Tutorial Cadru Metalic

8/17/2019 Tutorial Cadru Metalic

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tutorial-cadru-metalic 1/82



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Versiune: 2008.0

Modul necesar: ESA.00 Modelator baza

ESAS.00 Statistici liniare 2D

ESACD.01.* Analize pentru grinzi si stalpi din beton armat

ESACDT.01 CAD armare grinzi si stalpi

Manual: SCIA ESA PT Tutorial Cadru metalic

Revizie : 03/2008



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Informatiile continute in acest document sunt supuse la modificari fara o anuntare in prealabil.

Nici o parte din acest document nu poate fi reprodusa, transmisa sau stocata pe un sistem,

partial sau in totalitate, sub orice forma, electronic sau mecanic, pentru orice scop fara

permisia in scris a editorului. SCIA Software nu se face raspunzator pentru orice directa sau

indirecta paguba rezultata din imperfectiunea documentatiei sau / si a software-ului.

© Copyright 2008 SCIA Software. Toate drepturile rezervate.



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INSTALARE 5

INTRODUCERE 6

PREGATIREA PENTRU INCEPERE 7

Inceperea unui proiect. ................................................................................. 7

ADMINISTRAREA PROIECTULUI 10

Salvare, Salvare ca, Inchidere si Deschidere ........................................... 10

INTRODUCEREA GEOMETRIEI 11

Introducerea geometriei.............................................................................. 11

MODIFYING THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE STRUCTURE 36

Modifying the view....................................................................................... 36

INPUT OF THE CALCULATION DATA 40

Load Cases and Load Groups.................................................................... 40 Loads ............................................................................................................ 42

Combinations............................................................................................... 50

CALCULATION 52

Linear Calculation........................................................................................ 52

RESULTS 53

Viewing results ............................................................................................ 53

CODE CHECK 58

Buckling parameters ................................................................................... 59

Steel code check.......................................................................................... 64 Steel connections........................................................................................ 69

DOCUMENT 78

POSTFACE 81

Bine ati venit

Bine ati venit in tutorialul Cadru de beton. SCIA ESA PT este un program de calcul ce ruleaza

sub Windows XP/Vista cu o gama larga de aplicatii: de la verificarea unor simple cadre la

proiectarea avansata a proiectelor complexe din metal, beton, lemn si al te materiale.

Programul executa calcule pentru cadre 2D/3D, incluzand verificari ale sectiunii transversale

pentru beton si metal si verificari de conexiune pentru structurile de metal. De asemenea puteti

sa proiectati si plansee, incluzand calcule avansate ale betonului.



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Intregul proces de calculare si proiectare este integrat intr-un program: Introducereageometriei, introducerea modelului de analiza (incarcari, reazeme, etc.), calcule liniare si

neliniare, vizualizarea rezultatelor, verificarea elementelor si optimizarea in conformitate cu

normativele nationale, generarea notelor de calcul, etc.

SCIA ESA PT este disponibil in 3 versiuni:

Versiune cu licenta Versiunea cu licenta, a programului SCIA ESA PT, este

protejata de (i) o „cheie”, care se poate instala fie in paralel

fie prin portul USB a calculatorului dumneavoastra sau (ii)o licenta software care este instalata pe reteaua

dumneavoastra.

Programul are o structura modulara. Utilizatorul isi alege

din diferitele module disponibile si isi creaza un program

de calcul care se potriveste perfect cerintelor lui.

Versiune demo Daca nu se gaseste nici o protectie, programul va rula

automat in modul demo. Caracteristicile versiunii demo

sunt:

Toate proiectele pot fi deschise.

Calcularea este limitata la proiecte continand 25 de

elemente, 3 plansee/forme predefinite si 2 cazuri de

incarcare,

Rezultatele tiparite contin sigla “Versiune demo”,

Proiectele care au fost salvate in versiune demo nu pot fi

deschise in versiune cu licenta.

Versiune student Versiunea student ofera aceleasi posibilitati ca o versiune

cu licenta.

Este protejata de o „cheie” sau de o licenta software.

Rezultatele tiparite contin sigla “Versiune student”,

Proiectele care au fost salvate in versiune student nu pot fi

deschise in versiune cu licenta.



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Instalare

Cerintele sistemului

Pentru instalarea programului SCI ESA PT 2008, sistemul dumneavoastra trebuie saindeplineasca urmatoarele cerinte:

Cerinte hardware

Procesor Procesor Pentium IV - 1Ghz

(Recomandat: Pentium IV - 3Ghz)

RAM 512 MB (recomandat: > 1Gb)

Placa grafica 64 MB, OpenGL support

Spatiu liber pentru program 350 MB

Spatiu liber pentru proiecte si

fisiere temporare

200 MB

(pentru proiectele mari spatiu alocat poate varia la

cativa GB)

Cerinte software

MS Windows

XP / 2003 / Vista

Va recomandam sa va instalati ultimile update-uri

pentru sistemul dumneavoastra de operare

Alte cerinte

Pentru instalarea programului trebuie sa aveti drepturi de administrator. Pentru a lucra cu

programul aveti nevoie de drepturi normale de utilizator. De asemenea utilizatorul trebuie sa

aibe acces la fisierele programului SCIA ESA PT.

Instalarea incepe automat dupa ce ati introdus cd-ul in unitatea optica. Urmati instructiunile

afisate pe ecran pentru a instala programul.



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IntroducereExemplul acestui Tutorial poate fi creat numai cu versiunea student sau cu licenta. Inainte de a

incepe, trebuie sa aveti cateva cunostinte de baza despre folosirea sistemului de operare, ex.

lucrarea cu ferestre de dialog, barele de instrumente, liniile de statut, mouse-ul, etc.

Acest tutorial descrie principalele functii ale programului SCIA ESA PT pentru introducereasi calcularea unui cadru metalic 3D.

Pentru inceput, va vom explica cum sa creati un proiect nou si cum sa modelati o structura.Dupa introducerea datelor pentru geometrie si incarcari, structura va fi calculata si veti putea

revedea rezultatele. Vom discuta despre introducerea parametrilor de flambaj, vom efectua

verificari, vom calcula o conexiune si vom efectua o optimizare a unui profil.

Tutorial se va termina cu o scurta introducere in note de calcul.

Figura de mai jos indica modelul de analiza a structurii in care va fi modelata:



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Pregatirea pentru incepere

Inceperea unui proiect.

Inainte de a incepe un proiect, trebuie mai intai sa porniti programul.

Pornirea programului.

