLuF, Rmhermen, Aldie, PierreAbbat, Deb, William Av-ery, Zoe, Rcingham, Heron, GrahamN, Camembert, Kirjtc2, Mintguy, Modemac, Gikwik, Hephaestos, Atlan, Chuq, AntonioMartin,Edward, Thalakan, Jazz77, Patrick, Kchishol1970, D, Michael Hardy, Paul Barlow, Lexor, GUllman, Liftarn, Matthewmayer, Ixfd64,Lquilter, Zanimum, Barkingdoc, Gbleem, Minesweeper, Alfio, Goatasaur, Tregoweth, Ahoerstemeier, Haakon, Mac, Muriel Gottrop,CatherineMunro, Notheruser, Angela, Jebba, Kingturtle, Александър, Kurtbw, Julesd, Jll, Glenn, Cyan, Xcohen, Poor Yorick, Nikai,Netsnipe, Evercat, Cherkash, Efghij, Lee M, Focus mankind, Wfeidt, BRG, TheStick, Arteitle, Jengod, Mulad, Feedmecereal, Uriber,Timwi, Andy G, Reddi, Dysprosia, Tedius Zanarukando, Audin, Fuzheado, Slark, Gutza, Piolinfax, Greenrd, Timc, Radiojon, Tpbrad-bury, Maximus Rex, Wenteng, Mrand, Hyacinth, Rronline, Bhuston, Nv8200p, K1Bond007, Lewisdg2000, Ed g2s, Wernher, Gaidheal,Traroth, Topbanana, Mackensen, Fvw, Raul654, Gypsum Fantastic, Calieber, Denelson83, Twang, Robbot, Paranoid, DavidA, Dale Ar-nett, Jeff8765, Astronautics, Pigsonthewing, Tonsofpcs, Kizor, Ray Radlein, Chris 73, Boffy b, R3m0t, Chocolateboy, Altenmann, Ro-manm, Modulatum, Calmypal, Chris Roy, Postdlf, Lsy098, Rfc1394, PedroPVZ, Hemanshu, KellyCoinGuy, Hippietrail, DHN, RasmusFaber, Catbar, Hadal, JesseW, Saforrest, Benc, Ungvichian, GarnetRChaney, MykReeve, Mushroom, Mdrejhon, HaeB,Walloon, Angilbas,Dmn, Wayland, Cutler, Cordell, Alan Liefting, Enochlau, McDutchie, Stirling Newberry, Matt Gies, Giftlite, DocWatson42, MaGioZal,Laudaka, Kenny sh, Netoholic, Chight, Malcontent, IRelayer, Angmering, Bradeos Graphon, Peruvianllama, Everyking, Shinton, Can-tus, Niteowlneils, Titansolaris, Maroux, Guanaco, Mboverload, Zoney, AlistairMcMillan, Xwu, Gidds, StevenBradford, Pne, Bobblewik,Dainamo, Golbez, Zachbe, Wmahan, Neal ricketts, RcktScientistX, TulsaTV, Thewikipedian, Andycjp, Shibboleth, Toytoy, SarekOfVul-can, Abu badali, Slowking Man, Quadell, Antandrus, BozMo, OverlordQ, Piotrus, Frelsun, Am088, ShakataGaNai, Jossi, Vina, Dunks58,Plasma east, MacGyverMagic, Mydotnet, Yik Lin Khoo, Josquius, DanielCohen, Rdsmith4, Icurite, Girolamo Savonarola, Houshuang,Ellsworth, Rlquall, Tothebarricades.tk, Krupo, PFHLai, Pethan, SimonLyall, Icairns, The Dean of Cincinnati, Jareha, Sfoskett, PACO,Sam Hocevar, Pomegranate, Deewiant, Hellisp, Pm215, Xoddf2, Mibblepedia, Jh51681, Klemen Kocjancic, Cab88, Picapica, Make-RocketGoNow, Ratiocinate, Grm wnr, Nlnnet, TheCustomOfLife, Kate, Bluemask, Mike Rosoft, Mathx314, Jayjg, Freakofnurture,Reinthal, Poccil, Crimmer, CALR, Haiduc, Slady, A-giau, Noisy, Diagonalfish, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, Guanabot,NB, Vsmith, Wk muriithi, Ajplmr, Xezbeth, Quiensabe, VT hawkeye, LenoerdG, Antaeus