Triumphs of the CrusadeTriumphs of the Crusade

Civil rights activists break through racial barriersCivil rights activists break through racial barriersActivism prompts landmark legislationActivism prompts landmark legislation

(Corresponds to 21.2)(Corresponds to 21.2)

Freedom Riders – June 1961Freedom Riders – June 1961CORE sends racially mixed teams to bus stationsCORE sends racially mixed teams to bus stations– Riders beaten - one bus firebombedRiders beaten - one bus firebombed– Bus companies refuse to carry CORE ridersBus companies refuse to carry CORE riders– Robert Kennedy pressures buses to transport ridersRobert Kennedy pressures buses to transport riders

Protection from 400 Federal MarshalsProtection from 400 Federal Marshals– AL doesn’t provide protectionAL doesn’t provide protection

JFK signs the Interstate Commerce act: JFK signs the Interstate Commerce act: – bans segregation in all travel facilitiesbans segregation in all travel facilities

1962 - Integrating Ole Miss1962 - Integrating Ole Miss

1962 James Meredith 1962 James Meredith enrolls at University of enrolls at University of MississippiMississippi

Governor Ross Barnett Governor Ross Barnett refuses to let Meredith refuses to let Meredith registerregister

JFK orders federal JFK orders federal marshals to escort marshals to escort Meredith to registrar's Meredith to registrar's officeoffice

Heading into BirminghamHeading into Birmingham

April 1963, SCLC April 1963, SCLC demonstrate to desegregate demonstrate to desegregate BirminghamBirmingham

King arrested, writes "Letter King arrested, writes "Letter from Birmingham Jail"from Birmingham Jail"

TV news show police TV news show police attacking child marchers w/ attacking child marchers w/ fire hoses, dogs, clubs fire hoses, dogs, clubs

Kennedy Takes a StandKennedy Takes a StandJune 1963June 1963

Troops force Troops force University of University of Alabama to Alabama to desegregatedesegregate

NAACP's Medgar NAACP's Medgar Evers murdered; Evers murdered; hung juries lead hung juries lead to killer's releaseto killer's release

The Dream of EqualityThe Dream of EqualityAugust 1963August 1963– 250,000 people arrive in DC250,000 people arrive in DC– Demand passage of civil rights billDemand passage of civil rights bill– MLK gives "I Have a Dream" speechMLK gives "I Have a Dream" speech

September 1963September 1963– Birmingham church bombingsBirmingham church bombings– Kill 4 girlsKill 4 girls

Freedom Summer – June 1964Freedom Summer – June 1964

To register black voters in MississippiTo register black voters in Mississippi– Volunteers beaten, killed - homes, churches Volunteers beaten, killed - homes, churches

burnedburned

Civil Rights Act – July 1964Civil Rights Act – July 1964

Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law became law – Prohibits discrimination due to race, religion, Prohibits discrimination due to race, religion,

gendergender

Selma Campaign: March 7 & 9 1965Selma Campaign: March 7 & 9 1965

Protestor killed in Selma, ALProtestor killed in Selma, ALMLK leads 600-person protestMLK leads 600-person protest– TV shows police violenceTV shows police violence

Second march has federal Second march has federal protectionprotection

Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965

Signed August 6Signed August 6

Stops literacy testsStops literacy tests

Permits federal, not local, officials to enroll votersPermits federal, not local, officials to enroll voters

Increases black voter enrollmentIncreases black voter enrollment

Northern SegregationNorthern Segregation

De factoDe facto - by practice, custom - by practice, custom De jureDe jure - by law- by lawWWII black migration to the northWWII black migration to the north– Results in "white flight"Results in "white flight"– Black unemployment twice as high as whiteBlack unemployment twice as high as white– White flight reverses school integration progressWhite flight reverses school integration progress– Angry at police treatment from white officersAngry at police treatment from white officers

Whites baffled by the race riots Whites baffled by the race riots LBJ’s money diverted from programs:LBJ’s money diverted from programs:– War on Poverty, Great Society – these help minoritiesWar on Poverty, Great Society – these help minorities– Redirected to Vietnam WarRedirected to Vietnam War

Black PowerBlack PowerMalcolm XMalcolm X– Nation of Islam wants black & white Nation of Islam wants black & white

separationseparation– Scares whites & moderate blacksScares whites & moderate blacks– Malcolm's trip to Mecca changes attitudeMalcolm's trip to Mecca changes attitude– Killed in 1965Killed in 1965

Black Panthers founded 1966Black Panthers founded 1966– Fight police brutality w/ brutalityFight police brutality w/ brutality– Want black self-sufficiencyWant black self-sufficiency– Provide services in ghettosProvide services in ghettos

Win popular supportWin popular support

Black PowerBlack Power

CORE & SNCC become more militant CORE & SNCC become more militant – Calls for Black Power in 1967 Calls for Black Power in 1967 – Blacks control own lives without whitesBlacks control own lives without whites

SCLC pursues traditional tacticsSCLC pursues traditional tactics

19671967 Supreme CourtSupreme Court overrules overrules prohibition of interracial marriage in prohibition of interracial marriage in Loving v. VirginiaLoving v. Virginia

19681968

MLKMLK– Objects to Black Power Objects to Black Power

movementmovement– Killed April, 1968Killed April, 1968Reactions to King's DeathReactions to King's Death– Worst urban rioting in US history Worst urban rioting in US history – Kerner Commission says riots Kerner Commission says riots

caused by racismcaused by racismRobert Kennedy assassinated two Robert Kennedy assassinated two months latermonths later

TimelineTimeline

June 1961

Freedom Riders

1962

Integrating Ole Miss

April 1963

MLK Arrested in Birmingham

June 1963

Integrating Univ. AL

Aug 1963

MLK speech

Sept. 1963

Church bombings

July 1964

CRA 1964 Signed

June 1964

Freedom Summer

March 1965

Selma Marches

Aug 1965

Voting Rights Act Signed

April 1968

MLK Assassinated

June 1968

RFK Assassinated