1. Dublu-click pe shortcut-ul SCIA ESA PT.

Sau:

2. Daca shortcut-ul nu a fost creat, faceti click pe [Start] si alegeti All Programs > SCIA ESA

PT 2008> SCIA ESA PT.

Daca nu se gaseste protectia, o fereastra de dialog va apare cu explicarea motivului de ceprotectia nu a fost gasita. O fereastra de dialog secunda va va arata restrictiile versiunii demo.

Faceti click pe [OK] in ambele ferestre.

Pentru acest Tutorial, vom incepe un proiect nou.

Inceperea unui proiect nou

1. Cand fereastra Open apare, faceti click pe [Cancel].

2. Faceti click pe icon-ul Nou, din bara de instrumente.

Va apare fereastra de dialog Selectare proiect nou . De aici va puteti selecta ce tip de proiect

doriti sa incepeti.

3. Alegeti Structura si faceti click pe [OK].



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Urmatoarea fereastra de dialog, Date proiect, va apare. Aici, veti putea introduce datelegenerale despre proiect.

4. In fereastra Date proiect, introduceti datele generale. Aceste date pot fi folosite in documentesi in desene.

5. Pentru optiunea Nivel proiect, alegeti: Avansat si pentru Model: Structuri.

6. Apasati butonul de sub Normativ national pentru a seta un normativ de proiectare.

Acest normativ va determina materialele disponibile, regulile de combinare si normele de

verificare. Pentru proiectul acestui Tutorial, alegeti EC-EN. Va apare fereastra Normative de

proiectare.

a) Faceti click pe butonul Adaugare.

Fereastra cu Normative nationale disponibile va apare.

b) Selectati steagul EC-EN si faceti click pe OK.

Va veti intoarce in fereastra Normative de proiectare unde EC-EN a fost adaugat.

c) Selectati steagul cu eticheta EC-EN.

d) Selectati optiunea Coduri active si faceti click pe Inchidere.

Va veti intoarce in fereastra Date proiect unde EC-EN va fi normativul national

activat.



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7. In campul Structura, selectati Cadru XYZ. Tipul de structura (Cadru XZ, Cadru XYZ, Placa XY, General XYZ, etc.) va va

restrictiona posibilitatile de introducere.

8. In grupul Material, selectati optiunea Otel.

Sub articolul Otel, va apare o noua rubrica, Material.

9. Din acel meniu alegeti S235.

10. Confirmati introducerile cu OK.

Note:

• In fereastra Date de baza, puteti seta nivelul proiectului. Daca alegeti standard, programul

va va arata numai cele mai frecvente functii de baza folosite. Daca alegeti nivelul avansat,

toate functiile disponibile va vor fi afisate.

• In fereastra Activare module, va puteti alege optiunile necesare. In acest fel, modulele

neselectionate sunt filtrate in asa fel incat programul sa poata fi folosit mai usor.

• In fereastra Combinatii,veti gasi valorile pentru coeficientii partiali de siguranta. Pentru

acest Tutorial, veti folosi setarile standard.

• In fereastra Protectie, va puteti proteja proiectul la deschidere si la salvare folosind o parola.



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Administrarea proiectului

Salvare, Salvare ca, Inchidere si Deschidere

Inaite de a incepe introducerea structurii, trebuie sa stim cum sa salvam proiectul, cum sa

deschidem un proiect existent si cum sa inchidem un proiect. Puteti salva proiectul in orice

moment. In acest fel, puteti parasi programul si sa reluati proiectul din acel punct pe urma.

Salvarea unui proiect

Din bara de instrumente faceti click pe icon-ul .

Daca proiectul nu a mai fost salvat, o caseta de dialog, Salvare ca, va apare. Faceti click

pe sageata din lista Save in, destinatia salvarii proiectului. Introduceti numele fisierului in

campul File name si faceti click pe Save pentru a salva proiectul.

Daca faceti click a doua oara pe , proiectul va fi salvat automat tot sub acel nume.

Daca alegeti meniul principal Fisiere > Salvare ca, puteti schimba destinatia si numele

proiectului.

Inchiderea unui proiect

Pentru a inchide un proiect, alegeti din meniul principal Fisiere > Inchidere.

O caseta de dialog se va deschide, cu intrebarea daca doriti sa salvati proiectul. In functiede optiunile dumneavoastra, proiectul va fi salvat si caseta de dialog se va inchide.

Deschiderea unui proiect

Pentru a deschide un proiect existent, faceti click pe icon-ul . O lista cu proiecte se vadeschide. Selectati proiectul dorit si faceti click pe OK (sau faceti dublu click pe proiect pentru a se

deschide).



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Introducerea geometriei

Introducerea geometriei

Daca un nou proiect este inceput, geometria unei structuri trebuie introdusa. Structura poate fi

introdusa direct, dar puteti de asemenea sa folositi template-urile cu parametrii bloc, fisiere

DXF si alte formate.

- Profile

La introducerea elementelor structurale 1D, automat pentru fiecare element i se atribuie un tip

de profil. Standard, este reprezentat tipul de profil activ. Din biblioteca de profile va puteti

activa orice tip de profil dorit. Daca doriti sa adaugati o parte din structura, inaintea unui profil

care a fost definit, biblioteca de profile se va deschide automat.

Adaugarea unui profil

1. Faceti click pe icon-ul Sectiuni transversale, din bara de instrumente.

Se va deschide fereastra Sectiune transversala. Daca in proiect nu a fost introdus nici unprofil, fereastra Sectiune transversala noua va apare automat.

2. Din sectiunea Grupuri disponibile faceti click pe optiunea Biblioteca de profile.

3. Din sectiunea Articole disponibile in acest grup, va puteti alege un profil I .

Din lista alegeti HEA 200.

4. Faceti click pe Adaugare sau pentru a adauga profilul proiectului.

5. Adaugati IPE 180 si IPE 160 in mod similar.



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6. In sectiunea Articole disponibile in acest grup, puteti alege si un cornier . Din listaalegeti L70x7.

7. Faceti click pe Adaugare sau pentru a adauga profilul proiectului.

8. In fereastra Sectiune transversala noua faceti click pe Inchidere; va apare fereastra Sectiune transversala.

9. Pentru a va reintoarce la proiect, in fereastra Sectiune transversala faceti click pe Inchidere.



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- Geometrie

Meniu structura

1. Automat, dupa inceperea proiectului , se va deschide din fereastra Meniu, fereastra

Structura. Daca doriti sa schimbati mai tarziu geometria structurii, puteti face dublu click pe

optiunea Structura din fereastra Meniu.