Feldspar, Mani1, Bumhoolery, SpookyMul-der, Kaisershatner, Violetriga, Evice, Brian0918, Ylee, CanisRufus, *drew, Kwamikagami, Hayabusa future, Shanes, Marknyc, C1k3,Art LaPella, RoyBoy, Neilrieck, Lyght, MARTIN VILLAFUERTE, Bobo192, Mpbx3003, NetBot, Harley peters, Feitclub, Väsk, Func,Clawson, Duk, Shenme, Fremsley, Cmdrjameson, Wisdom89, ZayZayEM, Adrian, Maurreen, Ziggurat, Giraffedata, SpeedyGonsales,MPLX, Rje, Snacky, Minghong, John Fader, MPerel, Sam Korn, Haham hanuka, BlueNovember, A2Kafir, Vizcarra, Jumbuck, Jrobin-son5, Stephen G. Brown, Danski14, Ihatepotsmokinghippies, Anthony Appleyard, Ryanmcdaniel, 119, Patrick Bernier, Philip Cross, An-drewpmk, Craigy144, Sl, Julianortega, Echuck215, Fritzpoll, Mac Davis, Cdc, Mysdaao, CunningLinguist, Snowolf, Zsero, Sobolewski,Dhartung, Schapel, TheRealFennShysa, Super-Magician, Rebroad, ProhibitOnions, Wtshymanski, Knowledge Seeker, Stephan Leeds,Max Naylor, Tony Sidaway, Pethr, Ianblair23, BDD, Versageek, MIT Trekkie, Alai, Mattbrundage, Algocu, TheCoffee, Netkinetic, Hen-ryLi, Ceyockey, Red dwarf, Dennis Bratland, RC T., Tom.k, Gatewaycat, Pcpcpc, Stemonitis, Paul26uk, Newnoise, Firsfron, Adamm,OwenX, Woohookitty, 2004-12-29T22:45Z, Mindmatrix, Kurmis, RHaworth, Asav, Nuggetboy, Jpers36, Stickguy, Physics8, Ekem,Sympleko, DrThompson, Commander Keane, BlankVerse, JeremyA, Pixeltoo, Miss Madeline, Jrkarp, NuclearFunk, Howabout1, Mar-tinVillafuerte85, Kmg90, Squirrelist, Mnts, Juventus5, Terence, Andreas -horn- Hornig, Eyreland, SDC, Zzyzx11, Wayward, Toussaint,Gimboid13, Essjay, DavidFarmbrough, Stefanomione, Zpb52, Dysepsion, MrSomeone, Paxsimius, LimoWreck, Fingal, SqueakBox, Gra-ham87, Magister Mathematicae, BD2412, StAn, SamuraiClinton, Ted Wilkes, FreplySpang, RxS, Icey, Calicocat, Edison, Kafuffle, Ko-tukunui, Jorunn, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Coemgenus, Bremen, Саша Стефановић, Erebus555, Kinu, DeadlyAssassin, Wikibofh, Bob A,Quiddity, Josiah Rowe, Artorius, Bruce1ee, Vegaswikian, RobertDahlstrom, NeonMerlin, SeanMack, Diego001, Bhadani, TheGWO,FlavrSavr, Remurmur, Ucucha, GregAsche, AySz88, Sango123, Yamamoto Ichiro, SNIyer12, Titoxd, GreenLocust, RCRC, Weel, Musi-cal Linguist, Doc glasgow, Latka, Mathbot, El Cid, Winhunter, Nihiltres, Crazycomputers, RAMChYLD, MacRusgail, Nivix, ChantingFox, SuperDude115, RexNL, Ewlyahoocom, Gurch, TheDJ, DannyDaWriter, TeaDrinker, OriginalGamer, Codex Sinaiticus, EronMain,Alphachimp, GreyCat, Tysto, Themissinglint, Srleffler, Mrschimpf, Qazx, Chobot, Sherool, Metropolitan90, Mhking, VolatileChemical,Bgwhite, Digitalme, Therefore, Gwernol, Elfguy, Barrettmagic, Wavelength, TexasAndroid, Rapido, RobotE, Sceptre, Cabiria, Huw Pow-ell, MMuzammils, RussBot, Arado, John Quincy Adding Machine, Hauskalainen, Jumbo Snails, Splash, Lexi Marie, Richjkl, Jengelh,DanMS, SpuriousQ, Chaser, Hydrargyrum, Stephenb, Tenebrae, Polluxian, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Pseudomonas, Bovi-neone, Wimt, Tavilis, Dannybu2001, Andylandandrew, NawlinWiki, Shreshth91, Wiki