TSW 4 – Preventing Infectious Disease

By: Young Hyun Park and

Jennifer Kola

Immunity

• Immunity = when body destroys pathogens before attack.

• Ability to fight disease.

• Two types – Active and Passive Immunity.

Active Immunity• Active Immunity

= body makes antibodies against disease after you had before.

• After had chicken pox, body has active immunity against these pathogens.

How your Body Makes Active Immunity

• Active Immunity: part of the immune response.

• When B & T cells destroy pathogens, some remember pathogens’ antigen.

• Next time that pathogen enters body, memory cells respond - don’t even get sick.

• Active Immunity lasts very long, even a lifetime.

Passive Immunity• Passive Immunity = body gets

antibodies that fight pathogen from another source

How Passive Immunity WorksI.E. = get bitten by dog that has rabies

– Rabies: uncommon, people usually don’t get vaccinations

– But when bitten: get injection with antibodies against rabies -don’t get sick

– This is Passive Immunity because your body didn’t make the antibodies

In contrast to Active Immunity, Passive Immunity lasts only for a few months at most.

Active VS. PassiveLasts for years, sometimes for a lifetime

Lasts for a few months at most

Made by your own body’s cells

Your body gets it from another source (i.e. shot)

Protect you from diseases

same

different

Vaccination

• Vaccination: process where harmless antigens go in a person’s body on purpose to produce active immunity

– Vaccinations: injection/ mouth– Vaccination can prevent polio, chicken pox, and other

diseases

• Vaccine: substance used in vaccination - usually consists pathogen (weakened/killed)

• Can still make immune system go into action

Vaccination

• The weakened pathogens usually don’t make you sick when receiving a vaccination

• Your immune system responds by producing memory cells & active immunity to the disease

• T&B cells still recognize & respond to the antigens of weakened/ dead pathogens

History of VaccinationYear Name What

1796 Edward Jenner Successfully vaccinated a child against smallpox using a material from a sore of a person with cowpox

1854 Florence Nightingale

Saved many soldiers’ lives by keeping army hospitals clean

1860s Joseph Lister Used carbolic acid to prevent infection in surgical patients

1868 Louis Pasteur Proposed that infectious diseases in humans are caused by microorganisms

1882 Robert Koch Indentified one kind of microorganism in many samples of tissue taken from people with tuberculosis

1928 Alexander Fleming Saw bacteria growing on laboratory plates killed when some fungi grew on it. He discovered that a fungus produce a substance penicillin killing bacteria, which became the 1st antibiotic

Staying Healthy

• When you get sick…

– Get plenty of rest– Unless you have stomach ache, eat well-balanced

meals & drink a lot– Sometimes, medicines can help you

• Getting plenty of rest: best way deal with viral diseases

Antibiotic

• Antibiotic: chemical that fights bacteria by killing/ slowing their growth without hurting you body cells

– When you have disease caused by bacteria

• No medication can cure viral diseases, even cold.

Medication

• Over-the-counter medications: drugs that can be purchased without doctor’s prescription

ex) reduce fever, clear nose, and stop coughing

• Understand & follow instructions for all medications.

• See doctor, if don’t feel better in short time.

Preventions

• Preventing infectious Disease

– Don’t share items that carry pathogens like toothbrush, drinking straw

– Keep clean. Wash hands.– Cover mouth when sneezing/ coughing– Get 8 hours sleep everyday– Eat well-balanced diet– Get regular exercise