2. In fereastra Structura, pentru a va crea structura, va puteti alege diferite elemente structurale.

Mai intai trebuie sa creati un cadru. Apoi, acesta va fi copiat astfel incat sa se poata introduce

contravantuirile si grinzile orizontale.

Pentru a introduce un cadru, va puteti folosi de optiunile stalp si desenare element. Totodata, SCIAESA PT ofera o gama variata de cataloage, permitandu-se astfel o introducere cat mai simpla a

structurii.

Introducerea unui cadru folosind optiunea Catalog sablon

1. Pentru a introduce un cadru nou, folositi optiunea Catalog sablon din meniul Structura. Se

va deschide fereastra Gestiune selectie blocuri.

2. In sectiunea Grupuri disponibile, alegeti optiunea Cadru 2D



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3. In sectiunea Articole disponibile in acest grup, alegeti primul cadru:

4. Confirmati optiunea aleasa cu OK. Va apare fereastra Geometrie bloc.

5. Introduceti dimensiunile cadrului: L = 12m, H1 = 5m si H2 = 1m

6. Pentru stalp veti alege HEA 200, iar pentru grinda veti alege IPE 180 .

7. Confirmati introducerile cu OK. Va apare fereastra Catalog sablon.

8. Pentru a va reintoarce la proiect faceti click pe Inchidere.

9. Cadru va fi pozitionat cu stalpul din partea stanga in originea sistemului de coordonate.Pentru acest lucru, in linia de comanda introduceti coordonatele:0,0 si apasati <Enter> pentru

aconfirma introducerea.

10. Pentru finalizarea introducerii apasati tasta Esc.



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Nota:

• Proprietatile lementelor selectate sunt afisate si pot fi modificate in fereastra Proprietati.

• Cu ajutorul functiei Zoom tot din bara de instrumente, puteti vizualiza intreaga

structura.

• Utilizarea caracterelor , sau ; pentru a separa coordonatele depend de setarile regionale

din Windows.



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Dupa ce s-a introdus primul cadru, se poate copia pentru ca sa se obtina intreaga hala. Deoarece aveti

nevoie de doua copii, puteti folosi optiunea Creaza mai multe copii.

Crearea copiilor multiple

1. Trebuie sa selectati toate entitatile care vor fi copiate. Deoarece trebuie sa copiati toate

entitatile, puteti folosi optiunea Selectati tot

In acest fel, toate barele si nodurile sunt selectate; selectarea este reprezentata cu o culoare roz.

2. Acum, puteti folosi optiunea Creaza mai multe copii.

3. In campul Numar copii, introduceti 2.

4. Pentru setarea manuala a distantei dintre cadre, dezactivati optiunea Definire distanta prin

cursor. Acum, puteti introduce distanta de 6m pe directia Y.

5. Pentru a confirma introducerile apasati OK. Cadrul este copiat.



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6. Apasati Esc pentru a deselecta elementele

Dupa ce cadrele au fost introduse, se pot introduce si grinzile de cuplare. Punctele de inceput si de

sfarsit ale grinzilor sunt cunoscute, adica nodurile de inceput si de sfarsit ale barelor introduse. Astfel,nu trebuie sa introduceti grinziile prin coordonate, puteti sa utilizati Punctele de agatare cursor.

Setarile punctelor de agatare cursor

1. Faceti dublu click pe optiunea Editari cursor puncte speciale din Linia de comanda sau

puteti sa selectati butonul din partea dreapta jos a ecranului. Se va deschide

fereastra Puncte de agatare cursor:

2. Activati optiunile a) si b) pentru a putea selecta punctele din mijlocul si de la capatul barelor.

3. Confirmati cu OK.



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Acum, puteti introduce grinzile.

Introducerea unei grinzi

1. Pentru introducerea unei grinzi, folositi optiunea Grinda din meniul Structura.

2. In campul Sectiune, alegeti sectiunea IPE 160.

3. Deoarece structura are doua directii orizontale (adica X si Y), trebuie sa indicati directia

corecta pentru introducerea grinzii, in campul Direct. Alegeti optiunea Axa Y.

4. Lungimea grinzii este de 6m.

5. Punctul de introducere trebuie setat pe Inceput astfel ca punctul din partea stanga sadetermine pozitia grinzii.

6. Confirmati introducerile cu OK.

7. Acum, puteti introduce grinzile cu ajutorul mouse-ului facand click pe nodul din partea de sus

a stalpului din partea stanga al primului cadru:



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8. Introduceti in mod similar celelalte grinzi ale acoperisului.

9. Apasati Esc pentru a finaliza introducerea.

10. Apasati inca o data Esc pentru a deselecta elementele.

Copierea entitatilor

1. Identificati entitatea pe care doriti sa o copiati. Aceasta fiind o grinda orizontala, puteti

selecta entitatea cu ajutorul butonului stang al mouse-ului. Culoarea purpurie va indica

faptul ca bara este selectata. Proprietatile barei le veti gasi in fereastra Proprietati.

2. Faceti click dreapta in spatiul de lucru si din meniul shortcut alegeti optiunea .



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3. Programul va va intreaba Punctul de inceput a copierii. Selectati cu butonul stang almouse-ului nodul de inceput a barei selectate

4. Acum, trebuie sa introduceti si Punctul de sfarsit, adica pozitia unde trebuie copiat

punctul de inceput. Deoarece noile grinzi incep din mijlocul stalpilor, punctul de mijloc a

stalpului va va fi indicat.

Deoarece optiunea Punct de mijloc a fost deja activata, pentru a pozitiona grinda faceti unsimplu click la mijlocul stalpului.

5. Dupa ce prima grinda a fost copiata, comanda ramane inca activa.

6. Apasati Esc pentru a finaliza introducerea.

7. Apasati inca o data Esc pentru a deselecta elementele.



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Dupa ce ati introdus grinzile, puteti introduce contravantuirile.

Contravantuirile nu se pot desena nici cu functia Stalp nici cu functia Grinda; pentru a le putea desena

trebuie sa folositi functia Desenare element.

Introducerea contravantuirilor

1. Pentru introducerea unui element nou, folositi optiunea Desenare element, din meniul

Structura.

2. Pentru sectiunea Tip, alegeti Contravantuire perete. Acest tip este luat in considerare numai

de modelul STRUCTURAL si nu de modelul de calculare sau de rezultate.