alf, Markt3, Grafen, NickBush24, Jaxl, Kraalg,Korny O'Near, NYScholar, Afiler, Bmdavll, Adamrush, Dominykas Blyze, Avt tor, Anetode, Jpbowen, Dooky, Matticus78, Userisme,MagicFan, Misza13, Iicatsii, Tony1, Mkill, Mieciu K, Wangi, Lcmortensen, DeadEyeArrow, Cjboffoli, Derek.cashman, Trainra, Nlu,Wknight94, Searchme, Eurosong, FF2010, Georgewilliamherbert, MCB, Phgao, Zzuuzz, Ali K, Saurabhmangal, Theda, Closedmouth,Tabby, Fang Aili, Tdangkhoa, Esprit15d, Tsunaminoai, BorgQueen, JuJube, Petri Krohn, GraemeL, Jecowa, JoanneB, Alasdair, Bevo74,CWenger, Shawnc, Phil Holmes, Thelb4, Mais oui!, Jaranda, Spliffy, Wbrameld, Jedi6, Mikus, Warpedshadow, JDspeeder1, NeilN, Max-amegalon2000, Dan Atkinson, Draicone, Amberrock, TuukkaH, DVD R W, Saikiri, CIreland, Knowledgeum, Luk, Filmutea, Ozzmosis,SmackBot, Macgreco, TomGreen, KnowledgeOfSelf, McGeddon, Bigbluefish, Y control, Jacek Kendysz, Kilo-Lima, Jagged 85, Colin99,Grey Shadow, Alksub, Jrockley, Delldot, Rouenpucelle, KelleyCook, TednAZ, Fnfd, Hbackman, Nil Einne, Edgar181, Emcee2k, Gaff,Eiler7, Xaosflux, PeterSymonds, Gilliam, Skizzik, Chaojoker, Carl.bunderson, Andy M. Wang, Laukster, Bluebot, Bidgee, Caldorwards4,Rotten tomatoes, Full Shunyata, Quinsareth, Coinchon, Postoak, MK8, Stubblyhead, Master of Puppets, Thumperward, Oli Filth, Si-

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Recorder, Coolpeople, PaddySnuffles, Shortyboy192, Demmy, AdRock, Darkieboy236, Mediumemu, GSSAGE7, Im a littleperson, Lil.j-boy, Devestator74, SieBot, Colleenthegreat, Richie123098, Shino137, Thennessey8910, Tiddly Tom, Ødipus sic, Scarian,Kwirky88, The silent assasin, Jauerback, Casperdog2227, Krawi, Winchelsea, Gerakibot, Rockstone35, Tashnmic, Pengyanan, Fantasticfred, Caltas, Unsplosion, Breakfast100, Vanished User 8a9b4725f8376, M.thoriyan, Galbery, GrooveDog, Stiggy04, Vrlobo888, Eaoma-trix, JlmMUFC, WRK, Keilana, HTurtle, SarahEMBH, Lovenoble, Johncurrandavis, Happysailor, Schaugle, Yah Hoo :) I'm Happy, Tip-toety, Radon210, Neutralhomer, Hitladen, Gergerballball, Nua eire, Soccergeek43, JSpung, Prestonmag, Webfan29, Oxymoron83, Ddxc,Lohengrin1991, Beier5, Henrymo2, Steven Zhang, Lightmouse, Miguel.mateo, Deskruns, Eaglesdude1525, The-G-Unit-Boss, RyanParis,

11.2 Images 15

Goldglover07, Bigfootʼs Curse of the Wild, OKBot, Mrlee321, Dravecky, Maelgwnbot, FFLH100, TheOracl3, Spartan-James, Jon-gleur100, Hsan22, Laughcosts, Realm of Shadows, Yofool100, Ascidian, Dabomb87, Felizdenovo, Locateliam, Jobas, C0nanPayne, Cooljoshua1991, Amazonien, TheCatalyst31, Melo1055, Llywelyn2000, Bakkima, Solarguy17, Howardjones57, Martarius, ClueBot, Sum-merWithMorons, Legoboy1129, Avenged Eightfold, Binksternet, Nielspeterqm, ShayDC, Wes huffstutter, Fyyer, The Thing That ShouldNot Be, B1atv, Rjd0060, Swedish fusilier, EoGuy, FreemanMAS214, Ndenison, Supertouch, Palwill, MasterTournesol, Drmies, Kath-leen.wright5, Mhjackson, Boing! said Zebedee, Timberframe, Cameronmas214, KuroFalcon, Damalexandra, JammydodgerUK, Counter-VandalismBot, AderakConsteen, Gointv, Xenon54, Richerman, IamLucas1, Izuna498, Username271, Xjbrad, Namazu-tron, Oneqtpie93,Bbb2007, Wowow123, Excirial, Johnson 1234 rth, -Midorihana-, Alexbot, Funke73, Northernhenge, StevenMcwillimas, Daymas214,Travis jorde, Skvns, Tangmas214, Dcpc0807, Smallmas214, Ilovevanessa23, TheGreenEditor, Lartoven, Jestermas214, Maser Fletcher,Gottadmit, Turner93, Makelifeeasy, Portermas214, Suttipongkanasaimas214, Jotterbot, Xoloverox95, WalterGR, Paco1991, Jscofield55,Ember of Light, Luvyduvy0110, Tnxman307, Durindaljb, Melhod, Computer97, Razorflame, Tarasworld, Shorty 274, Revotfel, Dek-isugi, WellsSt, Mrdingdong505, Carterandreid, Imcool4, Lanieandcourtney, Thingg, Melaniesharrison, Aitias, Cdog1, Footballfan190, Sig-mig, Swirlygig, Peg557, BlinkingBlimey, Covernoiseloveshakespeare, 0kdal, Against the current, XLinkBot, Gwandoya, Nathan Johnson,Muelo1000, Dark Mage, Rror, E mozza, Rreagan007, Emmwashere71, Davidcottis0100, Kkv123, 1bobby93, Werneke kid, SilvonenBot,NellieBly, Zcherry15, Haydenirren, Badgernet, Bawjaws123, ZooFari, Dancingqueenrl, Rounddot5827, Dwilso, Sk8erking85, Editornum-ber2, Mrwetmore, Poohman0, Brand93, DrAjitParkash, Boston-fashionista, Addbot, Manuel Trujillo Berges, Tcncv, Fyrael, Horseman951,Tjl666, WDaltAYN, Montgomery '39, Deus257, Dirt licker, Lynx46, Sitto, Usboy12, Cowlord7, Matt5091, Zac31, Kui97, Avilezj, Zim-babwe23, NjardarBot, John Chamberlain, Caesartheking, Skyezx, Stupidtest, Ccacsmss, Buster7, Flafybob, Glass Sword, Buddha24, Hhar-tel, Ideletestuffforfun, Wikihelp1a, Sergioledesma, Tomtheevilgenius, Teles, Greyhood, Imabeast187, Dualshock2, Bartledan, Albeiror24,Harold, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Themfromspace, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Berkay0652, Cflm001, Darkiller414, FireMouseHQ, Dreadfullybor-ing, Meggem, EnochBethany, Weightlessness, Bbrownp, Gongshow, KamikazeBot, Kyarichy, Leejghappy, South Bay, Firestorm190,OregonD00d, Radiopathy, AnomieBOT, Stears81, Six words, Galoubet, Justme89, Bluerasberry, Mann jess, Materialscientist, Citationbot, ArthurBot, Xqbot, S h i v a (Visnu), Intelati, Nasnema, Vidshow, Tyrol5, Celebration1981, Sewblon, Shadowjams, V7news, Cis-prof, PlzCreateAnotherName, George2001hi, Hyperboreer, FrescoBot, Meepmoo, LucienBOT, Tobby72, Ohgddfp, Eagle4000, Pja1981,Cannolis, Jakesyl, Galmicmi, DigbyDalton, Lppa, Perfectionaintperfect, XxTimberlakexx, Aizuku, HRoestBot, Abductive, Jonesey95,Half price, Tinton5, Rahlgd, Jaguar, Jamesinderbyshire, Aamsse, Richdude24, December21st2012Freak, Horst-schlaemma, Tim1357,FoxBot, TobeBot, Francis