3. Pentru campul Sectiune, alegeti optiunea, L70x7

4. Confirm your input with [OK].

5. Now, the bracings can be entered between the second and third frame. To this end, alwaysclick on the start and end nodes of the columns:

6. Press <Esc> to finish the input.

7. Press <Esc> once more to finish the selection



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The structure is completely set up. Now, you can finish the geometry, i.e. enter Haunches, hinges andsupports.

- Haunches

In this project, haunches are entered on the roof beams, at the connecting positions with the

columns.

In Scia Engineer, a haunch is defined by the following parameters:

• A section with variable height

•

A length, over which the variable height must vary up to 0

Entering Haunches

1. To enter a new haunch, use the Haunch option in the Structure menu.

2. As indicated, a haunch requires a variable profile. Since this project does not containvariable profiles yet, the New cross-section window automatically appears.



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3. In Available items of this group, choose a I + I var -profile

4. Click [Add] or to add the profile to the project. The Cross-Section window appears;

here, the properties of the variable section can be changed.

5. In the I sections field, change the section in an IPE 180 by clicking the button behind

the section type.

6. When the correct section is set, the variable height va (mm) is set to 150mm

7. Confirm your input with [OK]

8. The New cross-section window reappears; click [Close] to close this window.



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9. The Cross-Section manager appears; click [Close] to close this window as well.

10. Now, the Haunch on beam window is opened.

11. In the Position field, choose Begin to position the haunch at the start node of the member.

12. In the Coord. definition field, choose the option Abso to indicate that the length, overwhich the variable height must vary, can be entered in absolute units, i.e. in meter.

13. When the Coordinate Definition is adapted, the length of the haunch can be entered in the

Length x [m] field. For this project, enter length 1m.

14. Confirm your input with [OK]

15. Now, the program asks to indicate the members, on which a haunch must be entered.

Select the 6 roof beams with the left mouse button:





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As the previous image already showed, the haunches are correctly positioned on one side ofthe hall. On the other side however, the haunches are located at the wrong extremity. To

visualize this situation, you need to click the following buttons in the command line:

•••• Show/hide surfaces to show the surfaces of the sections.

•••• Render geometry to obtain a rendered view of the members.

The position of these three haunches must be corrected in the Properties window.

Adapting Entities through the Properties window

1. Select the 3 haunches to be adapted with the left mouse button.

2. The Properties window show the common properties of these 3 entities

3. Here, you can see that the Position is set to Begin, in accordance with your input.

4. Change this Position to End



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The modification is immediately reflected in the graphical window.

5. Press <Esc> to finish the selection.

In the command line, click Show/hide surfaces and Render geometry to deactivate both

options and visualise the system lines of the members again.

Note:

A haunch overwrites the original section. For this project, this specifically means that the

profile of the roof beam is replaced by the I + I var profile. If the haunch is removed, the I + I

var profile will be maintained instead of the I-section of the roof profile.

- Hinges

In this project, the diagonals are connected with the other members in a hinged way. As the

chosen structure type is Frame XYZ, the structure elements are connected to each other in a

rigid way. Therefore, you must enter hinges manually.



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Entering hinges

1. To enter hinges, use the Hinge on beam option in the Structure menu.

2. The hinges are entered at both extremities of the diagonals; therefore, choose Both for the

Position.

3. To obtain a hinge, the rotation phiy is set to Free, the translations and the other rotations

remain Rigid. In this way, the diagonals will be exclusively hinged in the planes of the

sidewalls.


5. The hinges are added when you click the diagonals with the left mouse button.

6. Press <Esc> to finish the input


Note:

Hinges are always defined with regard to the local coordinate system of a member.



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- Supports

The geometry input can be completed with supports. The column bases are modelled with

hinges.

Before adding the supports, you first must select the nodes to position the supports (for this

Tutorial). You can select these nodes manually, one by one, but Scia Engineer offers a simple

method to select entities with a common property.

Selecting elements per property

1. To select all column bases, select one of the lower nodes, by drawing a frame from the

left to the right with the mouse.

2. The Properties window shows the properties of this node:

3. Now, choose the property to be used for the selection of the entities. For this project, you

want to select all lower nodes. The common property of these nodes is their coordinate in

global Z direction.



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Click with the left mouse button on the Coord Z (m) property to select the field of this

property.

4. Choose the Select elements by property option. The program will search allentities with the same property. In this example, the program will select all nodes, for

which the Coord Z (m) property corresponds to 0m

The column bases are selected; now, supports can be added to these nodes.

Entering supports

1. To enter supports, use the Support – in node option in the Structure menu.

2. To create a hinge, take the translations Rigid and all rotations Free.

3. Confirm your input with [OK]. The supports are automatically attributed to the selected

nodes.




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Notes:

• If you draw the box from the left-hand side to the right-hand side, only entities, which are

completely in the rectangle, will be selected. If you draw the rectangle from the right-hand

side to the left-hand side, the entities, which are completely in the rectangle, as well as the

entities that intersect with the rectangle will be selected.

• The Command line includes a number of predefined supports. For this project, you could

have used the Hinged support icon.

• Similar to the selection of supports, you could have used the Select elements by property

option to select all diagonals, where hinges had to be entered. The determinant

property here would have been the Section.



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- Check Structure data

After input of the geometry, the input can be checked for errors by means of the option Check

Structure data. With this tool, the geometry is checked for duplicate nodes, zero bars,duplicate bars…

Checking the structure

1. Double-click on the Check Structure data option in the Structure Menu or click on the

icon in the toolbar.

2. The Structure data check window appears, listing the different available checks.

3. Click [Check] to perform the checks.

4. The Data Check Report window appears, indicating that no problems were found.

5. Close the check by clicking [OK].



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- Connecting entities

A column and a roof girder have a common node. The end node of the column for instance is

the start node of the roof girder. This girder automatically is connected to the column.

The two girders arriving in the middle of the columns are not ending in nodes. The end nodes

of the beams are located inside the column and therefore are not yet connected to the columns.

In this paragraph, we will explain how to connect the bars to each other.

To display the names of the bars and nodes, you can activate the labels by means of thebuttons in the Command line.

Activating node labels

Node labels are activated by means of the icon on top of the Command line.

Activating bar labels

Bar labels are activated by means of the button on top of the Command line.



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When you select column B1 with the left mouse button, the properties are displayed in the PropertyWindow:

This window indicates that the start node is N1 and the end node N2. Node N18 is not part of the

column. To connect beam B20 to the columns, use the Connect members/nodes option.

Connecting entities

1. Press <Esc> or click the Cancel selection icon to deactivate any selection of entities.

2. Double-click on the Connect members/nodes option in the Structure menu or click the

icon in the toolbar.

3. A dialogue asks if all nodes must be connected to bars:

Answer Yes.

4. The Setup for connection of structural entities dialogue box now appears.



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Confirm the settings by clicking ‘OK’.

5. A window appears to indicate the number of connected nodes:

6. Connected nodes are represented in the graphical screen by means of double red lines:

When you select for instance girder B20, the Properties window will show that node N18

connects the girder with column B1 and that node N19 connects the girder with column B5.



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Note:

1) If a possible active selection is not deactivated when the Connect members/nodes

command is used, the program will only search the nodes to be connected in this selection

and not in the entire project.

2) It is also possible to perform the two previous operations at once. Therefore you have to

check the option Check (merge duplicate nodes, erase invalid entities) in the Setup for

connection of structural entities dialogue box.

6. Click [Close] below the Structure menu.



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Modifying the graphical representationof the structure

Modifying the view

Scia Engineer offers multiple possibilities to change the graphical representation of the

structure. Below, we will discuss the main options:

• Modifying the viewpoint on the structure

• Setting the view direction

• Using the magnifying glass

• Modifying the view parameters through the View parameters menu

Modifying the viewpoint on the structure

Setting the viewpoint using the wheels. At the bottom right of the graphical screen, there are

three scroll buttons, two horizontal and one vertical. Using these scroll buttons, the structure

can be zoomed or rotated.

1. To zoom the structure or to rotate the structure, click on the scroll button (the cursor will

change from an arrow into a hand), keep the left mouse button pressed and move the scroll

button.

Or

2. Setting the viewpoint using a key-mouse combination.

1. Simultaneously press the CTRL key + the right mouse button and move the mouse torotate the structure.

2. Simultaneously press the SHIFT key + the right mouse button and move the mouse to shift

the structure.

3. Simultaneously press the CTRL + SHIFT key + the right mouse button and move themouse to zoom in or to zoom out .

Note:

If a node is selected when the structure is being rotated, the structure will be rotated around

the selected node.

Setting a view direction with regard to the global coordinate system

1. Click on the View in X-direction icon to obtain a view in X-direction.

2. Click on the View in Y-direction icon to obtain a view in Y-direction.

3. Click on the View in Z-direction icon to obtain a view in Z-direction.



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The magnifying glass

• Use to enlarge.

• Use to reduce.

• Use to zoom in a window.

• Use to obtain a view of the entire structure.

• Use to zoom on a selection.

Modifying the View Parameters through the View Parameters Menu

1. In the graphical window, click the right mouse button. The following popup menu appears:

Note:

If an element was previously selected, you can define a setting that only applies to the selected

elements (you will obtain an adapted popup menu).

2. Choose the option Set view parameters for all. The window View Parameters Setting appears. The menu includes several tabs. You can set the view parameters for all entities or

just for the selected entities.

View parameters – Structure

Using the Structure tab, you can change the representation of the different entities.

On this tab, the following items are important to this project:

Style + colour: you can display the colours by layer, by material, by section or by structuraltype.



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Draw Cross-Section: use this option to display the symbol of the section on each bar.

Local Axes – Members 1D: this option activates the local axes of the bars.

View parameters – Labels and Description

With the Labels tab, the labels of the different entities can be displayed. In the Beam labels

group for instance, the following items can be displayed in the label:

Name: displays the name of the sections in the label.

Cross-Section type: displays the section type section in the label.

Length: displays the bar length in the label.



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View parameters – shortcuts

The toolbar on top of the Command line includes a number of frequently used options,

amongst others:

•••• Show/hide surfaces to display the surfaces of the sections.

•••• Render geometry to obtain a rendered view of the bars.

•••• Show/hide supports to display the supports.

•••• Show/hide loads to visualise the load case.

•••• Show/hide other model data to display the model data (hinges, connected nodes…).

•••• Show/hide node labels to display the labels of the nodes

••••

Show/hide member labels to display the labels of the bars

•••• Set load case for display to modify the active load case.

•••• Fast adjustment of viewflags on whole model for a quick access to the options in the

View parameters menu.

After rendering, the following structure is obtained:



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Input of the Calculation Data

Load Cases and Load Groups

Each load is attributed to a load case. A load case can contain different load types.

To each load case, properties are attributed, which are determinant for the generation of

combinations. The action type of a load case can be permanent or variable.

Each variable load case is associated with a load group. The group contains information about

the category of the load (service load, wind, snow…) and its appearance (default, together,

exclusive). In an exclusive group, the different loads attributed to the group cannot act

together in a norm combination. For default combinations on the other hand, the combination

generator allows the simultaneous action of the loads of a same group.

The way, in which load cases are defined, is decisive for the load combinations created by the

generator. We recommend that you thoroughly read the chapter about loads and combinations

in the reference manual.

In this project, two load cases are entered:

- LC1: Permanent Load Case: Self weight of the bars + Roof weight

- LC2: Variable Load Case: Side wind on the frames

Defining a Permanent Load Case

1. Double-click on in the Main window.

2. Before you can define loads, you first must enter load cases. Since this project does not

contain any load cases yet, the Load Cases Manager will automatically appear.

3. By default, the load case LC1 is created. This load is a permanent load of the Self Weight

load type. The self weight of the structure is automatically calculated by means of this type.

4. Since you will also manually enter loads in the first load case of this project (Roof Weight),you must change the Load Type to Standard.

5. In the Description field, you can describe the content of this load case. For this project, enterthe description “Self Weight Structure”.



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Defining a Variable Load Case

1. Click or to create a second load case.

2. Enter the description “Wind”.

3. As this is a variable load, change the Action type to Variable.

4. The Load Group LG2 is automatically created. Click to display the properties of the Load

Group.

The EC1 - load type determines the composition factor that are attributed to the load cases inthis load group. In this project, choose Wind.

5. Click [Close] to close the Load group manager and to return to the Load cases manager.

6. Click [Close] to close the Load cases manager.

Note: Load groups

Each load is classified in a group. These groups influence the combinations that are

generated as well as the standard-dependant factors to be applied. The following logic is

adopted.

Variable load cases that are independent from each other are associated to different variable

groups. For each group, you set the load category (see EC1). The combination factors from

the Eurocode are generated from the available load groups. When a generated combination

contains two load cases belonging to different groups, reduction factors will be applied for the

transient loads.