E Williams, DixonDBot, Vinay84, Vrenator, Reaper Eternal, Stephen MUFC, Matrobriva, PleaseStand, Tb-hotch, Genetixs, Stears159, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, AXRL, Fmjennif, Bento00, Jackehammond, The Stick Man, DASHBot, Deadlyops,EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Jorge c2010, Zollerriia, Katherine, Vanished user zq46pw21, EleferenBot, Wikipelli, Kkm010, Mentalmoses,Misty MH, Fæ, Bcanoerrecart, AvicAWB, KiwiJeff, Chongstar123, H3llBot, EJavanainen, IIIraute, Monterey Bay, Wayne Slam, Ocaasi,Card Zero, Nowrunningir, L Kensington, AVarchaeologist, MonoAV, Inka 888, BBrad31, Twh5125, Gnhxwarri0r3, Spassomuch, Yo-geshrawal, Michaeltownsend1, Jean the killer, Lackerman, Rangoon11, Plankton5165, 16bitz, Mad Hieronimo, ChuispastonBot, Joanedlc,Pierlot, Beatles-Ramones, Crista2, Yoyoyobc, Tom d27, WINN3R43, Dills123lt, DASHBotAV, PepPepforPresident, Michealgrant667,Wussification, Hansann, Greatleqend, ResearchRave, Iloveyou563, NICK0COM, Jwhimmelspach, Ihakeycakeyabreak, Ocean12321, Ja-sonbook99, Denteuro, Movses-bot, Grapevine00, LINKMAN, JordoCo, VH2, North Atlanticist Usonian, Diyar se, Helpful Pixie Bot,Itonyfy, Northamerica1000, Rahmatdenas, Populars, Davidiad, Gautehuus, Robocon1, NNU-01-05100114, Rynsaha, Hergilfs, Wyatt th3one ninja, Th4n3r, Dexbot, Magentic Manifestations, Smohammed2, Corn cheese, Reatlas, IWPCHI, Estevick, Zalunardo8, Ryenocerous,Eroosio, JamesMoose, Serpinium, Skatoulaki, JacobiJonesJr, Thevideodrome, Mr. Gonna Change My Name Forever, Sam Sailor, Circe-berman, Atonepled, Sowndaryab, Meteor sandwich yum, Csusarah, Japanese Rail Fan, Monkbot, LucaElliot2, Donna Peng, Stone2ypr andAnonymous: 1913

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• File:Ambox_globe_content.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg License:Public domain Contributors: Own work, using File:Information icon3.svg and File:Earth clip art.svg Original artist: penubag

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16 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Padlock-silver.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg License: ? Contributors: http://openclipart.org/people/Anonymous/padlock_aj_ashton_01.svg Original artist: This image file was created by AJ Ashton. Uploaded fromEnglish WP by User:Eleassar. Converted by User:AzaToth to a silver color.

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• File:TV_users.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/TV_users.svg License: Public domain Contributors:Self made. Derived from“File:TV users.png”by User:TheGreenEditor on 2008-04-06. Released under. Data from [1] Original artist: Cflm001 (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Cflm001' title='User talk:Cflm001'>talk</a>)

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