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If the load is divisible, its different components are entered as individual load cases. As long

as the load combination does not contain any variable load belonging to another group, no

reduction factors may be applied. The different load cases of a divisible load are therefore

associated to one variable group.

Load cases of the same type that may not act together, are put into one group, which is made

exclusive, e.g. “Wind X” and “Wind -X” are associated to one exclusive group “Wind”.

Loads

After input of the Load cases, the Loads menu will automatically appear:

The first load case includes two loads:

- Self weight of the bars

- Roof weight

Switching between load cases

Activate LC1 by selecting this load case with the mouse pointer in the list box:



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Entering the self weight as linear load

1. Cancel any possibly active selection by pressing <Esc>.

2. Click on Line Force - on beam in the Loads Menu. The dialogue Line Force on beamappears.

3. In the field Type, choose Self Weight. The Direction is the global Z-direction and the Gravity

coefficient is set to –1, so that the load is acting vertically downwards.


5. Select all the bars by means of the Select all icon in the toolbar.


6. Press <Esc> once more to finish the selection.

The self-weight load is represented in brown:



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The roof weight is entered as a series of concentrated loads. The roof girders are charged with 5concentrated loads of 5,8 kN. The first and last load is positioned at 1/10

th of the length; therefore, the

distance between the concentrated loads is 1/5th

of the length.

Entering a series of concentrated loads

1. Click Point Force – on beam in the Loads menu. The Point Force on beam dialogueappears.

2. For the Type of Point Force on beam, choose Force.

3. The load Direction is Z and the System is the global coordinate system GCS. In this way, the

concentrated loads are acting vertically downwards.

4. Change the Value of the concentrated load to –5,8 kN.

5. For the Coordinate definition, choose Rela. In this way, you can enter the above-mentionedrelative distances.

6. The starting Position x is modified to 0,1, so that the first concentrated load is located at 1/10th

of the length.

7. The series consists of 5 concentrated loads; therefore, set the Repeat (n) field to 5.

8. The intermediate distance Delta x between the concentrated loads is 0,2, i.e. 1/5th of the bar

length.


10. Select one of the roof girders, e.g. B3





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Note:

Loads, supports, hinges… are considered as additional data, i.e. data that are additionally

added to entities such as nodes, bars…

The other roof girders could have been charged in the same way. Scia Engineer however offers a

simple method to copy additional data such as loads to other entities. Therefore, the load of this roof

girder can be copied to the other roof girders.

Copying loads

1. Select one of the concentrated loads on the roof girder with the left mouse button. As thisconcentrated load is part of a series, the entire series is automatically selected.

2. Click on the right mouse button at an arbitrary location in the workspace. A popup menu

shows the possibilities for the selected entity:



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3. Choose the option

4. Select with the left mouse button the bars, where this load must be copied: the remaining 5

roof girders.



Use the Fast adjustment of viewflags on whole model icon on top of the Command line to

activate the Labels of Loads option in the Loads/Masses group. A normal load is displayed in green.

On the first and the last frame, only half of the load must be active. If you need to edit entities or

additional data afterwards, you can use the Properties window.

Adapting a load

1. Select the series of concentrated loads on the roof girders of the first and last frame by clicking

with the left mouse button on these 4 series.

2. The common properties of the 4 series are displayed in the Properties window.

3. Change the Value from –5,8 kN to –2,9 kN.

4. Confirm your modification with <Enter>.




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After input of the loads in the first load case, the wind load can be entered. The frames are loaded with

a wind load of 4,8 kN/m

Switching between load cases

Activate LC2 by selecting this load case with the mouse pointer in the list box:



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Entering a linear load

1. Click on Line Force - on beam in the Loads Menu. The dialogue Line Force onbeamappears.

2. Change the Type of the Line Force on beam to Force

3. The load Direction is Z and the System is the local coordinate system LCS. The linear loadsare acting in accordance with the local Z-axes of the bars

4. Change the Value to –4,8 kN/m.


7. Select the bars where this load must be positioned: the roof girders and the columns.





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Similar to the roof load, the wind load on the first and last frame must be divided by two.Adapting a load

1. Select the linear loads on the roof girders and the columns of the first and last frame by

clicking with the left mouse button on these loads.

2. The common properties of the 8 series are displayed in the Properties window.

3. Change the Value from –4,8 kN to –2,4 kN.

4. Confirm the modification with <Enter>.




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Click [Close] to quit the Loads menu and to return to the Main window.

Note:

The Command line includes a number of predefined loads: , which

enable a fast and simple input of loads.

Combinations

After input of the load cases, the latter can be grouped in combinations. In this project, twolinear combinations are created, one for the Ultimate Limit State and one for the Ultimate

Serviceability State.

Defining Combinations

1. Double-click on below in the Main window.

2. Since no combination has been entered yet, the window to create a new combination will

automatically appear.

3. The Type of the combination is changed to En – ULS. With this combination type, Scia

Engineer will automatically generate combinations in accordance with the composition rules

of the Eurocode.

4. By means of the button [Add all], all load cases can be added to the combination.

5. Confirm your input with [OK]. The Combination Manager is opened.



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6. Click or to create a second combination.

7. Change the Type of the combination to EC - SLS char.


9. Click [Close] to close the Combination manager.



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Calculation

Linear Calculation

As the calculation model is completely ready, you now can start the calculation.

Executing the Linear Calculation

1. Double-click on below in the Main window.

2. The FE Analysis window appears. Click [OK] to start the calculation.

3. After the calculation, a window announces that the calculation is finished. Click [OK] to closethis window.



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Results

Viewing results

After the calculation is executed, the results can be viewed.

Viewing the Reaction Forces

1. Double-click on in the Main window. The Results menu appears.

2. Below Supports, click Reactions.

3. The options in the Property Window are configured in the following way:

• The Selection field is set to All.

• The Load type is set to Combinations and the Combination to CO1.

• The Values are wanted for Rz.

• The Extreme field is changed to Node.

4. The action Refresh has a red background, i.e. the graphical screen must be refreshed. Click

on the button behind Refresh to display the results in the graphical screen in

accordance with the set options.



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5. To display these results in a table, the Preview action is used. Click on the behind

Preview to open the Preview.

Note:

The Preview appears between the Graphical Screen and the Command line. This screen can

be maximised to display more data at once.

Viewing internal forces on beam

1. Click on Internal forces on beam below Beams



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2. The options in the Property Window are configured in the following way:

• The Selection field is set to Current.

• The Load type is set to Combinations and Combination to CO1.

• The Values are wanted for My.

• The Extreme field is changed to Global.

3. Select the columns and the roof girders of the centre frame with the left mouse button.

4. Click on the button behind Refresh to display the results in the graphical screen in

accordance with the set options.

To change the display of the results, the settings of the Graphical Screen can be adapted.



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Configuring the Graphical Screen

1. In the Properties window, click the icon behind Drawing Setup. The options for the

graphical screen are opened.

2. In the Representation field, choose Filled.

3. The Angle of text is set to 0°.

4. Click [OK] to confirm your input.

5. In the Property Window, click the button behind Refresh to display the results in

the graphical screen in accordance with the set options.



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6. Then click [Close] to leave the Results Menu.

7. Press <Esc> to cancel the selection.

Note:

To change the font size of the displayed results, you can use the Setup > Fonts menu. In this

menu, the different sizes of the displayed labels can be changed.



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Code check

The Scia Engineer steel modules include a number of powerful tools to perform the steel

calculations in accordance with the chosen standard.

The possibilities at a glance:

• Input of advanced steel data

• Simple input and edition of buckling data

• Input of reinforcements, stabilities against lateral-torsional buckling, cladding…

• Unit check of the profile section

• Optimisation of the profile section

• Fire-resistance check

• Input and calculation of frame connections

• Input and calculation of diagonal connections

• Automatic generation of sectional drawings

• Automatic generation of assembly drawings and anchorage plans

• Relative deformation check

• …

In this Tutorial, we will only explain the basics of the steel calculation. For more information

regarding advanced steel calculations, we refer to the Advanced Steel Training.

Before the steel calculations can be started, the buckling parameters of the members need tobe checked. By means of the view parameters, the buckling lengths of the members can be

visualised.



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Buckling parameters

Displaying the system lengths on the structure

1. Select with the left mouse button column B1, the left column of the first frame.

2. Click on the right mouse button at an arbitrary position in the workspace. A menu lists thepossibilities for the selected entity.

3. In this menu, select the option. The View parameter

settings window appears.

4. Activate the System lengths and Draw cross-section options to display the reference lengths

and the section of the bar.

5. Activate the Local axes – Members 1D option to display the local coordinate system of the

bar.



Notes:

• The system lengths are only displayed on elements that are connected to other bars in their

field or for bars located in each other extension. On mono-component elements, such as the

roof girders of our project, no system lengths are displayed

• The system lengths are automatically interrupted at the hinges.



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The figure shows that system length Ly for buckling around the strong axis is 5m and Lz for

buckling around the weak axis 2,5m. The girder in the middle of the column thereforesupports the column for buckling around the weak axis, i.e. for bending in the Y direction.

To modify the buckling data of a bar, use the option Buckling and relative lengths.

Setting the Buckling Parameters

1. Select both columns of the first frame with the left mouse button.

2. The Properties window shows the common properties of both entities. The Buckling andrelative lengths are set to Default.

3. Click the icon behind Buckling and relative lengths. The Buckling data window

appears.



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This window shows that in the middle, the column is supported for buckling around the weak

axis (zz) and that the column in the middle is not supported for buckling around the strong

axis (yy).

4. Click [Edit] to change the buckling data. The Buckling and relative lengths window

appears.

5. On the Base Settings tab, several data can be changed.

• The Name field contains the name of the buckling parameter, in this case BC1.

• ky factor and kz factor: in these fields, you can indicate how the program must calculate

the buckling factor around the axis regarded or you can choose a manual input of this factor.

A third option allows for a manual input of the buckling length.

• Sway yy and Sway zz: in these fields, you can indicate if the bar is braced or not in the

direction regarded. When you choose the Acc. to Steel > Beams > Setup option, the default

settings are used.



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Note:

The default settings for the buckling parameters are displayed below Steel > Beams

> Setup > Setup for check of steel members. For a steel calculation, the structure is

by default non-braced for buckling around the strong axis and braced for buckling

around the weak axis. Otherwise said: a frame in non-braced in the plane and plane

outside of the plane, taking the presence of wind bracings outside of the plane into

account.

• Buckling systems relation: in these fields, you can define the system length to be used for,

amongst other things, torsional buckling and lateral-torsional buckling.

• Relative deformations systems relation: in these fields, you can define the system length to

be used for the relative deformations.

6. On the Buckling data tab, you can edit the parameters in detail. The column consists of 2

components, i.e. 3 positions are available: (1) at the start, (2) in the middle at the horizontal

girder and (3) at the end, at the roof girders.

For instance, by modifying the Free option on position (2) for yy to Fixed, buckling of the

column in the middle around the strong axis would be avoided as well. For this Tutorial, thedefault options are maintained.

7. Click [OK] to close this window.

8. The Buckling data window re-appears. Click [Close] to close this window.



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The Properties window indicates that the buckling parameter BC1 is used for the columns ofthe first frame.


When the buckling parameters are set, you can continue with the steel check. Before proceeding,

deactivate the Member parameters and Local axes representation by means of the Fast

adjustment of viewflags on whole model option.



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Steel code check

Double-click on in the Main window to open the Steel menu.

Displaying the Slenderness and the Buckling Lengths

1. Click the icon in the Steel menu

2. If this option is not available, you must restart the calculation using the Hidden calculation

icon in the Project toolbar.

3. The options in the Properties window are configured in the following way:

•••• The Selection field is set to Standard

• The Values are wanted for Lam y, i.e. the slenderness around the yy axis

• The Extreme field is modified to No.

4. Select column B1, the left column of the first frame

5. In the Property Window, click the button behind Refresh to display the results in

the graphical screen in accordance with the set options.

6. Change the Values field to Ly to display the reference length for buckling around the strongaxis.





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• For the Cross-Section, choose HEA200 to ensure that only the results for the columns are

displayed.

• For the Values, choose a un. check


3. In the Property Window, click the button behind Refresh to display the results inthe graphical screen in accordance with the set options.

The graphical screen shows that the maximum unit check occurs for one of the columns. To

understand the cause of the problem, you can open the Preview with a detailed representation

of the performed steel check.



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4. Before opening the preview, set the Output option in the Properties window to Detailed.

Click the icon behind Preview to open the Preview.

This report reveals that the column does not comply with the Combined Stress Analysis; asection with a larger inertia is required.

Scia Engineer allows for a simple and smooth optimization of the steel section. The program will

automatically propose a profile section, which complies with the unit check.

Optimisation of the Steel Section

1. In the Properties window, click the icon behind Optimization. The settings of

the Properties window are maintained, so that HEA200 can be optimised.

The Optimization of the cross-section window is opened.

2. This window once more displays the maximum unity check for HEA200: 5,961



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3. Click the Search for Optimal button. The program will search in the profile library for aprofile complying with the unit check.

It appears that HEA300 complies with the requirements: maximum unit check 0,917.

4. Confirm the optimisation with [OK].

Note:

After an optimization, the project must be recalculated. The changed cross-section

modifies the self weight of the structure as well as the stiffness of the whole, which will

lead to a different distribution of the forces.

This specifically means that, after optimisation and recalculation of the structure, the

profile concerned could possibly reveal inappropriate. In that case, you must re-executethe optimisation in order to find a solution in an iterative manner.

5. To quickly restart the calculation after an optimisation, use the hidden calculation

option. Click on the Hidden Calculation icon in the Project toolbar.

6. Click [Close] to quit the Steel menu

Note:

An optimisation is always performed for a section, i.e. the optimised section is always

attributed to all bars with that particular section. In this Tutorial, the filter was already set to

section. If not, the program will automatically switch to this filter.



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Steel connections

In Scia Engineer, steel connections can be detailed in an advanced manner. Both rigid and

hinged frame connections can be modelled, as well as bolted diagonal connections and grid

connections.

In this Tutorial, a rigid frame connection will be inserted between a column and a roof girder.

Activating the Steel Connection Input

1. To obtain access to the steel connections, this functionality needs to be activated first.

Double-click on in the Main window to open the Project Data and click on

the Functionality tab.

2. In the Steel part, activate the Frame rigid connections functionality. The functionalityStructural model is automatically activated as well, as this one is required for the

definition of the connection.

3. Confirm your choice with [OK]

When the required functionality is activated, the Structural model, on which the connection will be

defined, can be activated.





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The structural model shows the structure, as it will be realized in practice. On this model, you

can introduce the connection.

Note:

• The structural model uses priorities. The element with the highest priority has priority.

By default, an element of the Column type has a higher priority than an element of the Beam(Girder) type. Therefore, the girder is interrupted at the column flange.

• With Setup > Beam types (Structural) , the priorities can be adapted.

• Steel connections are always based on the structural model. If the column continues, a

connection with end plate on the girder is obtained; if the girder continues, a connection

with end plate on the column is obtained.

Entering a Steel Connection

1. Double-click on in the Main window to open the Steel menu.

2. Double-click on to enter a new rigid frame connection.

3. The program ask for a junction, select node N2

4. Now, indicate the bars between which the connection should be established. The program

automatically selects all bars arriving in node N2. As the connection must be inserted

between the column and the roof girder, deselect girder B13.

Press the CTRL key and click on the girder with the left mouse button to deselect thisgirder.



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5. Press <Esc> to finish the selection. The connection is inserted and the properties aredisplayed in the Properties window.

6. The options in the Properties window are configured in the following way:

• The Load type is set to Combinations and Combinations to CO1.

• For the Frame type, choose braced.

7. Now, the components of the connection can be entered. Activate (check) the End plate

option. The end plate is entered and immediately displayed in the graphical screen:

8. To change the properties of the cap plate, click the icon behind the End plate option

in the Properties window. The properties of this component are displayed and can be

modified, if desired.



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9. Click [OK] to close this window.

10. Now, the Bolts option can be checked.

The bolts are automatically displayed in the graphical screen.

11. To change the properties of the bolts, click the icon behind the Bolts option in the

Properties window.



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12. For the Selected bolt position, an M20 – 8.8 is chosen. A window informs you that the

bolt position has changed.

Click Yes: the bolt positions, intermediate distances, edge distances… are automatically

adapted to the new bolt type.

13. The window furthermore shows that 2 bolt rows are active: the 1st Row and the 3rd Row

Check the 2nd

Row as well to insert an additional bolt row.



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14. Click [OK] to confirm your input. The bolts are displayed in the graphical screen.

15. To complete the connection, check the Top Stiffener and Bottom Stiffener options.

At this time, the connection is displayed in the same colour as the model. To change this

view, use the View parameters menu

16. Click the right mouse button at an arbitrary location in the workspace. The menu lists theavailable possibilities for the selected entity.

17. In this menu, select the option. The View

parameters settings window appears.







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DocumentIn this final part of the tutorial, we will explain how a calculation note can be drawn up.

Formatting the Document

1. Double-click in the Main Window or click in the button bar. The

Document appears.

The Project data are automatically displayed in the header of the document.

2. Click the [New] button below the Document Menu. The window New Document item

appears.

3. By means of this window, several data can be added to the document.

• Open the Libraries group and click on Materials. Click [<<< Add] to add this item to the

document.

• Click Cross-Sections. Click [<<< Add] to add this item to the document.

• Open the Structure group and click Members. Click [<<< Add] to add this item to the

document.

• Open the Results group and click Reactions. Click [<<< Add] to add this item to the

document.

4. Click [Close] to close the New document item window and to return to the document.

The items that were added to the document are displayed in the Document Menu. Drag the items with

the mouse to change their order. At the right-hand side of the screen, the Preview of the document is

displayed.



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Displaying results in the document

1. In the Document menu, click Reactions. In the Properties window the properties of this

table are displayed. The parameters for displaying the results in the Document are configuredin the same way as the parameters for viewing the results in the Results Menu.

• The Selection field is set to All.

• The Load type is set to Combinations and the Combination to CO1.

• The Values are wanted for Rz.


2. Click the button behind Refresh to display the table in accordance with the setoptions.

Click the [Close] button below the Document Menu to close the document and to return to the

structure.

Adding an image to the document

1. Click on the Print Picture icon in the button bar.

2. Choose the Picture to document option in the list box to send the image, which is currentlydisplayed in the graphical screen, to the document.

The window Insert item(s) into document appears.



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3. The Percentage of page height field is changed to 50 so that the image covers 50% of a page,i.e. half a page.

4. Confirm your input with [OK] so that the image is sent to the document.

5. Click in the button bar to open the Document.

6. In the Document Menu, click Picture. The image is displayed in the Preview of the

Document.

7. Click [Close] below the Document Menu to close the document and to return to the structure.



Scia Engineer

PostfaceIn this syllabus, the basic functionalities of Scia Engineer for the input of a steel structure,

including the steel calculation, were introduced by means of an example.

After reading the text and executing the example, the user should be able to model and

calculate simple structures consisting of steel bars.

For more detailed information about steel calculations, we refer to the Advanced Training

Steel.

Documents

Tutorial Cadru Metalic